Pith. sign in

REVIEW 4 minor 1 cited by

A high optical access cryogenic system for Rydberg atom arrays with a 3000-second trap lifetime

T0 review · 0 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read This paper shows a cryogenic tweezer array with a 4 K cryopump and <50 K cold box reaching a 3000 s trap lifetime and coherent Rydberg control.

desk verdict A well-executed cryogenic tweezer platform; the 3000 s lifetime is a disclosed correction of a 2800 s raw fit, and the paper's claims hold up. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.09780 v2 pith:77HTTFMG submitted 2024-12-13 physics.atom-ph cond-mat.quant-gasquant-ph

Zhenpu Zhang , Ting-Wei Hsu , Ting You Tan , Daniel H. Slichter , Adam M. Kaufman , Matteo Marinelli , Cindy A. Regal This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.atom-phcond-mat.quant-gasquant-ph
keywords cryogenicatomarraysopticaltweezersRydbergatomstraplifetimecryopumpingblackbodyradiationqubitcontrolhydrogenpressure
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper reports a cryogenic platform for Rydberg atom arrays that keeps the atoms in a <50 K cold box while a 4 K surface cryopumps hydrogen, reaching a vacuum-limited atom trap lifetime of 3000 s. That long hold time lets the authors measure imaging and cooling losses at the $10^{-4}$ per-operation level, the losses that matter for assembling defect-free arrays. The same apparatus demonstrates microwave-driven ground-state qubit rotations and two-photon coherent excitation to the $70S_{1/2}$ Rydberg state with the electric field nulled. The deeper goal is a cold blackbody environment that suppresses unwanted transitions out of Rydberg states, which currently limit gate fidelity and many-body simulation.

What carries the argument

The central object is the cold box: a <50 K differentially pumped metal enclosure surrounding the atoms, built with cold windows for laser access and a small 4 K cold finger that cryopumps hydrogen. A room-temperature high-NA objective sits outside the cold box and creates the tweezer array, while the cold box's slit and titanium pedestal limit eddy currents and thermal load, and lead-shot-damped helium lines reduce vibration to 3 nm RMS. This arrangement makes the vacuum at the atoms largely independent of the outer room-temperature chamber, and sets up the low-temperature blackbody environment that Rydberg operations will benefit from once the windows are coated with conductive ITO.

What would settle it

Measure the per-pulse cooling loss in the exact lifetime configuration (0.46 mK trap depth, one 25 ms cooling pulse every 10 s) by comparing survival with and without the cooling pulses over the same total hold time, and compare the resulting corrected lifetime with one obtained from a sequence that never applies cooling light; a discrepancy would invalidate the 3000 s value.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that high optical access and a cryogenic environment are not in conflict for neutral-atom arrays: a room-temperature high-NA objective can sit outside a differentially pumped <50 K cold box, and a small 4 K cryopumping surface can reduce the hydrogen background enough to give a 3000 s single-atom trap lifetime (raw exponential fit 2800 s, corrected for a per-pulse cooling loss of $2\times10^{-4}$). With this lifetime, the authors resolve loss channels at the $10^{-4}$ level: $1.1(1)\times10^{-4}$ loss per 25 ms cooling pulse and $3.8(4)\times10^{-4}$ loss per 14 ms image. They also show a Ramsey dephasing time $T_2^* = 131(5)$ µs with a sub-mG magnetic-field fluctuation, and Rabi oscillations between the ground state and $70S_{1/2}$ at $2\pi\times3.8$ MHz with a $5.4(7)$ µs Gaussian decay that the Monte Carlo analysis attributes to laser technical noise rather than to the cryogenic environment. The cold box is expected to reduce blackbody-radiation-induced decay to nearby Rydberg states by a factor of 8 for an ideal 40 K environment, raising the calculated $70S_{1/2}$ lifetime from 150 µs at room temperature to 310 µs.

Load-bearing premise

The 3000 s lifetime is a corrected number: the raw fit is 2800 s, and the correction assumes a per-pulse cooling loss of $2\times10^{-4}$ estimated from scattered-photon counts rather than measured directly in the long lifetime sequence; if that estimate is wrong, both the lifetime and the inferred hydrogen pressure shift.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Lifetimes above about 1000 s shift the limit on assembling large defect-free arrays from background-gas collisions to imaging and cooling losses; the simulations show little further gain from 3000 s to 6000 s at the measured loss rates.
  • The inferred hydrogen pressure at the atoms is $7\times10^{-13}$ mbar, which the authors argue is decoupled from the outer vacuum and limited by residual outgassing inside the cold box.
  • With imaging loss of $3.8(4)\times10^{-4}$ per 14 ms image and cooling loss of $1.1(1)\times10^{-4}$ per 25 ms pulse, an improved camera or collection efficiency could reach roughly $3\times10^{-5}$ per image and enable about 90% defect-free probability for arrays near 1000 atoms.
  • Sub-mG magnetic-field stability and a $T_2$ of $0.95(5)$ ms show that the cryogenic environment is compatible with single-qubit microwave control, and the Rydberg Rabi data indicate the cryostat does not add significant decoherence on the measured timescales.
  • Adding ITO-coated windows should extend the platform's benefit to Rydberg operations by blocking room-temperature microwave blackbody radiation, increasing Rydberg lifetime and suppressing many-body loss channels.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The paper's lifetime is corrected rather than directly measured; a direct comparison of cooling-pulse loss inside the 3000 s sequence would test whether the hydrogen-pressure estimate is accurate.
  • If the cold box temperature can be scanned, the Rydberg lifetime itself becomes a quantitative probe of the blackbody environment, a measurement the present paper leaves for future work.
  • The same <50 K, high-optical-access design should transfer to other trapped species, including molecules and alkaline-earth atoms, where BBR-driven rovibrational or metastable-state transitions are the analogous loss channel.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

0 major / 4 minor

Summary. This paper presents a cryogenic optical tweezer array for 87Rb atoms that combines a 4 K cryopumping surface, a <50 K cold box surrounding the atoms, and a room-temperature high-numerical-aperture objective. The authors demonstrate a 3000 s trap lifetime (corrected from a raw exponential fit of 2800 s), measure cooling and imaging losses at the 10^-4 level, perform ground-state microwave qubit rotations, and demonstrate coherent two-photon excitation to a 70S1/2 Rydberg state. The manuscript also includes Monte Carlo simulations of defect-free array assembly and a detailed characterization of Rydberg decoherence sources.

Significance. If the results hold, this is a significant technical advance for neutral-atom quantum science. The combination of cryogenic environment, high optical access, and long trap lifetime addresses two known bottlenecks: background-gas-induced loss and blackbody-radiation-induced Rydberg decay. The careful methodology—maximum-likelihood lifetime fits with censoring, separate characterization of imaging and cooling losses, and a Monte Carlo decoherence simulation using independently measured noise inputs—supports the central claims. The paper also provides an honest discussion of limitations, such as the conservative correction of the lifetime and the residual discrepancy between measured and simulated Rydberg coherence.

minor comments (4)
  1. [Abstract and Introduction] The phrase "an cryogenic" appears in the abstract and in the first sentence of the Introduction; it should be "a cryogenic".
  2. [Section IIIB2] The abstract states "We demonstrate a 3000 s atom trap lifetime" without noting that this value is corrected for an estimated cooling loss; the main text discloses this clearly, but the abstract could be misinterpreted as a directly measured lifetime.
  3. [Figure 4(c)] The caption describes the orange curves as guides for exponential decays, but the lifetimes are extracted using MLE with censoring; it may be helpful to state that the curves are not the MLE fits themselves.
  4. [Section IIA] The phrase "a less than45 K cold shield" is missing a space; it should be "a less than 45 K cold shield".

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: central claims rest on direct measurements and forward simulations with independently characterized inputs.

full rationale

The central claims—an atom trap lifetime of 3000 s, per-pulse imaging/cooling losses at the 10^-4 level, and coherent ground- and Rydberg-state control—are supported by direct experimental fits rather than derived from the claims themselves. The lifetime is reported as a corrected value based on an MLE fit to survival data (raw 2800+500/-400 s) and a disclosed, conservative 2e-4 per-pulse cooling-loss correction estimated from scattered-photon number; even if that correction were inaccurate, the uncorrected measured lifetime already exceeds 2300 s at the lower uncertainty bound and the qualitative claim survives. The cooling-loss rate of 1.1(1)e-4 per pulse and imaging loss of 3.8(4)e-4 per image are measured in dedicated pulse-count and imaging-time sequences, not inferred from the long-lifetime fit. The pressure estimate of 7e-13 mbar uses the measured lifetime together with literature cross sections and is a derived implication, not an input. The Monte Carlo rearrangement analysis is a forward simulation using the measured losses and does not rename a fitted result as a prediction. The Rydberg-coherence Monte Carlo simulation uses independently measured phase-noise spectra, intensity noise, beam-pointing distributions, temperature, and site-resolved inhomogeneities; importantly, the simulated 7.6(1) us coherence envelope is not tuned to match the measured 5.4(7) us, and the modest overestimate indicates the model was not reverse-engineered from the target data. The only self-citations (Ref. [69], a thesis by a co-author, as an image repository; Ref. [75] for gray-molasses loading) are not load-bearing: the technical results they support are measured in this work. No step in the derivation chain reduces to its own input by construction, and no fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim is empirical, so the ledger lists the assumptions used to interpret the measurements: the residual-gas composition and collision cross-section used for the pressure estimate, the exponential survival model, and the estimated correction factor applied to the raw lifetime. The Monte Carlo Rydberg simulation also assumes a conservative cryogenic Rydberg lifetime of 100 us because it was not measured. No new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (2)
  • Cooling-loss correction factor for lifetime = 2 x 10^-4 per cooling pulse
    Used to correct the raw 2800 s lifetime to 3000 s; estimated from scattered photon number in Appendix D, not directly measured in the exact lifetime sequence.
  • Rydberg state lifetime in Monte Carlo decoherence simulation = 100 µs (conservative)
    The calculated 70S1/2 lifetime at 45 K is 306 µs, but the simulation conservatively sets it to 100 µs because the cryogenic lifetime is not measured; affects the simulated coherence decay.
assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The residual background gas in the cold box is predominantly hydrogen, and the collisional loss cross-section between 87Rb and H2 from Ref. [85] applies at 45 K.
    Used to convert the 3000 s lifetime into an equivalent hydrogen pressure of 7 x 10^-13 mbar; if other gases dominate, the pressure estimate is not correct.
  • domain assumption Exponential survival model for trap lifetime (constant loss rate) and independence of survival data points across repeated measurements, using MLE with censoring.
    The lifetime extraction assumes a single-exponential decay; the plot shows consistency, but the model is assumed.
  • standard math Standard atomic physics: 87Rb hyperfine structure, two-photon Rydberg excitation through 6P3/2, and BBR transition rates from prior calculations.
    Background theory used throughout; not derived in this paper.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of A high optical access cryogenic system for Rydberg atom arrays with a 3000-second trap lifetime." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/77HTTFMG

@misc{pith2026241209780,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: A high optical access cryogenic system for Rydberg atom arrays with a 3000-second trap lifetime},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/77HTTFMG}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.09780}
}
abstract

We present an optical tweezer array of $^{87}$Rb atoms housed in an cryogenic environment that successfully combines a 4 K cryopumping surface, a <50 K cold box surrounding the atoms, and a room-temperature high-numerical-aperture objective lens. We demonstrate a 3000 s atom trap lifetime, which enables us to optimize and measure losses at the $10^{-4}$ level that arise during imaging and cooling, which are important to array rearrangement. We perform both ground-state qubit manipulation with an integrated microwave antenna and two-photon coherent Rydberg control, with the local electric field tuned to zero via integrated electrodes. We anticipate that the reduced blackbody radiation at the atoms from the cryogenic environment, combined with future electrical shielding, should decrease the rate of undesired transitions to nearby strongly-interacting Rydberg states, which cause many-body loss and impede Rydberg gates. This low-vibration, high-optical-access cryogenic platform can be used with a wide range of optically trapped atomic or molecular species for applications in quantum computing, simulation, and metrology.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.09780 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. FIG. 1. Overview of the core of the cryogenic tweezer appa [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. FIG. 2. Mechanical details of the cryogenic tweezer apparatus. (a) Schematic of the closed-cycle helium cooling system. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. FIG. 3. Cold box vibration measurements and characterization of optical alignment during cooldown. (a) Michelson interferom [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (7 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Characterization of atom losses induced by imaging light, cooling pulses and background gas collisions. (a) The cooling [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Performance of the optical tweezer system. Colored [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Simulation results illustrating the probability of assembling a defect-free array as a function of the number of atoms [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Single-atom control of ground-state and Rydberg qubits. (a) Level structure of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. Image processing procedure and atom discrimination. (a) Left panel: an averaged image of atoms from a specific trap [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Imaging loss investigation in a larger parameter space. (a) Measured loss per [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. Decoherence channels and their contributions to the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_10.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Fault-tolerant quantum computation with static atomic buses

    quant-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Static atomic buses enable high-fidelity long-range CZ gates in neutral atoms, delivering >10x better logical error rates than shuttling for FTQC with ~100 µs gates and ~1 ms QEC cycles.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

97 extracted references · 75 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper

  1. [1]

    These include not only background gas collisions but also any processes by which the atoms are removed from the trap, including those oc- curring during imaging or laser cooling

    Cooling and Imaging Loss To determine the vacuum-limited lifetime of atoms trapped in optical tweezers, it is crucial to calibrate and understand all loss channels. These include not only background gas collisions but also any processes by which the atoms are removed from the trap, including those oc- curring during imaging or laser cooling. One source of...

  2. [2]

    In the lifetime sequence, we choose to lower the trap depth toU0/kB = 0.46 mK[top panel of Fig

    Background Gas Collision Loss With a detailed understanding of the losses associated with the imaging and cooling processes, we are able to extract accurate information about the background-gas- collision-limited lifetime. In the lifetime sequence, we choose to lower the trap depth toU0/kB = 0.46 mK[top panel of Fig. 4(c)], to mitigate residual parametric...

  3. [3]

    W. S. Bakr, J. I. Gillen, A. Peng, S. Fölling, and M. Greiner, A quantum gas microscope for detecting single atoms in a Hubbard-regime optical lattice,Nature 462, 74 (2009)

    2009

  4. [4]

    J. F. Sherson, C. Weitenberg, M. Endres, M. Cheneau, I. Bloch, and S. Kuhr, Single-atom-resolved fluorescence imaging of an atomic Mott insulator, Nature 467, 68 (2010)

    2010

  5. [5]

    Endres, H

    M. Endres, H. Bernien, A. Keesling, H. Levine, E. R. Anschuetz, A. Krajenbrink, C. Senko, V. Vuletic, M. Greiner, and M. D. Lukin, Atom-by-atom assembly of defect-free one-dimensional cold atom arrays, Science 354, 1024 (2016)

    2016

  6. [6]

    Barredo, S

    D. Barredo, S. De Léséleuc, V. Lienhard, T. Lahaye, and A. Browaeys, An atom-by-atom assembler of defect-free arbitrary two-dimensional atomic arrays, Science 354, 1021 (2016)

    2016

  7. [7]

    Norcia, A

    M. Norcia, A. Young, and A. Kaufman, Microscopic control and detection of ultracold strontium in optical- tweezer arrays,Physical Review X8, 041054 (2018)

    2018

  8. [8]

    Cooper, J

    A. Cooper, J. P. Covey, I. S. Madjarov, S. G. Porsev, M. S. Safronova, and M. Endres, Alkaline-earth atoms in optical tweezers,Physical Review X8, 041055 (2018)

    2018

Show all 97 references
  1. [9]

    Saskin, J

    S. Saskin, J. Wilson, B. Grinkemeyer, and J. Thomp- son, Narrow-line cooling and imaging of ytterbium atoms in an optical tweezer array,Physical review letters122, 143002 (2019)

    2019

  2. [10]

    L. Liu, J. Hood, Y. Yu, J. Zhang, N. Hutzler, T. Rosen- band, and K.-K. Ni, Building one molecule from a reser- voir of two atoms,Science 360, 900 (2018)

    2018

  3. [11]

    Anderegg, L

    L. Anderegg, L. W. Cheuk, Y. Bao, S. Burchesky, W. Ketterle, K.-K. Ni, and J. M. Doyle, An optical tweezer array of ultracold molecules,Science 365, 1156 (2019)

    2019

  4. [12]

    Kumar, T.-Y

    A. Kumar, T.-Y. Wu, F. Giraldo, and D. S. Weiss, Sort- ing ultracold atoms in a three-dimensional optical lat- tice in a realization of Maxwell’s demon,Nature 561, 83 (2018)

    2018

  5. [13]

    W.Lee, H.Kim, andJ.Ahn, Defect-freeatomicarrayfor- mation using the Hungarian matching algorithm,Physi- cal Review A95, 053424 (2017)

    2017

  6. [14]

    M. A. Norcia, A. W. Young, W. J. Eckner, E. Oelker, J. Ye, and A. M. Kaufman, Seconds-scale coherence on an optical clock transition in a tweezer array,Science 366, 93 (2019)

    2019

  7. [15]

    I. S. Madjarov, A. Cooper, A. L. Shaw, J. P. Covey, V. Schkolnik, T. H. Yoon, J. R. Williams, and M. Endres, An Atomic-Array Optical Clock with Single-Atom Read- out, Phys. Rev. X9, 041052 (2019)

    2019

  8. [16]

    A. W. Young, W. J. Eckner, W. R. Milner, D. Kedar, M. A. Norcia, E. Oelker, N. Schine, J. Ye, and A. M. Kaufman, Half-minute-scale atomic coherence and high relative stability in a tweezer clock, Nature 588, 408 (2020)

    2020

  9. [17]

    Isenhower, E

    L. Isenhower, E. Urban, X. Zhang, A. Gill, T. Henage, T. A. Johnson, T. Walker, and M. Saffman, Demonstra- tion of a neutral atom controlled-NOT quantum gate, Physical review letters104, 010503 (2010)

    2010

  10. [18]

    Schollet al., Quantum simulation of 2D antiferromag- nets with hundreds of Rydberg atoms,Nature 595, 233 (2021)

    P. Schollet al., Quantum simulation of 2D antiferromag- nets with hundreds of Rydberg atoms,Nature 595, 233 (2021)

    2021

  11. [19]

    Ebadi et al., Quantum phases of matter on a 256- atomprogrammablequantumsimulator, Nature 595, 227 (2021)

    S. Ebadi et al., Quantum phases of matter on a 256- atomprogrammablequantumsimulator, Nature 595, 227 (2021)

    2021

  12. [20]

    Levineet al., Parallel implementation of high-fidelity multiqubit gates with neutral atoms,Physical review let- ters 123, 170503 (2019)

    H. Levineet al., Parallel implementation of high-fidelity multiqubit gates with neutral atoms,Physical review let- ters 123, 170503 (2019)

    2019

  13. [21]

    I. S. Madjarov, J. P. Covey, A. L. Shaw, J. Choi, A. Kale, A. Cooper, H. Pichler, V. Schkolnik, J. R. Williams, and M. Endres, High-fidelity entanglement and detection of alkaline-earth Rydberg atoms, Nature Physics 16, 857 (2020)

    2020

  14. [22]

    Bluvsteinet al., Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays,Nature 626, 58 (2024)

    D. Bluvsteinet al., Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays,Nature 626, 58 (2024)

    2024

  15. [23]

    M.Saffman, Quantumcomputingwithatomicqubitsand Rydberg interactions: progress and challenges, Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics49, 202001 (2016)

    2016

  16. [24]

    De Léséleuc, D

    S. De Léséleuc, D. Barredo, V. Lienhard, A. Browaeys, and T. Lahaye, Analysis of imperfections in the coher- ent optical excitation of single atoms to Rydberg states, 18 Physical Review A97, 053803 (2018)

    2018

  17. [25]

    S. J. Everedet al., High-fidelity parallel entangling gates on a neutral-atom quantum computer,Nature 622, 268 (2023)

    2023

  18. [26]

    H. J. Manetsch, G. Nomura, E. Bataille, K. H. Leung, X. Lv, and M. Endres, A tweezer array with 6100 highly coherent atomic qubits,arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.12021 (2024)

    2024 arXiv

  19. [27]

    Dubielzig, S

    T. Dubielzig, S. Halama, H. Hahn, G. Zaran- tonello, M. Niemann, A. Bautista-Salvador, and C. Ospelkaus, Ultra-low-vibration closed-cycle cryogenic surface-electrode ion trap apparatus,Review of Scientific Instruments 92, 043201 (2021)

    2021

  20. [28]

    Labaziewicz, Y

    J. Labaziewicz, Y. Ge, D. R. Leibrandt, S. X. Wang, R. Shewmon, and I. L. Chuang, Temperature Dependence of ElectricFieldNoiseaboveGoldSurfaces, Physical Review Letters 101, 180602 (2008)

    2008

  21. [29]

    Chiaverini and J

    J. Chiaverini and J. M. Sage, Insensitivity of the Rate of Ion Motional Heating to Trap-Electrode Material over a Large Temperature Range,Physical Review A89, 012318 (2014)

    2014

  22. [30]

    J. A. Sedlacek, J. Stuart, D. H. Slichter, C. D. Bruzewicz, R.McConnell, J.M.Sage, andJ.Chiaverini, Evidencefor Multiple Mechanisms Underlying Surface Electric-Field Noise in Ion Traps,Physical Review A98, 063430 (2018)

    2018

  23. [31]

    Brandlet al., Cryogenic setup for trapped ion quan- tum computing, Review of Scientific Instruments 87, 113103 (2016)

    M. Brandlet al., Cryogenic setup for trapped ion quan- tum computing, Review of Scientific Instruments 87, 113103 (2016)

    2016

  24. [32]

    Paganoet al., Cryogenic trapped-ion system for large scale quantum simulation,Quantum Science and Tech- nology 4, 014004 (2018)

    G. Paganoet al., Cryogenic trapped-ion system for large scale quantum simulation,Quantum Science and Tech- nology 4, 014004 (2018)

    2018

  25. [33]

    S. L. Todaro, Improved State Detection and Transport of Trapped Ion Qubits for Scalable Quantum Computing, Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2020

    2020

  26. [34]

    Raimond, M

    J.-M. Raimond, M. Brune, and S. Haroche, Manipulat- ing quantum entanglement with atoms and photons in a cavity,Reviews of Modern Physics73, 565 (2001)

    2001

  27. [35]

    T. L. Nguyenet al., Towards quantum simulation with circular Rydberg atoms, Physical Review X 8, 011032 (2018)

    2018

  28. [36]

    Cantat-Moltrecht, R

    T. Cantat-Moltrecht, R. Cortiñas, B. Ravon, P. Méhaignerie, S. Haroche, J.-M. Raimond, M. Favier, M. Brune, and C. Sayrin, Long-lived circular Rydberg states oflaser-cooledrubidiumatomsinacryostat, Physical Re- view Research2, 022032 (2020)

    2020

  29. [37]

    S. R. Cohen and J. D. Thompson, Quantum computing with circular Rydberg atoms,PRX Quantum 2, 030322 (2021)

    2021

  30. [38]

    Semeghiniet al., Probing topological spin liquids on a programmable quantum simulator,Science 374, 1242 (2021)

    G. Semeghiniet al., Probing topological spin liquids on a programmable quantum simulator,Science 374, 1242 (2021)

    2021

  31. [39]

    Zeiher, Realization of Rydberg-dressed quantum mag- nets, Ph.D

    J. Zeiher, Realization of Rydberg-dressed quantum mag- nets, Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 2017

    2017

  32. [40]

    I.Beterov, I.Ryabtsev, D.Tretyakov, andV.Entin, Qua- siclassical calculations of blackbody-radiation-induced depopulation rates and effective lifetimes of Rydberg n S, n P, and n D alkali-metal atoms withn ≤ 80, Physical review A 79, 052504 (2009)

    2009

  33. [41]

    Y. Wu, S. Kolkowitz, S. Puri, and J. D. Thompson, Era- sure conversion for fault-tolerant quantum computing in alkaline earth Rydberg atom arrays,Nature communica- tions 13, 4657 (2022)

    2022

  34. [42]

    S. Ma, G. Liu, P. Peng, B. Zhang, S. Jandura, J. Claes, A. P. Burgers, G. Pupillo, S. Puri, and J. D. Thompson, High-fidelity gates and mid-circuit erasure conversion in an atomic qubit,Nature 622, 279 (2023)

    2023

  35. [43]

    Scholl, A

    P. Scholl, A. L. Shaw, R. B.-S. Tsai, R. Finkelstein, J. Choi, and M. Endres, Erasure conversion in a high- fidelity Rydberg quantum simulator, Nature 622, 273 (2023)

    2023

  36. [44]

    M. N. Chow, V. Buchemmavari, S. Omanakuttan, B. J. Little, S. Pandey, I. H. Deutsch, and Y.-Y. Jau, Circuit- Based Leakage-to-Erasure Conversion in a Neutral-Atom Quantum Processor,PRX Quantum 5, 040343 (2024)

    2024

  37. [45]

    Boulier, E

    T. Boulier, E. Magnan, C. Bracamontes, J. Maslek, E. Goldschmidt, J. Young, A. V. Gorshkov, S. Rolston, and J. V. Porto, Spontaneous avalanche dephasing in large Rydberg ensembles,Physical Review A96, 053409 (2017)

    2017

  38. [46]

    Festa, N

    L. Festa, N. Lorenz, L.-M. Steinert, Z. Chen, P. Oster- holz, R. Eberhard, and C. Gross, Blackbody-radiation- induced facilitated excitation of Rydberg atoms in opti- cal tweezers,Physical Review A105, 013109 (2022)

    2022

  39. [47]

    Zeiher, R

    J. Zeiher, R. Van Bijnen, P. Schauß, S. Hild, J.-y. Choi, T. Pohl, I. Bloch, and C. Gross, Many-body interferome- try of a Rydberg-dressed spin lattice,Nature Physics12, 1095 (2016)

    2016

  40. [48]

    Manovitz et al., Quantum coarsening and collective dynamics on a programmable simulator,Nature 638, 86 (2025)

    T. Manovitz et al., Quantum coarsening and collective dynamics on a programmable simulator,Nature 638, 86 (2025)

    2025

  41. [49]

    M. S. Safronova, M. G. Kozlov, and C. W. Clark, Black- body radiation shifts in optical atomic clocks, IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control 59, 439 (2012)

    2012

  42. [50]

    Ushijima, M

    I. Ushijima, M. Takamoto, M. Das, T. Ohkubo, and H. Katori, Cryogenic optical lattice clocks,Nature Photon- ics 9, 185 (2015)

    2015

  43. [51]

    Beloy, N

    K. Beloy, N. Hinkley, N. B. Phillips, J. A. Sherman, M. Schioppo, J. Lehman, A. Feldman, L. M. Hanssen, C. W. Oates, and A. D. Ludlow, Atomic clock with 1× 10-18 room-temperature blackbody Stark uncertainty,Physical review letters 113, 260801 (2014)

    2014

  44. [52]

    K.-K. Ni, T. Rosenband, and D. D. Grimes, Dipolar ex- change quantum logic gate with polar molecules,Chem- ical science9, 6830 (2018)

    2018

  45. [53]

    C. M. Holland, Y. Lu, S. J. Li, C. L. Welsh, and L. W. Cheuk, Demonstration of Erasure Conversion in a Molec- ular Tweezer Array, arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.02391 (2024)

    2024 arXiv

  46. [54]

    Y. Liu, J. Schmidt, Z. Liu, D. R. Leibrandt, D. Leibfried, and C. wen Chou, Quantum state tracking and control of a single molecular ion in a thermal environment,Science 385, 790 (2024)

    2024

  47. [55]

    Takamoto, T

    M. Takamoto, T. Takano, and H. Katori, Frequency com- parison of optical lattice clocks beyond the Dick limit, Nature Photonics 5, 288 (2011)

    2011

  48. [56]

    Norciaet al., Iterative Assembly of 171 Yb Atom Ar- rays with Cavity-Enhanced Optical Lattices,PRX Quan- tum 5, 030316 (2024)

    M. Norciaet al., Iterative Assembly of 171 Yb Atom Ar- rays with Cavity-Enhanced Optical Lattices,PRX Quan- tum 5, 030316 (2024)

    2024

  49. [57]

    Gyger, M

    F. Gyger, M. Ammenwerth, R. Tao, H. Timme, S. Sni- girev, I. Bloch, and J. Zeiher, Continuous operation of large-scale atom arrays in optical lattices,Physical Re- view Research6, 033104 (2024)

    2024

  50. [58]

    W. Tian, W. J. Wee, A. Qu, B. J. M. Lim, P. R. Datla, V. P. W. Koh, and H. Loh, Parallel assembly of arbitrary defect-free atom arrays with a multitweezer algorithm, Physical Review Applied19, 034048 (2023). 19

    2023

  51. [59]

    Bothwell, C

    T. Bothwell, C. J. Kennedy, A. Aeppli, D. Kedar, J. M. Robinson, E. Oelker, A. Staron, and J. Ye, Resolving the gravitational redshift across a millimetre-scale atomic sample, Nature 602, 420 (2022)

    2022

  52. [60]

    Zheng, J

    X. Zheng, J. Dolde, V. Lochab, B. N. Merriman, H. Li, and S. Kolkowitz, Differential clock comparisons with a multiplexed optical lattice clock,Nature 602, 425 (2022)

    2022

  53. [61]

    E. R. Clements, M. E. Kim, K. Cui, A. M. Hankin, S. M. Brewer, J. Valencia, J.-S. Chen, C.-W. Chou, D. R. Leibrandt, and D. B. Hume, Lifetime-limited interroga- tion of two independent al+ 27 clocks using correlation spectroscopy,Physical review letters125, 243602 (2020)

    2020

  54. [62]

    Timmermans, Degenerate fermion gas heating by hole creation, Physical Review Letters87, 240403 (2001)

    E. Timmermans, Degenerate fermion gas heating by hole creation, Physical Review Letters87, 240403 (2001)

    2001

  55. [63]

    Y. Ji, J. Chen, G. L. Schumacher, G. G. Assumpção, S. Huang, F. J. Vivanco, and N. Navon, Observation of the FermionicJoule-ThomsonEffect, Physical Review Letters 132, 153402 (2024)

    2024

  56. [64]

    Schymik, S

    K.-N. Schymik, S. Pancaldi, F. Nogrette, D. Barredo, J. Paris, A. Browaeys, and T. Lahaye, Single Atoms with 6000-Second Trapping Lifetimes in Optical-Tweezer Ar- rays at Cryogenic Temperatures,Phys. Rev. Applied16, 034013 (2021)

    2021

  57. [65]

    Pichardet al., Rearrangement of individual atoms in a 2000-site optical-tweezer array at cryogenic tempera- tures, Phys

    G. Pichardet al., Rearrangement of individual atoms in a 2000-site optical-tweezer array at cryogenic tempera- tures, Phys. Rev. Appl.22, 024073 (2024)

    2024

  58. [66]

    K. N. Blodgett, D. Peana, S. S. Phatak, L. M. Terry, M. P. Montes, and J. D. Hood, Imaging a Li 6 Atom in an Optical Tweezer 2000 Times withΛ-Enhanced Gray Molasses, Physical Review Letters131, 083001 (2023)

    2023

  59. [67]

    E. B. Norrgard, S. P. Eckel, C. L. Holloway, and E. L. Shirley, Quantum blackbody thermometry,New Journal of Physics 23, 033037 (2021)

    2021

  60. [68]

    Mamatet al., Mitigating the noise of residual electric fields for single Rydberg atoms with electron photodes- orption, Physical Review Applied22, 064021 (2024)

    B. Mamatet al., Mitigating the noise of residual electric fields for single Rydberg atoms with electron photodes- orption, Physical Review Applied22, 064021 (2024)

    2024

  61. [69]

    Thiele, S

    T. Thiele, S. Filipp, J. A. Agner, H. Schmutz, J. Dei- glmayr, M. Stammeier, P. Allmendinger, F. Merkt, and A. Wallraff, Manipulating Rydberg atoms close to sur- faces at cryogenic temperatures,Physical Review A90, 013414 (2014)

    2014

  62. [70]

    Vittorini, K

    G. Vittorini, K. Wright, K. R. Brown, A. W. Harter, and S. C. Doret, Modular cryostat for ion trapping with surface-electrode ion traps, Review of Scientific Instru- ments 84, 043112 (2013)

    2013

  63. [71]

    Hsu, A High Optical Access Cryogenic Optical Tweezer Array, Ph.D

    T.-W. Hsu, A High Optical Access Cryogenic Optical Tweezer Array, Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2024

    2024

  64. [72]

    S. Ram, S. Mishra, S. Tiwari, and S. Mehendale, Note: Investigation of atom transfer using a red-detuned push beam in a double magneto-optical trap setup,Review of Scientific Instruments 82, 126108 (2011)

    2011

  65. [73]

    Bruneau, G

    Y. Bruneau, G. Khalili, P. Pillet, and D. Comparat, Guided and focused slow atomic beam from a 2 dimen- sionalmagnetoopticaltrap, The European Physical Jour- nal D 68, 1 (2014)

    2014

  66. [74]

    P.WillemsandK.Libbrecht, Creatinglong-livedneutral- atom traps in a cryogenic environment,Physical Review A 51, 1403 (1995)

    1995

  67. [75]

    Weiner, V

    J. Weiner, V. S. Bagnato, S. Zilio, and P. S. Julienne, Experiments and theory in cold and ultracold collisions, Reviews of Modern Physics71, 1 (1999)

    1999

  68. [76]

    Dalibard and C

    J. Dalibard and C. Cohen-Tannoudji, Laser cooling be- low the Doppler limit by polarization gradients: simple theoretical models,JOSA B 6, 2023 (1989)

    1989

  69. [77]

    Brown, T

    M. Brown, T. Thiele, C. Kiehl, T.-W. Hsu, and C. Regal, Gray-molasses optical-tweezer loading: controlling colli- sions for scaling atom-array assembly,Physical Review X 9, 011057 (2019)

    2019

  70. [78]

    Jenkins, J

    A. Jenkins, J. W. Lis, A. Senoo, W. F. McGrew, and A. M. Kaufman, Ytterbium nuclear-spin qubits in an op- tical tweezer array,Physical Review X12, 021027 (2022)

    2022

  71. [79]

    L. D. Brown, T. T. Cai, and A. DasGupta, Interval esti- mation for a binomial proportion,Statistical science16, 101 (2001)

    2001

  72. [80]

    Tuchendler, A

    C. Tuchendler, A. M. Lance, A. Browaeys, Y. R. Sortais, and P. Grangier, Energy distribution and cooling of a single atom in an optical tweezer,Physical Review A78, 033425 (2008)

    2008

  73. [81]

    Ang’Ong’A, C

    J. Ang’Ong’A, C. Huang, J. P. Covey, and B. Gadway, Gray molasses cooling of K 39 atoms in optical tweezers, Physical Review Research4, 013240 (2022)

    2022

  74. [82]

    N. R. Hutzler, L. R. Liu, Y. Yu, and K.-K. Ni, Eliminat- ing light shifts for single atom trapping,New Journal of Physics 19, 023007 (2017)

    2017

  75. [83]

    J. P. Covey, I. S. Madjarov, A. Cooper, and M. Endres, 2000-times repeated imaging of strontium atoms in clock- magic tweezer arrays,Physical review letters122, 173201 (2019)

    2019

  76. [84]

    Schymik, Scaling-up the Tweezer Platform- Trapping Arrays of Single Atoms in a Cryogenic Envi- ronment, Ph.D

    K.-N. Schymik, Scaling-up the Tweezer Platform- Trapping Arrays of Single Atoms in a Cryogenic Envi- ronment, Ph.D. thesis, Université Paris-Saclay, 2022

    2022

  77. [85]

    Efron and R

    B. Efron and R. J. Tibshirani, An introduction to the bootstrap(Chapman and Hall/CRC, London, 1994)

    1994

  78. [86]

    J. P. Kleinet al., Survival analysis: techniques for cen- sored and truncated data (Springer, New York, 2003), Vol. 1230

    2003

  79. [87]

    Arpornthip, C

    T. Arpornthip, C. Sackett, and K. Hughes, Vacuum- pressure measurement using a magneto-optical trap, Physical Review A85, 033420 (2012)

    2012

  80. [88]

    D.S.Barker, B.P.Acharya, J.A.Fedchak, N.N.Klimov, E. B. Norrgard, J. Scherschligt, E. Tiesinga, and S. P. Eckel, Precise quantum measurement of vacuum with cold atoms,Review of Scientific Instruments93, (2022)

    2022

  81. [89]

    S. Wang, W. Zhang, T. Zhang, S. Mei, Y. Wang, J. Hu, and W. Chen, Accelerating the assembly of defect-free atomic arrays with maximum parallelisms,Physical Re- view Applied 19, 054032 (2023)

    2023

  82. [90]

    Shadmanyet al., Cavity QED in a high NA resonator, Science Advances11, eads8171 (2025)

    D. Shadmanyet al., Cavity QED in a high NA resonator, Science Advances11, eads8171 (2025)

    2025

  83. [91]

    B. Hu, J. Sinclair, E. Bytyqi, M. Chong, A. Rudelis, J. Ramette, Z. Vendeiro, and V. Vuletić, Site-selective cav- ity readout and classical error correction of a 5-bit atomic register, Physical Review Letters134, 120801 (2025)

    2025

  84. [92]

    Bernienet al., Probing many-body dynamics on a 51- atom quantum simulator,Nature 551, 579 (2017)

    H. Bernienet al., Probing many-body dynamics on a 51- atom quantum simulator,Nature 551, 579 (2017)

    2017

  85. [93]

    Levine, A

    H. Levine, A. Keesling, A. Omran, H. Bernien, S. Schwartz, A. S. Zibrov, M. Endres, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M. D. Lukin, High-fidelity control and en- tanglement of Rydberg-atom qubits,Physical review let- ters 121, 123603 (2018)

    2018

  86. [94]

    Graham, M

    T. Graham, M. Kwon, B. Grinkemeyer, Z. Marra, X. Jiang, M. Lichtman, Y. Sun, M. Ebert, and M. Saffman, Rydberg-mediated entanglement in a two-dimensional neutral atom qubit array,Phys. Rev. Lett.123, 230501 (2019)

    2019

  87. [95]

    Martinez-Dorantes, W

    M. Martinez-Dorantes, W. Alt, J. Gallego, S. Ghosh, L. Ratschbacher, and D. Meschede, State-dependent fluo- 20 rescence of neutral atoms in optical potentials,Physical Review A 97, 023410 (2018)

    2018

  88. [96]

    Stricker, D

    R. Stricker, D. Vodola, A. Erhard, L. Postler, M. Meth, M. Ringbauer, P. Schindler, T. Monz, M. Müller, and R. Blatt, Experimental deterministic correction of qubit loss, Nature 585, 207 (2020)

    2020

  89. [97]

    W. J. Eckner, N. Darkwah Oppong, A. Cao, A. W. Young, W. R. Milner, J. M. Robinson, J. Ye, and A. M. Kaufman, Realizing spin squeezing with Rydberg inter- actions in an optical clock,Nature 621, 734 (2023)

    2023

Pith tools

Reviewed August 11, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.