Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 3 minor 75 references

Individual assembly of two-species Rydberg molecules using optical tweezers

T0 review · 2 major / 3 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read This paper demonstrates the formation and characterization of individual heteronuclear Rb*Cs ultralong-range Rydberg molecules in optical tweezers, with molecule formation detected through correlated loss of both atoms and with binding…

desk verdict First single-molecule platform for heteronuclear Rydberg molecules; the central claim holds, but the theory agreement rests on scattering phase shifts calibrated elsewhere, so a sensitivity analysis is needed. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.14888 v2 pith:ZHLFV46Y submitted 2024-12-19 physics.atom-ph quant-ph

Alexander Guttridge , Tom R. Hepworth , Daniel K. Ruttley , Aileen A. T. Durst , Matthew T. Eiles , Simon L. Cornish This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.atom-phquant-ph
keywords Rydbergmoleculesultralong-rangeopticaltweezersheteronuclearphotoassociationFranck-Condonfactorsingle-atomdetectionRbCs
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper claims that a single ultralong-range Rydberg molecule, made of a Rydberg-excited rubidium atom binding a ground-state cesium atom, can be formed on demand inside optical tweezers and studied with single-particle resolution. It reports that molecule formation shows up as correlated loss of both species after excitation, that the coupling to the molecular state can be tuned by raising or lowering the tweezer intensity because the shape of the atom-pair wavefunction changes, and that the molecule can even be assembled with the atoms held in two separate tweezers positioned near the bond length. The measured binding energies, alignment contrast, and bond lengths agree with theory without fitting parameters. If correct, this turns Rydberg molecules from objects studied in bulk gases into individually addressable systems compatible with tweezer-based quantum science platforms.

What carries the argument

The central object is the Rb*Cs ultralong-range Rydberg molecule: a ground-state Cs atom sitting inside the Rydberg orbit of an excited Rb atom, bound by the low-energy scattering of the Rydberg electron off the Cs atom. It is described by Born-Oppenheimer potential energy curves whose oscillatory wells support vibrational states, and the coupling from the trapped atom pair to a molecular state is governed by the Franck-Condon factor between the pair's motional wavefunction and the molecular vibrational wavefunction. The tweezer intensity squeezes and shifts the atom-pair wavefunction, and moving the two tweezers repositions the atoms, so the Franck-Condon factor acts as the control knob that sets the photoassociation rate. Molecule formation is detected through correlated loss: radiative decay converts binding energy into kinetic energy that ejects both atoms from the trap.

What would settle it

Measure the cesium anion's $3P_J$ shape-resonance energies directly and recompute the Rb*Cs potential curves without the adopted 1.3 meV shift: if the predicted $v=0$ binding energies move by more than the experimental uncertainties, or the measured $nS$ ladder then disagrees with theory, the central agreement no longer supports the molecular model.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central discovery is that Rb*Cs ULRMs can be created and characterized one molecule at a time: starting from a single Rb atom and a single Cs atom in species-specific tweezers, the pair is photoassociated below the $|36S_{1/2}, m_j=-1/2\rangle$ Rb atomic line, and molecule formation is detected as simultaneous loss of both atoms, distinguished from single-atom Rydberg loss by species-resolved fluorescence counting. The strongest $v=0$ molecular peak is assigned by comparing line positions with theoretical spectra, and its binding energy follows the predicted $nS$ ladder over more than an order of magnitude in energy. The paper further shows that the tweezer light itself is a control knob: increasing intensity compresses and shifts the atom-pair wavefunction, changing the Franck-Condon factor and hence the photoassociation rate by an order of magnitude, while leaving the molecular binding energy unchanged. Finally, with the two atoms in separate tweezers separated by about 300 nm, a $56D_{5/2}$ molecule forms with the expected orientation dependence, and the observed loss peak as a function of tweezer separation maps to the predicted bond length after accounting for the tweezers' differential forces on the two atoms.

Load-bearing premise

The line assignments and binding-energy agreement rest on theoretical potential curves built from low-energy electron-cesium scattering phase shifts that have never been measured with high resolution, so the paper borrows adjustments calibrated on other molecules.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • A single Rb*Cs ULRM can be prepared deterministically from two trapped atoms and detected as correlated two-atom loss.
  • Tweezer intensity tunes the photoassociation rate by roughly an order of magnitude without changing the molecular binding energy, because the molecule's polarizability is the sum of its constituents' polarizabilities.
  • Holding the two atoms in separate tweezers gives spatial control of the interatomic separation and orientation, enabling alignment-sensitive states such as $56D_{5/2}$ to be addressed.
  • The same toolbox extends to homonuclear and other tweezer platforms and points toward assembling polyatomic ULRMs by docking a Rydberg atom with an existing molecule.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The unexplained asymmetric broadening of molecular lines at 4.78 G in a single tweezer could be tested by measuring the $v=0$ lineshape versus magnetic field and intermediate-state detuning; if the Fano-like coupling picture is right, the profile should narrow further at higher fields.
  • Because the measured molecular polarizability matches the sum of its constituents, these ULRMs should be trappable; a survival measurement over times exceeding the Rydberg lifetime would directly test coherent manipulation.
  • The separate-tweezer geometry suggests a state-selective assembly route for polyatomic ULRMs: place a molecule in one tweezer and a Rydberg atom in the other at the giant bond length and use the same Franck-Condon control to dock them.
  • Precisely measured electron-cesium phase shifts would turn the binding-energy comparison in Fig. 2(d) from an assignment aided by adjusted parameters into a precision probe of the Rb*Cs molecular potential.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 3 minor

Summary. The paper reports the formation and characterization of individual heteronuclear Rb*Cs ultralong-range Rydberg molecules in optical tweezers. Rb and Cs atoms are prepared in either a single merged tweezer or two separate tweezers, excited by a two-photon Rydberg scheme, and molecule formation is detected via correlated loss of both species with single-atom resolution. The authors present spectroscopy of nS v=0 states, binding energies as a function of principal quantum number, the dependence of the Franck-Condon factor on tweezer intensity, and orientation-dependent association of molecules from atoms in separate tweezers for a 56D5/2 state. Theoretical Born-Oppenheimer potential energy curves, calculated with a spin-dependent Fermi pseudopotential and benchmarked against a Green's-function method, are used to predict line positions, line strengths, and Franck-Condon factors. The paper concludes that the observed binding energies, molecular alignment, and bond lengths are in good agreement with theory.

Significance. If the central claims hold, this is a significant advance: it brings ultralong-range Rydberg molecules into the optical-tweezer platform, enabling on-demand assembly of a single heteronuclear Rydberg molecule, single-particle detection of molecule formation, and controlled variation of the interatomic separation and molecular orientation. The central observation of molecule formation is strongly supported by the correlated loss of Rb and Cs, the presence of molecular peaks at the predicted positions, and the binding energies spanning more than an order of magnitude in energy without fitting parameters to the presented dataset. The paper is also transparent in reporting the theoretical uncertainties in the electron-Cs scattering phase shifts and in disclosing an unexplained asymmetric broadening of the molecular lines. The open data statement and the cross-checks between the diagonalization and Green's-function methods are additional strengths.

major comments (2)
  1. [Supplemental Material, 'Scattering phase shifts'; Fig. 2(d)] The quantitative comparison between measured and predicted binding energies relies on potential energy curves whose dominant input is the low-energy electron-Cs scattering phase shifts. The Supplemental Material states that no high-resolution experimental data exist for these phase shifts, that different calculations differ by 10% or more, and that the paper adopts a 10% reduction of the triplet S-wave scattering length and a 1.3 meV upward shift of the 3PJ resonances, calibrated on Cs*Cs and K*Cs spectra. For the v=0 states in the outermost well, which are predominantly S-wave bound, the S-wave adjustment is the critical parameter. The paper does not report how the predicted v=0 binding energies or line assignments vary when this adjustment is changed within the stated uncertainty. I request a sensitivity analysis, or at least a quantitative statement of the resulting uncertainty, to confirm that the assignment of the -31 MHz feature to v=0 and the agreement in Fig. 2(d) are not accidental. This is not a circularity objection, since the theory is not fitted to the present data, but it is needed to substantiate the claim of parameter-free agreement.
  2. [Fig. 2(b) and Supplemental Material, 'Broadening of molecular lines'] The molecular resonances at 4.78 G in the same tweezer exhibit an asymmetric broadening whose origin is not identified, and the measured binding energies in Fig. 2(d) are presumably extracted from the peak positions of these lines. The paper does not quantify the systematic uncertainty in these peak positions. If the asymmetric line shape shifts the apparent peak by a substantial fraction of the linewidth, the apparent agreement with theory in Fig. 2(d) could be affected. Please state how the line positions were determined and what systematic error the asymmetry introduces, or discuss why the peak positions are robust to this effect.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Conclusion] In the final paragraph before the conclusion, 'combing diatomic molecules' should be 'combining diatomic molecules'.
  2. [References] In Ref. [46], the author string contains the incomplete entry 'F. M. D'; please check and correct the author list.
  3. [Fig. 3(c)] For the atom-pair wavefunctions plotted in Fig. 3(c), please state the normalization convention and clarify that the curves represent the projection of the cylindrical wavefunction onto the l=0, m_l=0 spherical harmonic; this will help readers interpret the comparison with the molecular wavefunction.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the theoretical predictions are benchmarked on external systems and no parameters are fitted to the present data.

full rationale

The central quantitative claims—nS binding energies, FCF intensity dependence, nD molecular alignment, and the separate-tweezer bond length—are computed from Born-Oppenheimer potential energy curves whose e-Cs scattering phase shifts were calibrated in prior studies of Cs*Cs and K*Cs molecules, not from the Rb*Cs data reported here. The paper explicitly states that the binding-energy agreement 'is achieved without fitting any parameters to our experimental data,' and the supplemental material details an independent Green's-function benchmark for the diagonalization method. The phase-shift adjustments are external inputs whose transferability to Rb*Cs is a legitimate test, albeit one whose strength depends on the still-unmeasured low-energy e-Cs phase shifts. That uncertainty is a correctness or sensitivity concern, not a circularity: the predictions are not equivalent by construction to the measured quantities. Self-citations to prior apparatus, Hamiltonian, and theoretical methods are present but are method references rather than load-bearing circular justifications.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on the standard Fermi/Omont pseudopotential description of Rydberg molecules and on electron-Cs scattering phase shifts calibrated in prior experiments on Cs*Cs and K*Cs molecules. No parameters were fitted to the data of this paper, as the authors explicitly state. The paper introduces no new physical entities.

assumptions (5)
  • domain assumption Fermi/Omont pseudopotential with energy-dependent S- and P-wave electron-Cs scattering phase shifts describes the Rydberg electron-ground-state atom interaction.
    Used throughout the molecular Hamiltonian in Supplemental Eq. S4; standard model for ultralong-range Rydberg molecules.
  • domain assumption The electron-Cs scattering phase shifts used in the calculations are correct, including a 10% reduction of the triplet S-wave scattering length and a 1.3 meV upward shift of the 3PJ resonances.
    Adopted from prior analyses of Cs*Cs and K*Cs spectra (Supplemental Refs S13, S15, S16); no high-resolution experimental data exist for these phase shifts and different calculations differ by 10% or more.
  • standard math Born-Oppenheimer approximation and Siegert boundary conditions adequately describe the molecular states.
    Used to compute potential curves and vibrational states in Supplemental Eqs. S8-S9; standard treatment for ULRMs.
  • domain assumption The initial atom-pair state is well approximated by a 3D harmonic oscillator ground state (same tweezer) or a spherically symmetric shifted oscillator (separate tweezers).
    Used for Franck-Condon factor calculations in Supplemental Eqs. S24-S31; the paper notes the Franck-Condon factor comparison is qualitative.
  • ad hoc to paper For nD states, the reduced-subspace diagonalization with a 15% rescale of the mj=5/2 potential depth is sufficiently accurate.
    Supplemental 'Rydberg D state molecules' section applies a 15% depth rescale based on disagreement between perturbation theory and full diagonalization; specific to this paper's modeling.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Individual assembly of two-species Rydberg molecules using optical tweezers." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/ZHLFV46Y

@misc{pith2026241214888,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Individual assembly of two-species Rydberg molecules using optical tweezers},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/ZHLFV46Y}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.14888}
}
abstract

We present a new approach to investigating Rydberg molecules by demonstrating the formation and characterization of individual Rb$^{*}$Cs Rydberg molecules using optical tweezers. By employing single-atom detection of Rb and Cs, we observe molecule formation via correlated loss of both species and study the formation dynamics with single-particle resolution. We control the interatomic distances by manipulating the relative wavefunction of atom pairs using the tweezer intensity, optimizing the coupling to molecular states and exploring the effect of the tweezer on these states. Additionally, we demonstrate molecule association with atoms trapped in separate tweezers, paving the way for state-selective assembly of polyatomic molecules. The observed binding energies, molecular alignment, and bond lengths are in good agreement with theory. Our approach is broadly applicable to Rydberg tweezer platforms, expanding the range of available molecular systems and enabling the integration of Rydberg molecules into existing quantum science platforms.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.14888 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. FIG. 1. (a) Relevant energy levels for excitation of ULRMs. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. FIG. 2. (a,b) Spectroscopy of (a) individual Rb atoms and (b) Rb+Cs pairs in a magnetic field of 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. FIG. 4. Assembly of ULRMs in separate tweezers. (a) Blue [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_4.png] view at source ↗

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

75 extracted references · 60 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    S. L. Cornish, M. R. Tarbutt, and K. R. A. Haz- zard, Quantum computation and quantum simulation with ultracold molecules, Nature Physics 20, 730 (2024), 2401.05086

    work page Pith review arXiv 2024

  2. [2]

    DeMille, N

    D. DeMille, N. R. Hutzler, A. M. Rey, and T. Zelevinsky, Quantum sensing and metrology for fundamental physics with molecules, Nature Physics 20, 741 (2024)

    2024

  3. [3]

    Langen, G

    T. Langen, G. Valtolina, D. Wang, and J. Ye, Quantum state manipulation and science of ultracold molecules, Nature Physics 20, 702 (2024)

    work page 2024

  4. [4]

    C. Fey, F. Hummel, and P. Schmelcher, Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules, Mol. Phys. 118, e1679401 (2019)

    work page 2019

  5. [5]

    M. T. Eiles, Trilobites, butterflies, and other exotic spec- imens of long-range Rydberg molecules, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 52, 113001 (2019)

    work page 2019

  6. [6]

    Dunning, S

    F. Dunning, S. Kanungo, and S. Yoshida, Ultralong- range Rydberg molecules, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 57, 212002 (2024)

    work page 2024

  7. [7]

    J. P. Shaffer, S. T. Rittenhouse, and H. R. Sadeghpour, Ultracold Rydberg molecules, Nat. Commun. 9, 1965 (2018)

    work page 2018

  8. [8]

    Saßmannshausen and J

    H. Saßmannshausen and J. Deiglmayr, Observation of Rydberg-atom macrodimers: Micrometer-sized diatomic molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 083401 (2016)

    work page 2016

Show all 75 references
  1. [9]

    Hollerith, J

    S. Hollerith, J. Zeiher, J. Rui, A. Rubio-Abadal, V. Walther, T. Pohl, D. M. Stamper-Kurn, I. Bloch, and C. Gross, Quantum gas microscopy of Rydberg macrodimers, Science 364, 664 (2019)

    2019

  2. [10]

    Hollerith, J

    S. Hollerith, J. Rui, A. Rubio-Abadal, K. Srakaew, D. Wei, J. Zeiher, C. Gross, and I. Bloch, Mi- croscopic electronic structure tomography of Rydberg macrodimers, Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 013252 (2021)

    2021

  3. [11]

    Manthey, T

    T. Manthey, T. Niederpr¨ um, O. Thomas, and H. Ott, Dynamically probing ultracold lattice gases via Rydberg molecules, New Journal of Physics 17, 103024 (2015)

    2015

  4. [12]

    J. D. Whalen, S. K. Kanungo, Y. Lu, S. Yoshida, J. Burgd¨ orfer, F. B. Dunning, and T. C. Killian, Het- eronuclear Rydberg molecules, Phys. Rev. A 101, 060701 (2020)

    2020

  5. [14]

    Peper, M

    M. Peper, M. Trautmann, and J. Deiglmayr, Role of Coulomb antiblockade in the photoassociation of long- range Rydberg molecules, Phys. Rev. A 107, 012812 (2023)

    2023

  6. [15]

    Hummel, P

    F. Hummel, P. Schmelcher, H. Ott, and H. R. Sadegh- pour, An ultracold heavy Rydberg system formed from ultra-long-range molecules bound in a stairwell potential, 6 New J. Phys. 22, 063060 (2020)

    2020

  7. [16]

    Peper and J

    M. Peper and J. Deiglmayr, Formation of ultracold ion pairs through long-range Rydberg molecules, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53, 064001 (2020)

    2020

  8. [17]

    Khazali and W

    M. Khazali and W. Lechner, Scalable quantum processors empowered by the Fermi scattering of Rydberg electrons, Comm. Phys. 6, 57 (2023)

    2023

  9. [18]

    M. T. Eiles, J. P´ erez-R ´ ıos, F. Robicheaux, and C. H. Greene, Ultracold molecular Rydberg physics in a high density environment, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.49, 114005 (2016)

    2016

  10. [19]

    M. T. Eiles, A. Eisfeld, and J. M. Rost, Anderson local- ization of a Rydberg electron, Phys. Rev. Res. 5, 033032 (2023)

    2023

  11. [20]

    M. T. Eiles, C. W. W¨ achtler, A. Eisfeld, and J. M. Rost, Topological edge states in a Rydberg composite, Phys. Rev. B 109, 075422 (2024)

    2024

  12. [21]

    A. M. Kaufman and K.-K. Ni, Quantum science with optical tweezer arrays of ultracold atoms and molecules, Nat. Phys. 17, 1324 (2021)

    2021

  13. [22]

    L. R. Liu, J. D. Hood, Y. Yu, J. T. Zhang, N. R. Hutzler, T. Rosenband, and K.-K. Ni, Building one molecule from a reservoir of two atoms, Science 360, 900 (2018)

    2018

  14. [23]

    R. V. Brooks, S. Spence, A. Guttridge, A. Alampounti, A. Rakonjac, L. A. McArd, J. M. Hutson, and S. L. Cor- nish, Preparation of one 87Rb and one 133Cs atom in a single optical tweezer, New J. Phys. 23, 065002 (2021)

    2021

  15. [24]

    Singh, S

    K. Singh, S. Anand, A. Pocklington, J. T. Kemp, and H. Bernien, Dual-element, two-dimensional atom ar- ray with continuous-mode operation, Phys. Rev. X 12, 011040 (2022)

    2022

  16. [25]

    W. B. Cairncross, J. T. Zhang, L. R. Picard, Y. Yu, K. Wang, and K.-K. Ni, Assembly of a rovibrational ground state molecule in an optical tweezer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 123402 (2021)

    2021

  17. [26]

    D. K. Ruttley, A. Guttridge, T. R. Hepworth, and S. L. Cornish, Enhanced quantum control of individual ultra- cold molecules using optical tweezer arrays, PRX Quan- tum 5, 020333 (2024)

    2024

  18. [27]

    I. I. Beterov and M. Saffman, Rydberg blockade, F¨ orster resonances, and quantum state measurements with dif- ferent atomic species, Phys. Rev. A 92, 042710 (2015)

    2015

  19. [28]

    Anand, C

    S. Anand, C. E. Bradley, R. White, V. Ramesh, K. Singh, and H. Bernien, A dual-species Rydberg array, Nature Physics 20, 1744 (2024)

    2024

  20. [29]

    C. H. Greene, A. Dickinson, and H. Sadeghpour, Cre- ation of polar and nonpolar ultra-long-range Rydberg molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2458 (2000)

    2000

  21. [30]

    Fermi, On the pressure-induced displacement of the el- evated lines of spectral series, Nuovo Cim 11, 157 (1934)

    E. Fermi, On the pressure-induced displacement of the el- evated lines of spectral series, Nuovo Cim 11, 157 (1934)

    1934

  22. [31]

    Khuskivadze, M

    A. Khuskivadze, M. Chibisov, and I. Fabrikant, Adia- batic energy levels and electric dipole moments of Ry- dberg states of Rb 2 and Cs 2 dimers, Phys. Rev. A 66, 042709 (2002)

    2002

  23. [32]

    E. L. Hamilton, C. H. Greene, and H. Sadeghpour, Shape-resonance-induced long-range molecular Rydberg states, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35, L199 (2002)

    2002

  24. [33]

    Scheer, J

    M. Scheer, J. Thøgersen, R. Bilodeau, C. Brodie, H. Hau- gen, H. Andersen, P. Kristensen, and T. Andersen, Ex- perimental evidence that the 6 s6p 3Pj states of Cs − are shape resonances, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 684 (1998)

    1998

  25. [34]

    M. T. Eiles and C. H. Greene, Hamiltonian for the in- clusion of spin effects in long-range Rydberg molecules, Phys. Rev. A 95, 042515 (2017)

    2017

  26. [35]

    Hummel, C

    F. Hummel, C. Fey, and P. Schmelcher, Spin-interaction effects for ultralong-range Rydberg molecules in a mag- netic field, Phys. Rev. A 97, 043422 (2018)

    2018

  27. [36]

    Hummel, C

    F. Hummel, C. Fey, and P. Schmelcher, Alignment of s- state Rydberg molecules in magnetic fields, Phys. Rev. A 99, 023401 (2019)

    2019

  28. [37]

    C. H. Greene and M. T. Eiles, Green’s-function treat- ment of Rydberg molecules with spins, Phys. Rev. A108, 042805 (2023)

    2023

  29. [38]

    Saßmannshausen, F

    H. Saßmannshausen, F. Merkt, and J. Deiglmayr, Ex- perimental characterization of singlet scattering channels in long-range Rydberg molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 133201 (2015)

    2015

  30. [39]

    Supple- mental Material includes Refs

    See Supplemental Material at [link to be inserted] for de- tails of theoretical calculations of molecular potenitals, bound states and Franck-Condon factors, the experimen- tal apparatus, light shift measurements, observations of line broadening, modelling of the tweezer separ...

  31. [40]

    Thomas, C

    O. Thomas, C. Lippe, T. Eichert, and H. Ott, Exper- imental realization of a Rydberg optical Feshbach reso- nance in a quantum many-body system, Nature Commu- nications 9, 2238 (2018)

    2018

  32. [41]

    Guttridge, D

    A. Guttridge, D. K. Ruttley, A. C. Baldock, R. Gonz´ alez- F´ erez, H. R. Sadeghpour, C. S. Adams, and S. L. Cor- nish, Observation of Rydberg blockade due to the charge- dipole interaction between an atom and a polar molecule, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 013401 (2023)

    2023

  33. [42]

    D. K. Ruttley, A. Guttridge, S. Spence, R. C. Bird, C. R. Le Sueur, J. M. Hutson, and S. L. Cornish, Formation of ultracold molecules by merging optical tweezers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 223401 (2023)

    2023

  34. [43]

    S. T. Rittenhouse and H. R. Sadeghpour, Ultracold gi- ant polyatomic Rydberg molecules: Coherent control of molecular orientation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 243002 (2010)

    2010

  35. [44]

    Gonz´ alez-F´ erez, S

    R. Gonz´ alez-F´ erez, S. T. Rittenhouse, P. Schmelcher, and H. R. Sadeghpour, A protocol to realize triatomic ultra- long range Rydberg molecules in an ultracold KRb gas, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53, 074002 (2020)

    2020

  36. [45]

    Mellado-Alcedo, A

    D. Mellado-Alcedo, A. Guttridge, S. L. Cornish, H. R. Sadeghpour, and R. Gonz´ alez-F´ erez, Ultralong-range Cs- RbCs Rydberg molecules: Nonadiabaticity of dipole mo- ments, Phys. Rev. A 110, 013314 (2024)

    2024

  37. [46]

    P. D. Gregory, J. A. Blackmore, F. M. D, L. M. Fern- ley, S. L. Bromley, J. M. Hutson, and S. L. Cornish, Molecule–molecule and atom–molecule collisions with ul- tracold RbCs molecules, New Journal of Physics 23, 125004 (2021)

    2021

  38. [47]

    Guttridge, T

    A. Guttridge, T. R. Hepworth, D. K. Ruttley, A. A. T. Durst, M. T. Eiles, and S. L. Cornish, Individual assem- bly of two-species Rydberg molecules using optical tweez- ers [dataset]

  39. [48]

    ˇSibali´ c, J

    N. ˇSibali´ c, J. D. Pritchard, C. S. Adams, and K. J. Weatherill, ARC: An open-source library for calculating properties of alkali Rydberg atoms, Comput. Phys. Com- mun. 220, 319 (2017)

    2017

  40. [49]

    Omont, On the theory of collisions of atoms in Ry- dberg states with neutral particles, Journal de Physique 38, 1343 (1977)

    A. Omont, On the theory of collisions of atoms in Ry- dberg states with neutral particles, Journal de Physique 38, 1343 (1977)

    1977

  41. [50]

    C. Fey, M. Kurz, P. Schmelcher, S. T. Rittenhouse, and H. R. Sadeghpour, A comparative analysis of binding in ultralong-range Rydberg molecules, New J. Phys. 17, 7 055010 (2015)

    2015

  42. [51]

    Engel, T

    F. Engel, T. Dieterle, F. Hummel, C. Fey, P. Schmelcher, R. L¨ ow, T. Pfau, and F. Meinert, Precision spectroscopy of negative-ion resonances in ultralong-range Rydberg molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 073003 (2019)

    2019

  43. [52]

    Bahrim and U

    C. Bahrim and U. Thumm, Low-lying 3Po and 3Se states of Rb−, Cs−, and Fr −, Phys. Rev. A 61, 022722 (2000)

    2000

  44. [53]

    Peper and J

    M. Peper and J. Deiglmayr, Heteronuclear long-range Rydberg molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 013001 (2021)

    2021

  45. [54]

    Bahrim, U

    C. Bahrim, U. Thumm, and I. Fabrikant, 3Se and 1Se scattering lengths for e−+ Rb, Cs and Fr collisions, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, L195 (2001)

    2001

  46. [55]

    Saßmannshausen, J

    H. Saßmannshausen, J. Deiglmayr, and F. Merkt, Long- range Rydberg molecules, Rydberg macrodimers and Ry- dberg aggregates in an ultracold Cs gas: Investigation of long-range interactions between atoms in electronically highly excited states, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 225, 2891 (2016)

    2016

  47. [56]

    O. I. Tolstikhin, V. N. Ostrovsky, and H. Nakamura, Siegert pseudostate formulation of scattering theory: One-channel case, Phys. Rev. A 58, 2077 (1998)

    1998

  48. [58]

    Bendkowsky, B

    V. Bendkowsky, B. Butscher, J. Nipper, J. Balewski, J. Shaffer, R. L¨ ow, T. Pfau, W. Li, J. Stanojevic, T. Pohl, et al., Rydberg trimers and excited dimers bound by in- ternal quantum reflection, Phys. Rev. Lett 105, 163201 (2010)

    2010

  49. [59]

    A. T. Krupp, A. Gaj, J. B. Balewski, P. Ilzh¨ ofer, S. Hof- ferberth, R. L¨ ow, T. Pfau, M. Kurz, and P. Schmelcher, Alignment of d-state Rydberg molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 143008 (2014)

    2014

  50. [60]

    B¨ ottcher, A

    F. B¨ ottcher, A. Gaj, K. M. Westphal, M. Schlagm¨ uller, K. S. Kleinbach, R. L¨ ow, T. C. Liebisch, T. Pfau, and S. Hofferberth, Observation of mixed singlet-triplet Rb 2 Rydberg molecules, Phys. Rev. A 93, 032512 (2016)

    2016

  51. [61]

    Ciamei, A

    A. Ciamei, A. Bayerle, C.-C. Chen, B. Pasquiou, and F. Schreck, Efficient production of long-lived ultracold Sr2 molecules, Phys. Rev. A 96, 013406 (2017)

    2017

  52. [62]

    Tomita, S

    T. Tomita, S. Nakajima, I. Danshita, Y. Takasu, and Y. Takahashi, Observation of the Mott insulator to su- perfluid crossover of a driven-dissipative Bose-Hubbard system, Sci. Adv. 3, e1701513 (2017)

    2017

  53. [63]

    Spence, R

    S. Spence, R. V. Brooks, D. K. Ruttley, A. Guttridge, and S. L. Cornish, Preparation of 87Rb and 133Cs in the motional ground state of a single optical tweezer, New J. Phys. 24, 103022 (2022)

    2022

  54. [64]

    Jeffreys, An invariant form for the prior probability in estimation problems, Proc

    H. Jeffreys, An invariant form for the prior probability in estimation problems, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 186, 453 (1946)

    1946

  55. [65]

    L. D. Brown, T. T. Cai, and A. DasGupta, Interval es- timation for a binomial proportion, Stat. Sci. 16, 101 (2001)

    2001

  56. [66]

    T. T. Cai, One-sided confidence intervals in discrete dis- tributions, J. Stat. Plan. Inference 131, 63 (2005)

    2005

  57. [67]

    Barakhshan, A

    P. Barakhshan, A. Marrs, A. Bhosale, B. Arora, R. Eigenmann, and M. S. Safronova, Portal for high- precision atomic data and computation (version 2.0), [Online] (2022)

    2022

  58. [68]

    Hollerith, V

    S. Hollerith, V. Walther, K. Srakaew, D. Wei, D. Adler, S. Agrawal, P. Weckesser, I. Bloch, and J. Zeiher, Ryd- berg molecules bound by strong light fields, PRX Quan- tum 5, 030335 (2024)

    2024

  59. [69]

    K. Wang, X. He, R. Guo, P. Xu, C. Sheng, J. Zhuang, Z. Xiong, M. Liu, J. Wang, and M. Zhan, Preparation of a heteronuclear two-atom system in the three-dimensional ground state in an optical tweezer, Phys. Rev. A 100 (2019)

    2019

  60. [70]

    R. V. Brooks, A. Guttridge, M. D. Frye, D. K. Ruttley, S. Spence, J. M. Hutson, and S. L. Cornish, Feshbach spectroscopy of Cs atom pairs in optical tweezers, New Journal of Physics 24, 113051 (2022)

    2022

  61. [71]

    Reynolds, E

    L. Reynolds, E. Schwartz, U. Ebling, M. Weyland, J. Brand, and M. Andersen, Direct measurements of col- lisional dynamics in cold atom triads, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 (2020)

    2020

  62. [72]

    L. Su, A. Douglas, M. Szurek, A. H. H´ ebert, A. Krahn, R. Groth, G. A. Phelps, O. Markovi´ c, and M. Greiner, Fast single atom imaging for optical lattice arrays, Nature Communications 16, 1017 (2025)

    2025

  63. [73]

    L. Du, P. Barral, M. Cantara, J. de Hond, Y.-K. Lu, and W. Ketterle, Atomic physics on a 50-nm scale: Realiza- tion of a bilayer system of dipolar atoms, Science 384, 546 (2024)

    2024

  64. [74]

    reference

    M. Weyland, S. S. Szigeti, R. A. B. Hobbs, P. Ruk- sasakchai, L. Sanchez, and M. F. Andersen, Pair correla- tions and photoassociation dynamics of two atoms in an optical tweezer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 083401 (2021). Supplemental Material: Individual assembly of two-species Ry...

    2021

  65. [75]

    For θ = 0, this simplifies to V 3,3 5/2,1/2(R, 0) = 2π· 3 5 [9 16yn1(R) ]5 4π

    This is valid as the singlet S-wave scattering length in Cs is nearly 20 times smaller than the triplet S-wave scattering length. For θ = 0, this simplifies to V 3,3 5/2,1/2(R, 0) = 2π· 3 5 [9 16yn1(R) ]5 4π. The equivalent expression for the mj = 5/2 potential surface is V 3,...

  66. [76]

    ∑ l,m il(2αRR0)Ylm( ˆR)Y∗ lm( ˆR0), (S30) where il(x) is the modified spherical Bessel function. Since the molecular state is also an expansion into spher- ical coordinates, the FCF is easily evaluated as fv = ∫ ϕ0(⃗R)ψ µ,m˜l v (⃗R)d3R = 4πN ∞∑ l=|m˜l| Y∗ lm˜l ( ˆR0) × ∫ Ril(2...

  67. [77]

    The above measurements suggests that, for this molecular state, the molecule should be trapped in the tweezer. BROADENING OF MOLECULAR LINES In this work, all molecular resonances observed at a magnetic field of 4.78 G in the same optical tweezer ex- hibited significant asymme...

    2019 arXiv

Pith tools

Reviewed August 11, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.