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Right-handed neutrino production through first-generation leptoquarks

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-10 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read First-generation leptoquarks can make right-handed neutrinos visible at the HL-LHC, with t-channel exchange extending the discovery reach to multi-TeV leptoquark masses.

desk verdict Solid first-generation leptoquark-RHN study with a real new result, but the reach contours are pure Poisson and need a systematics caveat. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.19751 v2 pith:NA4YFSRT submitted 2024-12-27 hep-ph

Gokul Duraikandan , Rishabh Khanna , Tanumoy Mandal , Subhadip Mitra , Rachit Sharma This is my paper · ORCID
classification hep-ph
keywords leptoquarksright-handedneutrinosinverseseesawHL-LHCphenomenologyt-channelproductionmonoelectronchanneldielectronfirst-generationquarks
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Right-handed neutrinos are a common ingredient in explanations of neutrino mass, but as gauge-singlet particles they are almost impossible to produce directly at colliders. This paper claims that first-generation leptoquarks—hypothetical particles coupling quarks to leptons—can act as efficient messengers, producing right-handed neutrinos without relying on tiny neutrino-mixing angles. The authors simulate every way such leptoquarks can yield a pair of right-handed neutrinos and find the indirect t-channel exchange process dominates at large leptoquark mass because first-generation quark densities inside the proton are large. They project that the HL-LHC (14 TeV, 3 $ab^{-1}$) can reach 5-$\sigma$ discovery for leptoquark masses between about 3 and 10 TeV, depending on leptoquark type, for a sub-TeV right-handed neutrino and a large leptoquark-RHN-quark coupling; the dielectron-plus-fat-jets channel gives the strongest reach.

What carries the argument

The central mechanism is the t-channel leptoquark exchange, or indirect production (IP): a quark and an antiquark annihilate through exchange of a first-generation leptoquark to produce a pair of right-handed neutrinos, pp -> nu_R nu_R. Because the process is non-resonant and scales as the fourth power of the leptoquark-RHN-quark coupling, it overtakes QCD pair production and single production at high leptoquark mass, and first-generation quark PDFs give it a further boost. The right-handed neutrinos then decay through W, Z, and H bosons in roughly 2:1:1 proportion, giving the monoelectron (one electron plus missing energy plus a fat jet) and dielectron (electron-positron pair plus two fat jets) signatures used for the search.

What would settle it

Look for the dielectron-plus-two-fat-jets signature described by the selection cuts in the paper's Table III in the first 3 $ab^{-1}$ of HL-LHC data; if no excess over the predicted Standard Model background appears where the paper predicts 5-$\sigma$ sensitivity for a given leptoquark mass and coupling, the central projection is falsified. A dedicated search that observes a leptoquark decaying to an electron and a jet within the same mass window would falsify the exclusive right-handed-neutrino branching assumption.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

For the scalar and vector leptoquarks that couple a first-generation quark to a first-generation right-handed neutrino, the paper establishes that the indirect t-channel process pp -> nu_R nu_R becomes the dominant production channel at large leptoquark mass, because its cross section scales as the fourth power of the leptoquark-RHN-quark coupling and benefits from the large first-generation quark PDFs. With the assumption that each leptoquark decays exclusively to a first-generation RHN and a jet, the projected HL-LHC sensitivity reaches 5-sigma discovery for leptoquark masses between approximately 3 and 10 TeV depending on the leptoquark type, for a sub-TeV RHN. The dielectron channel with two reconstructed fat jets gives the stronger limits because a dielectron invariant-mass cut suppresses the dominant Drell-Yan background, while the monoelectron channel also shows reach but with larger backgrounds.

Load-bearing premise

Every first-generation leptoquark is assumed to decay exclusively to a first-generation right-handed neutrino plus a jet, a branching ratio of 100 percent; if leptoquarks also decay to Standard Model leptons, or if the neutrino is not lighter than the leptoquark, the predicted signal rates and the projected mass reach shrink.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • First-generation leptoquarks become a testable portal to right-handed neutrinos at the LHC, with the projected reach extending well beyond what pair production alone would allow.
  • The indirect t-channel production mode must be included in any LHC search strategy for leptoquarks coupled to neutrinos, since it dominates at multi-TeV leptoquark masses.
  • The dielectron channel with two fat jets is the most sensitive search channel at the HL-LHC, with the Z-veto and dielectron invariant-mass cut providing the main background suppression.
  • If a signal is observed, the measured event rate would constrain the leptoquark-RHN-quark coupling through the lambda^2 and lambda^4 scaling of the single and indirect production contributions.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • A natural extension would be to map the projected reach as a function of the leptoquark-to-right-handed-neutrino branching ratio, since pair and single production contributions fall once decays to Standard Model leptons are allowed.
  • The same t-channel mechanism should give even longer reach at a future higher-energy hadron collider, because first-generation quark PDFs at high momentum fractions are larger; this is an extrapolation beyond the paper's own projections.
  • Existing LHC leptoquark searches that assume decays to charged leptons do not cover this scenario, so a recast of those searches with right-handed-neutrino decay modes could produce an independent current bound before the HL-LHC.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper studies right-handed neutrino production at the HL-LHC in a set of first-generation scalar and vector leptoquark models. It considers LQ pair production, single production, and t-channel indirect production, assumes each TeV-scale LQ decays exclusively to a first-generation RHN plus a jet, and focuses on monoelectron and dielectron final states from the RHN-pair decays. Using MadGraph/Pythia/Delphes simulations, literature K-factors for the backgrounds, and the selection cuts of Table III, the authors obtain event counts (Table IV) and derive 2σ and 5σ contours in the (LQ mass, coupling) and (LQ mass, RHN mass) planes (Figs. 4 and 5). The central conclusion is that, for large LQ-RHN-quark couplings, indirect t-channel production dominates at high LQ mass and the HL-LHC could probe LQ masses between 3 and 10 TeV for a sub-TeV RHN. The internal arithmetic of the cutflow tables is consistent, and the statement that indirect production is important at high mass is supported by Table IV.

Significance. If the model assumptions are accepted, this is a useful first-generation analogue of the authors' earlier second-generation study and provides a concrete, falsifiable projection: a dielectron-plus-fatjet search would be the most promising channel, with indirect production controlling the high-mass reach. The paper's strengths are the systematic enumeration of all first-generation scalar and vector LQ representations with RHN couplings, the inclusion of pair, single, and indirect production in one framework, and the transparent cutflow presentation. The quantitative headline reach, however, rests on a counting-only significance formula and on the BR=100% decay assumption; those caveats materially affect the interpretation of the contours. The study is publishable after the systematic treatment and the model-assumption caveats are addressed.

major comments (3)
  1. [Section IV, Eq. (3) and Table IV] The significance formula in Eq. (3) is a pure Poisson counting expression with no background-systematic term. This is load-bearing for the central claim. For example, in the dielectron channel at the (2.5 TeV, 0.5 TeV) benchmark for the U1 vector LQ, Table IV gives N_S=396 and N_B=10,410, so Z≈3.9 before any systematic is added; adding a 2% background-normalization uncertainty gives an effective uncertainty sqrt(N_B+(0.02 N_B)^2)≈230 and reduces Z to about 1.7. Since the 5σ contours in Figs. 4 and 5 are derived from this formula, the abstract and Section V statement that the HL-LHC can probe LQ masses 'between 3–10 TeV' is a zero-systematics projection. The authors should add a nuisance-parameter term to Eq. (3) or profile over background and efficiency systematics and then redraw the contours, or they should explicitly re-label the reach as counting-statistics-only and qualify the headline numbers accordingly.
  2. [Section II and Table IV] The analysis assumes BR(ℓq→qνR)=100% at tree level, stated in Section II, but this is not derived from any complete Lagrangian in the paper. The assumption is not innocuous for the whole reach: at lower masses the single-production channel is comparable to or larger than indirect production (e.g., at the (1.5 TeV, 0.5 TeV) sLQ benchmark, the monoelectron signal is 334 SP events versus 82 IP events), so those parts of the contours scale directly with the assumed branching ratio. The paper should explicitly state that all quoted event rates are upper limits under this benchmark assumption and should show, at least for one benchmark, how the signal changes when BR is reduced.
  3. [Section III B and Table III] There is an internal contradiction about the b-jet veto. The text says that in the monoelectron channel a significant contribution comes from the νR→Hνe→bbνe decay and that a b veto is imposed only in the dilepton mode, but Table III lists 'No b-tagged jet' under both the monoelectron and dielectron selection columns. If the b veto was in fact applied to the monoelectron signal, the quoted signal events for that channel would be suppressed because the H→bb decay chain is one of the dominant RHN decay modes in that final state. The authors should resolve this inconsistency and, if necessary, recompute the monoelectron cutflow.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Fig. 4 caption] The axis labels use overbar notation (e.g., ¯Y_RR, ¯X_RR) without explaining the correspondence to the coupling matrices in Table I; a sentence in the caption or text defining the sub- and superscripts would improve readability.
  2. [Table III] The C3 row appears to list M(e1,e2)>250 GeV and M(J1,e1)>450 GeV in the same cell; please clarify that the former applies only to the dielectron channel and the latter only to the monoelectron channel.
  3. [Section V] The concluding statement that the HL-LHC can probe LQ masses 'between 3–10 TeV' should specify the coupling and channel, since Fig. 4 shows very different horizontal extents for scalar versus vector LQs and for monoelectron versus dielectron final states; a phrasing such as 'for vector LQs with x≈3 in the dielectron channel' would be more precise.
  4. [Section IV, Eq. (2) and Table IV] The signal cross sections for single and indirect production are used at leading order without K-factors, while only sLQ pair production receives a K-factor of 1.58; a sentence quantifying the implied uncertainty or justifying the omission would help calibrate the contours.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the projected HL-LHC reaches are forward Monte Carlo predictions from an explicitly defined leptoquark–right-handed-neutrino model, not quantities fitted to data or derived from the paper's own assumptions.

full rationale

I walked the derivation chain from the model Lagrangian (Table I) through the signal-cross-section formula Eq. (2) to the Z-score contours in Figs. 4-5. The signal yield N_S is a weighted sum of three simulated production modes (PP, SP, IP), with cross sections and efficiencies computed independently using MadGraph, Pythia, and Delphes; no parameter is fitted to the target observable, and no contour is a restatement of an input. The BR(LQ -> q nu_R) = 100% assumption in Section II is a stated model input rather than a derived prediction, so it limits the scope of the reach claim but does not make it circular. The paper's central finding that t-channel (indirect) production dominates at high LQ mass follows from the lambda^4 scaling of the IP cross section, which is a direct consequence of the displayed Lagrangian, and from the Monte Carlo cross-section comparison in Fig. 2; it is not imported from a fit or from a self-citation. Citations to the authors' previous second-generation study [20] are used for method comparison and contextual statements, while the first-generation results and the discovery contours are computed in this paper, so those self-citations are not load-bearing. The K-factors, PDF set, and detector card are external inputs. The absence of systematic uncertainties in Eq. (3) is a genuine analysis limitation that could affect the quoted reach, but that is a correctness risk, not circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim depends on three hand-chosen parameters (coupling, RHN mass, and kappa) and on several domain assumptions about the neutrino model, PDFs, and detector simulation. No new particle or force is invented; leptoquarks and right-handed neutrinos are pre-existing model ingredients. The exclusive decay branching ratio is the most consequential ad hoc assumption.

free parameters (3)
  • LQ-RHN-quark coupling lambda (x or y) = set to 1 for benchmark contours; scanned from 0 to 3.5 in Fig. 4
    The t-channel indirect production cross section scales as lambda^4, so the 3-10 TeV reach claim depends entirely on assuming a large coupling. It is chosen by hand, not fitted.
  • RHN mass M_nuR = 500 GeV benchmark; 0.4-1.4 TeV scanned in Fig. 5
    The selection cuts are optimized at M_nuR = 500 GeV, so the reach contours are anchored to this hand-chosen benchmark.
  • vLQ gluon coupling parameter kappa = kappa = 1 in most plots, kappa = 0 as comparison
    Vector leptoquark pair and single production depend on kappa; the paper shows the model-dependent limits are insensitive to it, but it is still an input set by hand.
assumptions (5)
  • domain assumption Standard collider simulation tools (MadGraph, Pythia8, Delphes3 with CMS card, FastJet) accurately model signal and background acceptances.
    The full analysis rests on this pipeline; no systematics or closure tests are provided.
  • domain assumption The inverse seesaw mechanism provides TeV-scale right-handed neutrinos that decay promptly with branching ratios approximately 2:1:1 to W+lepton, Z+neutrino, and H+neutrino final states.
    Used throughout Section III to define the monoelectron and dielectron final states.
  • ad hoc to paper BR(leptoquark to q + RHN) = 100% for each first-generation leptoquark.
    This exclusive decay is assumed in Section II to define the scenario; it is not derived from the model and is the main sensitivity lever.
  • domain assumption Existing LHC searches do not constrain the LQ to q + RHN parameter space.
    The paper states this in Section I to justify that the LQ mass can be as low as 1 TeV, but it provides no reinterpretation of specific ATLAS/CMS searches.
  • domain assumption NNPDF23LO1 PDFs with default dynamical scale and the literature K-factors (e.g., 1.58 for scalar LQ pairs) give reliable leading-order cross sections.
    The absolute signal and background normalizations come from this setup; higher-order uncertainties are not propagated.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Right-handed neutrino production through first-generation leptoquarks." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/NA4YFSRT

@misc{pith2026241219751,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Right-handed neutrino production through first-generation leptoquarks},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/NA4YFSRT}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.19751}
}
read the original abstract

The collider phenomenology of leptoquarks (LQs) and right-handed neutrinos (RHNs) has been studied extensively in the literature. Because of the gauge singlet nature, the production of RHNs at the LHC is typically suppressed by the tiny light-heavy neutrino mixing angles. In this study, we explore a promising scenario where the presence of an LQ mediator significantly enhances RHN production. We focus on first-generation scalar and vector LQs interacting with the first-generation RHN. The prospects are better for the first-generation scenario than the other generations because of the enhanced parton distribution functions (PDFs) of first-generation quarks. The enhanced PDFs boost the production cross sections of LQs, particularly their single and indirect productions. Incorporating all production modes of LQs that result in a pair of RHNs, we estimate the discovery prospects by analysing the monoelectron and dielectron channels arising from the decay of the RHN pair. We find that the indirect production of LQs is crucial in determining the discovery reach at the HL-LHC for the first-generation scenario.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.19751 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. FIG. 1. Mono- and di-lepton final states from RHN pair produc [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. FIG. 2. Cross sections of direct and indirect production modes of charge- [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. FIG. 3. Normalised distributions of kinematic variables for the signal and two dominant backgrounds in monoelectron [(a)–(f)] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (2 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png]

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Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Exploring $\widetilde{R}_2$ Leptoquarks and Majorana Neutrinos via same-sign dimuons at the HL-LHC

    hep-ph 2026-03 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A scalar leptoquark coupled to a Majorana right-handed neutrino could be found at HL-LHC via same-sign dimuons plus jets, with single production extending the reach to multi-TeV masses.

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