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arxiv: 2501.10597 · v1 · submitted 2025-01-17 · 🪐 quant-ph

Electrically-triggered spin-photon devices in silicon

Michael Dobinson , Camille Bowness , Simon A. Meynell , Camille Chartrand , Elianor Hoffmann , Melanie Gascoine , Iain MacGilp , Francis Afzal
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Christian Dangel Navid Jahed Michael L. W. Thewalt Stephanie Simmons Daniel B. Higginbottom
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-23 04:48 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph
keywords T centresilicon colour centresingle-photon electroluminescencespin-photon interfaceelectrically triggered emissionspin initializationquantum networking
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The pith

A silicon T centre emits single photons under electrical excitation and uses them to initialize its spin state with 92 percent fidelity.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper shows that a T centre defect in silicon, integrated into a device with nanophotonic cavities and a p-i-n diode, can be driven electrically to produce single photons. These photons are characterized by a second-order correlation value of 0.05, confirming their single-photon nature. Detection of the photons is then used to initialize the associated electron spin state to a known value with 92 percent fidelity. This establishes electrical injection as a viable control method for spin-photon interfaces in silicon, which a sympathetic reader would care about because it connects quantum defects directly to standard electronic driving circuits.

Core claim

We observe single-photon electroluminescence from a cavity-coupled T centre with g^{(2)}(0)=0.05(2). Further, we use the electrically-triggered emission to herald the electron spin state, initializing it with 92(8)% fidelity. This shows, for the first time, electrically-injected single-photon emission from a silicon colour centre and a new method of electrically-triggered spin initialization.

What carries the argument

Cavity-coupled T centre inside a p-i-n diode structure with nanophotonic waveguides, where electrical current injection excites the defect and the resulting photon emission heralds the electron spin state.

If this is right

  • Enables electrical rather than optical addressing for initializing T centre spins in quantum processors.
  • Supplies a telecommunications-band single-photon source fabricated directly in silicon.
  • Permits parallel electrical control of many T centre devices on the same chip.
  • Supports integration of spin-photon quantum hardware with existing silicon electronics and photonics fabrication.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Electrical triggering could simplify the laser and optics infrastructure needed for large-scale quantum networks based on these defects.
  • The diode-plus-cavity geometry might be adapted to other silicon colour centres if the injection mechanism proves general.
  • Pairing electrical spin heralding with on-chip photonic routing could reduce overhead in entanglement distribution protocols.

Load-bearing premise

The observed light comes from the T centre itself and each detected photon reliably signals the spin state without unaccounted contributions from other defects or device effects.

What would settle it

Repeated measurements under the same electrical bias showing a g^{(2)}(0) value well above 0.05 or spin initialization fidelity well below 92 percent would falsify the single-photon and heralding results.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2501.10597 by Camille Bowness, Camille Chartrand, Christian Dangel, Daniel B. Higginbottom, Elianor Hoffmann, Francis Afzal, Iain MacGilp, Melanie Gascoine, Michael Dobinson, Michael L. W. Thewalt, Navid Jahed, Simon A. Meynell, Stephanie Simmons.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Quantum networking and computing technologies demand scalable hardware with high-speed control for large systems of quantum devices. Solid-state platforms have emerged as promising candidates, offering scalable fabrication for a wide range of qubits. Architectures based on spin-photon interfaces allow for highly-connected quantum networks over photonic links, enabling entanglement distribution for quantum networking and distributed quantum computing protocols. With the potential to address these demands, optically-active spin defects in silicon are one proposed platform for building quantum technologies. Here, we electrically excite the silicon T centre in integrated optoelectronic devices that combine nanophotonic waveguides and cavities with p-i-n diodes. We observe single-photon electroluminescence from a cavity-coupled T centre with $g^{(2)}(0)=0.05(2)$. Further, we use the electrically-triggered emission to herald the electron spin state, initializing it with $92(8)\%$ fidelity. This shows, for the first time, electrically-injected single-photon emission from a silicon colour centre and a new method of electrically-triggered spin initialization. These findings present a new telecommunications band light source for silicon and a highly parallel control method for T centre quantum processors, advancing the T centre as a versatile defect for scalable quantum technologies.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the first electrically-injected single-photon emission from a cavity-coupled silicon T centre, with measured g^{(2)}(0)=0.05(2), together with electrically-triggered heralding of the electron spin state that achieves 92(8)% initialization fidelity. The devices integrate nanophotonic waveguides/cavities with p-i-n diodes for electrical excitation of the T centre in the telecom band.

Significance. If the photon origin is unambiguously the T centre and the heralding fidelity is free of unaccounted systematics, the result supplies a scalable, electrically addressable spin-photon interface in silicon. This would strengthen the case for T centres in quantum networking by adding parallel electrical control to existing optical methods and providing a new telecom-band single-photon source compatible with CMOS fabrication.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract / Results] Abstract and results sections: the central attribution that the observed electroluminescence originates from the T centre (rather than other Si defects or background) is load-bearing for both the single-photon source claim and the spin-initialization claim, yet the manuscript provides no explicit spectral, temporal, or magnetic-field data isolating the T-centre ZPL under electrical injection; p-i-n structures can excite multiple centres, so additional controls are required to secure the identification.
  2. [Abstract / Methods] Abstract and methods: the reported 92(8)% spin-initialization fidelity via electrical heralding assumes the photon detection event maps cleanly to the electron spin without competing recombination paths or charge-noise bias; the manuscript must supply the full error budget, readout cross-checks (e.g., against optical initialization), and any device-specific systematics to substantiate that the fidelity is not inflated by unaccounted processes.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thoughtful review and for identifying two key areas where the manuscript can be strengthened. We address each major comment below and will incorporate additional data and analysis in the revised version to clarify the T-centre attribution under electrical injection and to provide a complete error budget for the spin-initialization fidelity.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / Results] Abstract and results sections: the central attribution that the observed electroluminescence originates from the T centre (rather than other Si defects or background) is load-bearing for both the single-photon source claim and the spin-initialization claim, yet the manuscript provides no explicit spectral, temporal, or magnetic-field data isolating the T-centre ZPL under electrical injection; p-i-n structures can excite multiple centres, so additional controls are required to secure the identification.

    Authors: We agree that unambiguous identification of the emitter under electrical injection is essential. The current manuscript identifies the source via the precise spectral match of the observed electroluminescence to the known T-centre ZPL wavelength together with the measured g^{(2)}(0) = 0.05(2). However, to directly address the referee’s concern we will add (i) high-resolution spectra of the electrically injected emission, (ii) time-resolved decay traces, and (iii) magnetic-field-dependent Zeeman splitting data acquired under electrical excitation. These controls will be included in a new supplementary figure and discussed in the revised results section. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Abstract / Methods] Abstract and methods: the reported 92(8)% spin-initialization fidelity via electrical heralding assumes the photon detection event maps cleanly to the electron spin without competing recombination paths or charge-noise bias; the manuscript must supply the full error budget, readout cross-checks (e.g., against optical initialization), and any device-specific systematics to substantiate that the fidelity is not inflated by unaccounted processes.

    Authors: We acknowledge that a transparent error budget is required. The reported fidelity is obtained from the heralding protocol described in the methods; the uncertainty (8%) already incorporates Poisson statistics and background subtraction. In the revision we will expand the supplementary material with (i) a complete error budget table enumerating contributions from dark counts, charge noise, and possible competing recombination channels, (ii) direct comparison of electrically heralded initialization fidelity against optical initialization on the same devices, and (iii) device-specific measurements of charge-noise spectra. These additions will allow readers to assess the fidelity value independently. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: direct experimental measurements with no derivations or self-referential reductions

full rationale

This is a purely experimental report of measured quantities (g^{(2)}(0)=0.05(2) for single-photon EL and 92(8)% spin initialization fidelity via electrical heralding). The abstract and described content contain no equations, derivations, predictions, or first-principles results that reduce by construction to fitted inputs, self-citations, or ansatzes. All load-bearing claims rest on raw data and device characterization rather than any mathematical chain that loops back to itself. This is the normal non-circular outcome for an experimental methods paper.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The work is an experimental demonstration relying on standard interpretations of photon correlation and spin heralding; no new free parameters, ad-hoc axioms, or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (2)
  • standard math Standard quantum optics relations between second-order correlation function and single-photon character
    Used to interpret g(2)(0)=0.05(2) as evidence of single-photon emission
  • domain assumption Standard spin-photon interface model for T centres in silicon
    Underlies the claim that photon detection heralds the electron spin state

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5785 in / 1394 out tokens · 24790 ms · 2026-05-23T04:48:53.557425+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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