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Injecting Domain-Specific Knowledge into Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey

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arxiv 2502.10708 v2 pith:MWEIXSSM submitted 2025-02-15 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords knowledgellmsdomain-specificlanguagemethodsspecializedsurveycomprehensive
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in various tasks such as natural language understanding, text summarization, and machine translation. However, their general-purpose nature often limits their effectiveness in domain-specific applications that require specialized knowledge, such as healthcare, chemistry, or legal analysis. To address this, researchers have explored diverse methods to enhance LLMs by integrating domain-specific knowledge. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of these methods, which we categorize into four key approaches: dynamic knowledge injection, static knowledge embedding, modular adapters, and prompt optimization. Each approach offers unique mechanisms to equip LLMs with domain expertise, balancing trade-offs between flexibility, scalability, and efficiency. We discuss how these methods enable LLMs to tackle specialized tasks, compare their advantages and disadvantages, evaluate domain-specific LLMs against general LLMs, and highlight the challenges and opportunities in this emerging field. For those interested in delving deeper into this area, we also summarize the commonly used datasets and benchmarks. To keep researchers updated on the latest studies, we maintain an open-source at: https://github.com/abilliyb/Knowledge_Injection_Survey_Papers, dedicated to documenting research in the field of specialized LLM.

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Cited by 14 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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    A multi-agent LLM pipeline that plans code adaptations using summarized intent, domain checklists, and sibling-method context outperforms single-shot prompting and repair baselines on Java adaptation examples.

  3. Global Logic and Local Search: Dual-Stream Multimodal In-Context Learning for Verifiable Industrial Anomaly Detection

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  4. Knowledge Conceptualization Impacts RAG Efficacy

    cs.AI 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    An empirical study showing that both schema complexity and representation format affect how well GPT-4o generates SPARQL queries from competency questions, with mixed results across two knowledge graph families.

  5. Flipping Knowledge Distillation: Leveraging Small Models' Expertise to Enhance LLMs in Text Matching

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A flipped distillation method lets a decoder-only LLM learn text-matching similarity from a smaller encoder teacher through LoRA and a margin-aware contrastive loss, improving matching accuracy and online FAQ retrieval.

  6. RELRaE: LLM-Based Relationship Extraction, Labelling, Refinement, and Evaluation

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    RELRaE, a hybrid rule-based and LLM pipeline, generates relationship labels for XML schemas and, on the AnIML chemistry schema, produces labels closer to human expert labels than rules alone or LLMs alone.

  7. Seeing is Fixing: Cross-Modal Reasoning with Multimodal LLMs for Visual Software Issue Fixing

    cs.SE 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    GUIRepair, a cross-modal LLM pipeline that converts issue screenshots into reproduction code and rendered patch screenshots into validation feedback, resolves 157/517 SWE-bench M instances with GPT-4o and 175 with o4-mini.

  8. SocialMaze: A Benchmark for Evaluating Social Reasoning in Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    SocialMaze is a six-task benchmark that claims to evaluate LLM social reasoning along deep reasoning, dynamic interaction, and information uncertainty dimensions.

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    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    An adversarial beam-search method generates over 6,000 bilingual question pairs that reliably make multilingual LLMs perform far worse in non-English languages than in English.

  10. Audio Jailbreak: An Open Comprehensive Benchmark for Jailbreaking Large Audio-Language Models

    cs.SD 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    AJailBench is an open benchmark showing that large audio-language models can be jailbroken through TTS-converted text attacks and through subtle acoustic perturbations that preserve speech semantics.

  11. Gene-R1: Reasoning with Data-Augmented Lightweight LLMs for Gene Set Analysis

    q-bio.GN 2025-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Gene-R1 combines domain pre-training, GPT-o1 distilled reasoning examples, and GRPO reinforcement learning so lightweight Llama models match commercial LLMs on gene set analysis.

  12. CEQuest: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Construction Estimation

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    A new 164-question benchmark shows that current LLMs score between 62% and 75% on construction drawing interpretation and estimation tasks.

  13. BLOCKS: Blockchain-supported Cross-Silo Knowledge Sharing for Efficient LLM Services

    cs.DC 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    BLOCKS combines a Cosmos-based blockchain, a reputation mechanism, and a priority cache to let LLMs retrieve prompts from untrusted knowledge silos.

  14. Collaborative Editable Model

    cs.AI 2025-06 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    CoEM scores user-contributed knowledge fragments using user ratings and LLM attribution, keeps the high scorers in a prompt-level knowledge pool, and reports 76% agreement with FinGPT on fragment value.

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