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Sub-Millimeter Variability in the Envelope & Warped Protostellar Disk of the Class 0 Protostar HOPS 358

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arxiv 2502.15887 v1 pith:GVBITB6Z submitted 2025-02-21 astro-ph.SR astro-ph.GA

Sub-Millimeter Variability in the Envelope & Warped Protostellar Disk of the Class 0 Protostar HOPS 358

classification astro-ph.SR astro-ph.GA
keywords hopsdiskjcmtalmabrightnessseenyearsclass
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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The JCMT Transient Survey recently discovered that the Class 0 protostar HOPS 358 decreased in 350 GHz continuum brightness by $\sim25$% over the course of four years before brightening again for the next four. The JCMT lightcurve can be fit by a long timescale dip lasting roughly eight years. A shorter timescale periodicity is also apparent with a period of 1.75 years and a small 3% amplitude. NEOWise monitoring reveals that the mid-IR wavelength brightness of HOPS 358 follows a similar long-term pattern in time. Here, we present a study of nine epochs of ALMA observations of HOPS 358 taken over the course of the decline and subsequent rise in brightness seen with the JCMT to test whether the variation seen on $\sim15"$ scales, covering both disk and envelope, is also observed on smaller, $<1"$ scales that primarily probe HOPS 358's protostellar disk. We detect both HOPS 358 and its southern companion, HOPS 358B, in our ALMA observations, and find that at least one of the two is varying. Assuming that HOPS 358 is the variable, the light curve has the same shape as that found by the JCMT. Additionally, our high resolution ALMA imaging of HOPS 358 reveals that the disk is warped, with a $16^{\circ}$ warp at a disk radius of 35 au, about halfway through the extent of the disk. The physical origin of the warp along with how it relates to the variability seen towards HOPS 358, however, remain unclear.

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