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A Brief History of Mass
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abstract
It has been known since the 1950's that an unstable particle is associated with a complex pole in the propagator. This had to be rediscovered twice: in the early 1970's in the context of hadronic resonances, and in the early 1990's in the context of the $Z$ boson. The physical mass of the particle is the real part of the pole in the complex energy plane. In hadronic physics, this replaced the ``Breit-Wigner mass,'' which was found to depend on the parameterization of the ``energy-dependent width.'' In $Z$ physics, it replaced the ``on-shell'' mass, which was found to be gauge dependent. Although the mass defined from the complex pole position has been widely discussed in the literature, it has not yet made its way into quantum field theory textbooks.
Forward citations
Cited by 2 Pith papers
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Baryon and Meson Excited States
The authors propose a universal logarithmic mass formula, M_n = α ln(n) + β, for all equal-quantum excited baryon and meson states.
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Universal Mass Equation for Equal-Quantum Excited-States Sets II
Using two known excited-state masses per hadron family, the authors extrapolate four higher masses with a logarithmic curve and find bottomonium slopes lie on a predictive line.
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