Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big

As of 24 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 31 of 31 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2505.13425.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.13425 v1

Coverage vector

measured 31 of 31 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.920760Z

measured 32 of 32 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T16:32:08.589186Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-15T16:32:08.912111Z

Reference resolution

31 of 31 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy3
unresolved27
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier1
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 66ea773d-8c81-4e78-9a52-60cc35efe1cc · outbound

This paper cites Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.750065Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 357b2274-47f8-4d6a-bb5d-fb632e74b0d3 · outbound

This paper cites Algorithm 2 Build the parameter vector specification for users Require: The user task (Du,Lu) required to solve.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Algorithm 2 Build the parameter vector specification for users Require: The user task (Du,Lu) required to solve

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:56.549046Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation e5f22bdc-5077-4591-b782-134b18bc9f9f · outbound

This paper cites Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.761849Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 68cf9c8f-36df-47d8-8f61-19f2a4ca0744 · outbound

This paper cites Prompt-to-Leaderboard.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Prompt-to-Leaderboard

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.767037Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6d01f8fc-3a2f-4df1-9184-e452e15c8e71 · outbound

This paper cites Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Alex Vaughan, and et al.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Alex Vaughan, and et al

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.772899Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2f38cd35-284f-49be-a61f-979336126de5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: malformed identifier; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:56.495038Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation 9def0063-507d-4135-9d69-551c705708be · outbound

This paper cites Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.785477Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3642854c-97a5-4f49-a0d6-50be24787b41 · outbound

This paper cites q_proj",.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big q_proj",

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:56.512536Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation 3eba7255-7b6b-453e-9925-aac20831ddf4 · outbound

This paper cites MWPToolkit: An Open-Source Framework for Deep Learning-Based Math Word Problem Solvers.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big MWPToolkit: An Open-Source Framework for Deep Learning-Based Math Word Problem Solvers

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.798063Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4ca0b27e-074a-490e-ad0a-a398f71c8612 · outbound

This paper cites Small Language Models for Application Interactions: A Case Study.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Small Language Models for Application Interactions: A Case Study

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.803463Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 76784844-d155-45d6-ab42-021229e65cb0 · outbound

This paper cites CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinese.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinese

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.810558Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2968db85-8ca6-4dfc-a02a-46c449f49f69 · outbound

This paper cites Lila: A Unified Benchmark for Mathematical Reasoning.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Lila: A Unified Benchmark for Mathematical Reasoning

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.816229Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7b4d3909-1a05-47c2-9219-8c527bc33b27 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.827256Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3bc4932d-e18e-4ef8-9bdb-eaf44dd053f1 · outbound

This paper cites Language Models are Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasoners.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Language Models are Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasoners

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.833623Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation af909526-e2d8-42d2-8cae-6a426b72af93 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledge.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledge

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.838967Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1bc6d464-add9-46be-9d57-7493fdf0a54f · outbound

This paper cites A Comparative Study between Full-Parameter and LoRA-based Fine-Tuning on Chinese Instruction Data for Instruction Following Large Language Model.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big A Comparative Study between Full-Parameter and LoRA-based Fine-Tuning on Chinese Instruction Data for Instruction Following Large Language Model

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.844315Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2b462f72-b43a-4c52-953a-6e4cc775e13a · outbound

This paper cites Low-rank Attention Side-Tuning for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Low-rank Attention Side-Tuning for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.849460Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 53902fdc-e7ae-4f7b-9bb1-96e2f3c812f0 · outbound

This paper cites A Survey of Small Language Models.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big A Survey of Small Language Models

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.855197Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9d2cccc7-cfdb-43b3-b72f-edd5d3b4138f · outbound

This paper cites A Comprehensive Survey of Small Language Models in the Era of Large Language Models: Techniques, Enhancements, Applications, Collaboration with LLMs, and Trustworthiness.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big A Comprehensive Survey of Small Language Models in the Era of Large Language Models: Techniques, Enhancements, Applications, Collaboration with LLMs, and Trustworthiness

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.861003Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ad458454-ce46-42d2-9042-54600ed929ff · outbound

This paper cites PIXIU: A Large Language Model, Instruction Data and Evaluation Benchmark for Finance.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big PIXIU: A Large Language Model, Instruction Data and Evaluation Benchmark for Finance

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.866218Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1ecdf7de-6152-4777-818a-74f44c01fac1 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.872601Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b47138c3-df63-4b7e-a1c6-2c57b015356e · outbound

This paper cites MetaMath: Bootstrap Your Own Mathematical Questions for Large Language Models.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big MetaMath: Bootstrap Your Own Mathematical Questions for Large Language Models

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.877493Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 73ba4f24-7812-4fae-896d-1023e1a870ac · outbound

This paper cites MAmmoTH: Building Math Generalist Models through Hybrid Instruction Tuning.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big MAmmoTH: Building Math Generalist Models through Hybrid Instruction Tuning

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.883036Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7d4f15d2-bcc8-4304-bd05-12211b332318 · outbound

This paper cites AlpaCare:Instruction-tuned Large Language Models for Medical Application.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big AlpaCare:Instruction-tuned Large Language Models for Medical Application

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.888148Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a0d5a651-9156-46f0-92d6-7a5ea3a3c78f · outbound

This paper cites For a given instruction tuning dataset, we try multiple sets of hyperparameters.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big For a given instruction tuning dataset, we try multiple sets of hyperparameters

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:56.530863Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation c168c4e8-218f-4059-9ded-59a98ca188e0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Unresolved cited work

Reference 100

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:56.476550Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation 10bf7764-7c14-4bc2-90b2-9bd8465e92cb · outbound

This paper cites Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Dataset.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Dataset

Reference 2020

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.791583Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7b1e8266-5f36-4f91-a04c-7406a32ca961 · outbound

This paper cites AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Models.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Models

Reference 2021

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.893235Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a1594c9b-d498-4ff1-b10f-e9a16c52cafa · outbound

This paper cites Orca-Math: Unlocking the potential of SLMs in Grade School Math.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big Orca-Math: Unlocking the potential of SLMs in Grade School Math

Reference 2022

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.821353Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d99307e0-f7cb-4607-a501-03dd8d485b46 · outbound

This paper cites MedAlpaca -- An Open-Source Collection of Medical Conversational AI Models and Training Data.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big MedAlpaca -- An Open-Source Collection of Medical Conversational AI Models and Training Data

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.778786Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation adff5272-213b-4a81-aeeb-7f1360f6afec · outbound

This paper cites MathQA: Towards Interpretable Math Word Problem Solving with Operation-Based Formalisms.

Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big MathQA: Towards Interpretable Math Word Problem Solving with Operation-Based Formalisms

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:17:55.756243Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 980c1259-a3e7-42dd-a11d-9415d4f9b4f8 · inbound

Delta Activations: A Representation for Finetuned Large Language Models cites this paper.

Delta Activations: A Representation for Finetuned Large Language Models Learnware of Language Models: Specialized Small Language Models Can Do Big

Reference 60

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-15T16:32:08.918648Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.