Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance

As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 36 of 36 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.21458.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.21458 v1

Coverage vector

measured 36 of 36 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:01.408211Z

measured 36 of 36 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

36 of 36 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy16
unresolved18
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier1
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 1aed574d-3cbb-464d-8204-54a1ff733d30 · outbound

This paper cites Do llamas work in English? on the latent language of multilingual transformers.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Do llamas work in English? on the latent language of multilingual transformers

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:40:15.977216Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation cd0eb2b8-c206-436b-a39b-97dd69ab77d6 · outbound

This paper cites Beyond English-Centric LLMs: What Language Do Multilingual Language Models Think in?.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Beyond English-Centric LLMs: What Language Do Multilingual Language Models Think in?

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:57.788130Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c6c86bf-4640-4d6a-bf00-ef5ccfb45e72 · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:57.924619Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8f517c54-4551-45ea-899d-c6bcca2abc0a · outbound

This paper cites LLM-jp: A Cross-organizational Project for the Research and Development of Fully Open Japanese LLMs.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance LLM-jp: A Cross-organizational Project for the Research and Development of Fully Open Japanese LLMs

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:58.053542Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c5470f04-070d-40b2-b678-a7512fc44da1 · outbound

This paper cites Farid Adilazuarda, Jonibek Mansurov, Ruochen Zhang, Niklas Muen- nighoff, Carsten Eickhoff, Genta Indra Winata, Julia Kreutzer, Stephen H.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Farid Adilazuarda, Jonibek Mansurov, Ruochen Zhang, Niklas Muen- nighoff, Carsten Eickhoff, Genta Indra Winata, Julia Kreutzer, Stephen H

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:40:15.780909Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 995963ae-bd3c-4009-a45c-1dd77226cff9 · outbound

This paper cites mCSQA: Multilingual commonsense reasoning dataset with unified creation strategy by language models and humans.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance mCSQA: Multilingual commonsense reasoning dataset with unified creation strategy by language models and humans

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:40:15.657448Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation a980b2ef-8808-4493-837c-bc9700c9fef5 · outbound

This paper cites BQA: Body Language Question Answering Dataset for Video Large Language Models.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance BQA: Body Language Question Answering Dataset for Video Large Language Models

Reference 7

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:01.828160Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 0bccd2aa-088b-41b6-8a0f-133d24fa1a02 · outbound

This paper cites Do Multilingual LLMs Think In English?.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Do Multilingual LLMs Think In English?

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:58.540028Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d4a194d4-56fc-4d41-89b1-8e05daf04416 · outbound

This paper cites Speaking multiple languages affects the moral bias of language models.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Speaking multiple languages affects the moral bias of language models

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:40:15.517012Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 315d6af2-8495-4846-82aa-d54cb80ad444 · outbound

This paper cites Bias and fairness in large language models: A survey.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Bias and fairness in large language models: A survey

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:40:15.318770Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 88550ff3-dce5-4740-b42c-0f5ca128ea4b · outbound

This paper cites Not all languages are created equal in LLMs: Improving multilingual capability by cross- lingual-thought prompting.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Not all languages are created equal in LLMs: Improving multilingual capability by cross- lingual-thought prompting

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:40:15.125594Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 9a11dc83-fbe2-4429-97ad-a3f59fcabbaa · outbound

This paper cites Language Models are Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasoners.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Language Models are Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasoners

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:58.754398Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ab360d28-b420-4235-9d56-36d803864869 · outbound

This paper cites mCoT: Multilingual instruction tuning for reasoning con- sistency in language models.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance mCoT: Multilingual instruction tuning for reasoning con- sistency in language models

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:40:15.008141Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 78ae15bc-e24e-4be1-b810-a48c196538d9 · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:58.884291Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 58272006-6e92-48da-a39c-0ab1941ca1af · outbound

This paper cites mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:40:14.871951Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 9cfc7264-d9e9-49fa-acab-a24ba39b9e9f · outbound

This paper cites Robustness gym: Unifying the NLP evaluation landscape.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Robustness gym: Unifying the NLP evaluation landscape

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:03.966188Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation b9243b13-a273-4b29-877f-e650b8504654 · outbound

This paper cites More bang for your buck: Natural perturbation for robust question answering.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance More bang for your buck: Natural perturbation for robust question answering

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:03.764581Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 6cf7da93-cbee-4153-b55b-519f9d919548 · outbound

This paper cites Interpreting gpt: the logit lens.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Interpreting gpt: the logit lens

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:03.563122Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation a1ab31aa-d581-42f3-8a4a-cf07fef3a6cc · outbound

This paper cites Eliciting latent predictions from transformers with the tuned lens, 2023.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Eliciting latent predictions from transformers with the tuned lens, 2023

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:59.361600Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 26fbc0b2-81d8-4947-b19c-4751ccf1fb53 · outbound

This paper cites Attention is all you need.Advances in neural information processing systems, 30, 2017.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Attention is all you need.Advances in neural information processing systems, 30, 2017

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:59.531409Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7c5e6579-bd47-4384-b48e-35f23ed3bec1 · outbound

This paper cites Eliciting Latent Predictions from Transformers with the Tuned Lens.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Eliciting Latent Predictions from Transformers with the Tuned Lens

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:59.644628Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9036c0b5-d545-4f17-b4f6-41747bb45ddb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:59.801999Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation aea37206-6152-4c37-b6b7-49cd5203134e · outbound

This paper cites cloze procedure.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance cloze procedure

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:03.312451Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 607bdf28-b3ac-4601-9aee-582fb281176a · outbound

This paper cites PersonaGym: Evaluating Persona Agents and LLMs.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance PersonaGym: Evaluating Persona Agents and LLMs

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:00.099759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1111eb6a-44a6-4635-85b6-5094dd897dd6 · outbound

This paper cites Texygen: A benchmarking platform for text generation models.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Texygen: A benchmarking platform for text generation models

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:00.211146Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bbfa53f5-b400-438c-89ad-dc328b99cc61 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4o System Card.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance GPT-4o System Card

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:00.335017Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e4f9f532-deab-46b5-9141-27001b42bfc1 · outbound

This paper cites Gemma 3 Technical Report.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Gemma 3 Technical Report

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:00.406522Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fb5d862a-3e94-4856-b5d1-f480371f8705 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:00.518962Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 99dc8c7e-b954-4664-80c9-777f056a3254 · outbound

This paper cites Language models are few-shot learners.Advances in neural information processing systems, 33:1877–1901, 2020.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Language models are few-shot learners.Advances in neural information processing systems, 33:1877–1901, 2020

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:00.615212Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c43abe7d-ca61-4792-9ab6-01dc4b1be558 · outbound

This paper cites PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:00.745504Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 58b4fb58-81a1-4067-8d4d-e0c065195933 · outbound

This paper cites Haspelmath, M.S.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Haspelmath, M.S

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:03.052961Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 1cbe3dd0-eabb-4b28-bda8-d7c54f425846 · outbound

This paper cites Softmatcha: A soft and fast pattern matcher for billion-scale corpus searches.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Softmatcha: A soft and fast pattern matcher for billion-scale corpus searches

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:02.901713Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 55fbab9e-fa56-497e-8a70-28666cb10104 · outbound

This paper cites Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:02.653560Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation dd69005a-8bbc-4615-8a13-6172f37c1d3c · outbound

This paper cites Limitations.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Limitations

Reference 34

Resolution: malformed identifier; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:02.394137Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 77595447-5ce6-4c14-b88d-da7a7fbe9289 · outbound

This paper cites # Example.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance # Example

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:36:02.197244Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation db064855-ca38-4599-a851-66cdd494e77a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Do LLMs Need to Think in One Language? Correlation between Latent Language and Task Performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 2019

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:35:59.921168Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.