Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 1 cited by

Integrated photonics for continuous-variable quantum optics

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read This review establishes that after a decade of demonstrations, integrated continuous-variable quantum optics has produced a working blueprint for monolithic electronic-photonic circuits in CMOS-compatible platforms, with material choice…

desk verdict A useful consolidation of integrated CV photonics that needs a clean-up pass on its own numbers before the tables can be trusted. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.04771 v2 pith:4P6FZHMD submitted 2025-06-05 quant-ph

R. N. Clark , B. Puzio , O. M. Green , S. T. Pradyumna , O. Trojak , A. Politi , J. C. F. Matthews This is my paper
classification quant-ph PACS 42.50.-p42.50.Lc42.82.-m85.60.-q
keywords continuous-variablequantumopticssqueezedlightintegratedphotonicshomodynedetectionsiliconnitridelithiumniobateelectronic-photoniccircuitkeydistribution
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper is a review arguing that continuous-variable quantum photonics—squeezed light and its detection—has reached a stage where monolithic integration is the clear route to practical quantum technologies. The authors synthesize a decade of experimental results: on-chip squeezing in silicon-nitride microrings and lithium-niobate waveguides, integrated homodyne detectors whose bandwidth has grown from 150 MHz to 15.3 GHz, and system demonstrations reaching a rack-scale modular quantum computer. Their central claim is that combining sources, detectors, and readout electronics into a single electronic-photonic integrated circuit (ePIC) is a compelling path to smaller, stable, manufacturable devices. The remaining bottleneck, they argue, is not basic feasibility but the choice of material that can simultaneously host high-quality squeezing and fast, efficient detectors.

What carries the argument

The central object is the electronic-photonic integrated circuit (ePIC), a single chip that integrates squeezed-light sources, interferometers, photodetectors, and transimpedance amplifiers. The load-bearing relation is the beamsplitter loss model for quadrature variance, Eq. (3): $\langle \Delta (X'_{\theta,a})^2\rangle = T\langle \Delta (X_{\theta,a})^2\rangle + (1-T)/2$. It shows that linear loss degrades but never completely erases squeezing, so every reduction in coupling and propagation loss translates directly into stronger measured squeezing; this is the quantitative engine behind the review's argument that monolithic integration, which removes chip-to-chip and fibre coupling loss, is the path forward.

What would settle it

Re-read the primary papers behind the review's comparison tables and check each quoted squeezing level against the cited result; a concrete test is reconciling the text's 4.5 dB with the 6 dB in the title of reference [45]. If such mismatches are widespread, the numerical basis of the 'blueprint' conclusion collapses.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The review's central claim is that the last decade of integrated continuous-variable quantum optics has produced a working blueprint for a fully monolithic ePIC that generates, manipulates, and detects squeezed light on one CMOS-compatible chip. The supporting evidence runs from the first Si3N4 microring squeezing results to foundry-compatible Kerr microresonators exceeding 3.5 dB, from 150 MHz wirebonded homodyne detectors to a 15.3 GHz monolithic Bi-CMOS ePIC detector, and from chip-based CV-QKD to a modular 35-chip quantum computer. In the authors' telling, the only remaining questions are engineering questions: which material platform can deliver the highest squeezing and the best detectors simultaneously, and how to reduce overall circuit loss, especially the coupling loss that monolithic integration removes.

Load-bearing premise

The review's blueprint conclusion rests on trusting that the squeezing levels, bandwidths, and loss budgets reported in the cited experiments are accurate, since the synthesis is built from those numbers.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • A fully integrated ePIC would eliminate the dominant off-chip coupling losses, so today's 'inferred on-chip' squeezing levels would become directly usable at the electrical output.
  • Detector bandwidth would no longer be capped by wirebond and PCB parasitics; the demonstrated 15.3 GHz monolithic detector points toward tens-of-GHz clock rates for CV-QKD and measurement-based quantum computing.
  • CMOS-compatible mass manufacturing would allow squeezed-light sources and homodyne detectors to be produced in volume, moving CV quantum systems from optical benches to deployable modules.
  • The platform split between Si3N4 for sources and Si/Ge for detectors would have to be resolved by heterogeneous integration or a single material, and that choice would set which applications arrive first.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • A testable extension of the review's thesis: the first commercially deployed integrated CV devices will likely be quantum random number generators and CV-QKD receivers, since they require only coherent states and fast homodyne detection rather than on-chip squeezing.
  • The field's benchmark should shift from inferred on-chip squeezing to end-to-end squeezing measured after on-chip detection; the review's own tables mix the two, and an explicit metric would make the comparative claims easier to verify.
  • The review's emphasis on monolithic integration implies that heterogeneous stacking (for example, InP-InGaAs photodiodes transfer-printed onto Si3N4) may be a more realistic near-term route than a single perfect material, a possibility the paper mentions but does not develop into a recommendation.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. This manuscript is a review of integrated photonics for continuous-variable (CV) quantum optics. It surveys on-chip generation of squeezed light using χ(3) and χ(2) nonlinear processes, integrated photodetectors and homodyne detectors, experimental challenges for monolithic electronic-photonic integration, and applications in QKD, sensing, and quantum computing. The central claim is that the past decade of demonstrations, from intensity-difference squeezing in Si3N4 microrings to the 15.3 GHz monolithic ePIC homodyne detector and the rack-scale Aurora system, has produced a working blueprint for CMOS-compatible integrated CV devices, with material choice and loss reduction as the principal remaining bottlenecks. The review includes tutorial boxes on CV states and detection schemes, a timeline figure (Fig. 2) of integrated sources, a comparative table of detectors (Table I), and an applications section.

Significance. If accurate, this is a valuable and timely synthesis for researchers entering or working in integrated CV quantum photonics. Its strengths include broad but organized coverage, accessible explanations of CV fundamentals, useful comparative tables, and an up-to-date reference list including 2024–2025 works. The explicit framing of the ePIC roadmap and the discussion of platform trade-offs are useful. However, because this is a secondary source, its value rests on the accuracy of the quoted numbers and platform attributions. The manuscript currently contains internal contradictions in exactly these load-bearing places (ref. [45] squeezing value, Fig. 2 platform attribution, and the claim that homodyne detectors have been demonstrated solely on silicon). These issues make the comparative synthesis unreliable until corrected, so the contribution is conditional on a careful audit of primary sources.

major comments (3)
  1. [Integrated squeezers (LiNbO3 paragraph) and Fig. 2] The text credits ref. [45] with '4.5 dB of squeezing over 250 MHz,' but the bibliography entry for [45] is titled 'Continuous-wave 6-dB-squeezed light with 2.5-THz-bandwidth from single-mode PPLN waveguide.' Either the text number or the title is wrong. Since Fig. 2 plots 'measured squeezing' for [45], the figure point inherits this discrepancy. Please verify against the primary source and correct both text and figure; if the 6 dB value is correct, the text's 4.5 dB misstates a key χ(2) source result.
  2. [Fig. 2 caption] The caption first states that the χ(3) devices use the Si3N4 platform except ref. [41], which is SiO2, and then states that 'Works in [41–43] use Si3N4 microring resonators as frequency comb sources of squeezed light.' The main text ('Integrated squeezers') says that Yang et al. [41] used a silica wedge microresonator. This is a direct self-contradiction in the platform attribution of a prominent frequency-comb demonstration. The caption must be corrected to match the text, and the platform-specific interpretation of Fig. 2 should be revisited.
  3. [Experimental challenges (platform-disparity paragraph) and Table I] The text states that 'integrated homodyne detectors have solely been demonstrated on the Si platform,' but Table I includes a p-i-n InGaAs integrated homodyne receiver ([89]) and the same section describes an InGaAs-based integrated homodyne detector with hybrid packaging ([92]). If these are not on a silicon platform, the claim is factually contradicted by the manuscript's own table and should be qualified, for example to 'monolithically integrated homodyne detectors on CMOS-compatible Si/Ge platforms.' The platform-disparity argument is load-bearing for the outlook on monolithic integration, so this inconsistency needs to be resolved.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Integrated squeezers (Vaidya et al. paragraph)] The word 'compatiable' should be 'compatible.'
  2. [Integrated squeezers (Cernansky et al. paragraph)] The citation 'Cernanskyet. al.' should be written as 'Cernansky et al.'
  3. [Experimental challenges (first paragraph)] The text contains typos 'Homodnye' and 'bichomatic LO'; these should be 'homodyne' and 'bichromatic LO.'
  4. [Figure numbering] The manuscript jumps from Fig. 2 to Fig. 4 with no Figure 3 present; renumber the figures or correct the cross-references.
  5. [Box 1 (Materials paragraph)] The word 'signfiicant' should be 'significant.'

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the review's synthesis rests on independent primary demonstrations, not on its own definitions or fitted parameters.

full rationale

This manuscript is a review of integrated continuous-variable photonics, not a derivation of a new result from fitted inputs. Its central claim—that a decade of demonstrations has outlined a blueprint for CMOS-compatible integrated CV devices—is supported by external, independently published experiments (e.g., Dutt et al. 2015, Vaidya et al. 2020, Tasker et al. 2021, Bruynsteen et al. 2021). The authors' own works (refs. 18, 60, 65) are cited as milestones in integrated homodyne detection, but those are concrete fabricated-device demonstrations with published measured bandwidths, clearances, and CMRRs; citing them does not reduce the review's argument to a self-referential premise. No equation in the paper defines a predicted quantity in terms of the same quantity, and no fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction. The identified internal inconsistencies—the '4.5 dB' versus '6-dB-squeezed light' mismatch for ref. [45], the conflicting platform attributions in Fig. 2, and the claim that integrated homodyne detectors are solely on Si despite an InGaAs row in Table I—are accuracy and correctness concerns in secondary reporting, not circularity. They may weaken the factual basis of the comparative synthesis, but they do not constitute a derivation loop. Therefore the circularity score is 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

A review contributes no fitted parameters and no invented entities; its ledger burden is carried by the axioms of accurate transmission and representative selection. The two internal inconsistencies noted in the red flags show that the accuracy axiom is not fully satisfied in the current draft.

assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The quoted device performances (squeezing levels, bandwidths, efficiencies) in the primary literature are accurately transcribed and measured as reported.
    The review's tables and trend claims are built from these secondary numbers; the 4.5 vs 6 dB mismatch for ref [45] and the Figure 2 caption contradiction show that this assumption is fragile.
  • standard math The Box 1 Hamiltonians and the loss model of Eq. 3 are the correct descriptions of the reviewed devices.
    The review uses standard CV quantum optics (SMSS/TMSS Hamiltonians, FWM, Kerr effect, beamsplitter loss model) as background that organizes the device discussion; these are textbook results.
  • domain assumption The selection of Si, Si3N4, SiO2, Ge, and LiNbO3 platforms fairly represents the field's main trajectory.
    The review explicitly narrows to CMOS-compatible platforms plus LiNbO3 and notes that other material systems exist, so the comprehensiveness of the synthesis depends on this selection being representative.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Integrated photonics for continuous-variable quantum optics." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/4P6FZHMD

@misc{pith2026250604771,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Integrated photonics for continuous-variable quantum optics},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/4P6FZHMD}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.04771}
}
read the original abstract

Quantum technologies promise profound advances in communication security, sensing and computing. The underpinning hardware must be engineered to generate, manipulate and detect quantum phenomena with exceptional performance, whilst being mass-manufacturable for real-world applications. A leading approach is chip-scale quantum photonics. The continuous-variable regime for quantum optics has been exploited in a number of technologies, including the detection of gravitational waves, by operating below the standard quantum limit of the light's shot noise. The availability of room-temperature, deterministic sources and high efficiency detectors suitable for continuous-variable state generation and measurement is a compelling motivation for this particular paradigm. This review focusses on efforts to integrate sources and detectors of continuous-variable light states into chip-scale photonic integrated circuits.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.04771 by the authors.

Figure 4
Figure 4. FIG. 4: Integrated devices demonstrating experiments towards quantum technologies using continuous-variable [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_4.png] view at source ↗

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Optomechanical Accelerometer Search for Ultralight Dark Matter

    hep-ex 2025-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A 39 kHz optomechanical membrane accelerometer was operated at 4 K to search for ultralight vector dark matter, yielding no signal and upper limits weaker than existing equivalence-principle bounds.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

109 extracted references · 73 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper

  1. [45]

    Jahanbozorgi, Z

    M. Jahanbozorgi, Z. Yang, S. Sun, H. Chen, R. Liu, B. Wang, and X. Yi, Generation of squeezed quantum microcombs with silicon nitride integrated photonic cir- cuits, Optica10, 1100 (2023)

    work page 2023

  2. [41]

    V. D. Vaidya, B. Morrison, L. G. Helt, R. Shahrokshahi, D. H. Mahler, M. J. Collins, K. Tan, J. Lavoie, A. Re- pingon, M. Menotti, N. Quesada, R. C. Pooser, A. E. Lita, T. Gerrits, S. W. Nam, and Z. Vernon, Broadband quadrature-squeezed vacuum and nonclassical photon number correlations from a nanophotonic device, Sci- ence advances6, eaba9186 (2020)

    work page 2020

  3. [89]

    Chatterjee, S

    A. Chatterjee, S. Yadav, S. K. Sikdar, and S. K. Sel- varaja, Compact ring resonator enhanced silicon metal- semiconductor-metal photodetector in SiN-on-SOI plat- form, Optics Express28, 33644 (2020)

    work page 2020

  4. [92]

    Milovanˇ cev, F

    D. Milovanˇ cev, F. Honz, N. Voki´ c, M. Achleitner, F. Laudenbach, C. Pacher, H. H¨ ubel, and B. Schrenk, Chip-level GHz capable balanced quantum homodyne receivers, Journal of Lightwave Technology40, 7518 (2022)

    work page 2022

  5. [1]

    Moody, V

    G. Moody, V. J. Sorger, D. J. Blumenthal, P. W. Juodawlkis, W. Loh, C. Sorace-Agaskar, A. E. Jones, K. C. Balram, J. C. F. Matthews, A. Laing, M. Da- vanco, L. Chang, J. E. Bowers, N. Quack, C. Gal- land, I. Aharonovich, M. A. Wolff, C. Schuck, N. Sin- clair, M. Lonˇ car, T. Komljenovic, D. Weld, S. Mookher- jea, S. Buckley, M. Radulaski, S. Reitzenstein,...

    2022

  6. [2]

    Qiang, X

    X. Qiang, X. Zhou, J. Wang, C. M. Wilkes, T. Loke, S. O’Gara, L. Kling, G. D. Marshall, R. Santagati, T. C. Ralph, J. B. Wang, J. L. O’Brien, M. G. Thompson, and J. C. F. Matthews, Large-scale silicon quantum photon- ics implementing arbitrary two-qubit processing, Nature photonics12, 534 (2018)

    2018

  7. [3]

    Politi, M

    A. Politi, M. J. Cryan, J. G. Rarity, S. Yu, and J. L. O’Brien, Silica-on-silicon waveguide quantum circuits, Science320, 646 (2008)

    2008

  8. [4]

    Yukawa, R

    M. Yukawa, R. Ukai, P. Van Loock, and A. Furusawa, Experimental generation of four-mode continuous- variable cluster states, Physical Review A—Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics78, 012301 (2008)

    2008

Show all 109 references
  1. [5]

    Zhuang, Z

    Q. Zhuang, Z. Zhang, and J. H. Shapiro, Distributed quantum sensing using continuous-variable multipartite entanglement, Physical Review A97, 032329 (2018)

    2018

  2. [6]

    Kumar, E

    R. Kumar, E. Barrios, A. MacRae, E. Cairns, E. Hunt- ington, and A. Lvovsky, Versatile wideband balanced detector for quantum optical homodyne tomography, Optics Communications285, 5259 (2012)

    2012

  3. [7]

    Jouguet, D

    P. Jouguet, D. Elkouss, and S. Kunz-Jacques, High- bit-rate continuous-variable quantum key distribution, Physical Review A90, 042329 (2014)

    2014

  4. [8]

    Giovannetti, S

    V. Giovannetti, S. Lloyd, and L. Maccone, Quantum metrology, Physical Review Letters96, 010401 (2006)

    2006

  5. [9]

    PEQEM” (ERC-2018-STG 803665) and EPSRC grant “Mono-Squeeze

    of measurements beyond the standard quantum limit. Quantum-enhanced sensing can be demonstrated by sim- ply probing a sample with squeezed light and using a ho- modyne detector to measure the changes induced by the properties of the sample [12]. Therefore integrated pho- tonic...

    2015

  6. [10]

    Pradyumna, E

    S. Pradyumna, E. Losero, I. Ruo-Berchera, P. Traina, M. Zucco, C. Jacobsen, U. Andersen, I. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, and T. Gehring, Twin beam quantum- enhanced correlated interferometry for testing funda- mental physics, Communications Physics3, 104 (2020)

    2020

  7. [11]

    M. A. Taylor, J. Janousek, V. Daria, J. Knittel, B. Hage, H.-A. Bachor, and W. P. Bowen, Subdiffraction-limited quantum imaging within a living cell, Physical Review X4, 011017 (2014)

    2014

  8. [12]

    Qin, Y.-H

    J. Qin, Y.-H. Deng, H.-S. Zhong, L.-C. Peng, H. Su, Y.-H. Luo, J.-M. Xu, D. Wu, S.-Q. Gong, H.-L. Liu, H. Wang, M.-C. Chen, L. Li, N.-L. Liu, C.-Y. Lu, and J.-W. Pan, Unconditional and robust quantum metro- logical advantage beyond N00N states, Physical Review Letters130, 0708...

    2023

  9. [13]

    X. Guo, C. R. Breum, J. Borregaard, S. Izumi, M. V. Larsen, T. Gehring, M. Christandl, J. S. Neergaard- Nielsen, and U. L. Andersen, Distributed quantum sens- ing in a continuous-variable entangled network, Nature Physics16, 281 (2020)

    2020

  10. [14]

    U. L. Andersen, G. Leuchs, and C. Silberhorn, Continuous-variable quantum information processing, Laser & Photonics Reviews4, 337 (2010)

    2010

  11. [15]

    Atkinson, E

    G. Atkinson, E. Allen, G. Ferranti, A. McMillan, and J. Matthews, Quantum enhanced precision estimation of transmission with bright squeezed light, Physical Re- view Applied16, 044031 (2021)

    2021

  12. [16]

    N. C. Menicucci, P. Van Loock, M. Gu, C. Weed- brook, . f. T. C. Ralph, and M. A. Nielsen, Universal quantum computation with continuous-variable cluster states, Physical review letters97, 110501 (2006)

    2006

  13. [17]

    Fukui and S

    K. Fukui and S. Takeda, Building a large-scale quantum computer with continuous-variable optical technologies, Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics55, 012001 (2022)

    2022

  14. [18]

    Lloyd and S

    S. Lloyd and S. L. Braunstein, Quantum computation over continuous variables, Physical Review Letters82, 1784 (1999)

    1999

  15. [19]

    A. I. Lvovsky, Squeezed light, Photonics: Scien- tific Foundations, Technology and Applications1, 121 (2015)

    2015

  16. [20]

    U. L. Andersen, T. Gehring, C. Marquardt, and G. Leuchs, 30 years of squeezed light generation, Phys- ica Scripta91, 053001 (2016)

    2016

  17. [21]

    J. F. Tasker, J. Frazer, G. Ferranti, and J. C. Matthews, A Bi-CMOS electronic photonic integrated circuit quan- tum light detector, Science Advances10(2024)

    2024

  18. [22]

    Breitenbach, S

    G. Breitenbach, S. Schiller, and J. Mlynek, Measure- ment of the quantum states of squeezed light, Nature 387, 471 (1997)

    1997

  19. [23]

    Fabre, E

    C. Fabre, E. Giacobino, A. Heidmann, and S. Reynaud, Noise characteristics of a non-degenerate optical para- metric oscillator-application to quantum noise reduc- tion, Journal de Physique50, 1209 (1989)

    1989

  20. [24]

    Premaratne and G

    M. Premaratne and G. P. Agrawal, Light propagation in gain media: Optical amplifiers (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011) p. 208–236

    2011

  21. [25]

    A. Dutt, A. Mohanty, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, Non- linear and quantum photonics using integrated optical materials, Nature Reviews Materials , 1 (2024)

    2024

  22. [26]

    Leuthold, C

    J. Leuthold, C. Koos, and W. Freude, Nonlinear silicon photonics, Nature Photonics4, 535 (2010)

    2010

  23. [27]

    with very low losses [28]. The additional benefits of Si3N4 is the ease of deposition using techniques such as plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), a CMOS-compatible process, and low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD), an approach that has re- sulted in...

  24. [28]

    Sirleto and G

    L. Sirleto and G. C. Righini, An introduction to nonlin- ear integrated photonics devices: nonlinear effects and materials, Micromachines14, 604 (2023)

    2023

  25. [29]

    Huang, E

    G. Huang, E. Lucas, J. Liu, A. S. Raja, G. Lihachev, M. L. Gorodetsky, N. J. Engelsen, and T. J. Kippen- berg, Thermorefractive noise in silicon-nitride microres- onators, Physical Review A99, 061801 (2019)

    2019

  26. [30]

    S. Yang, Z. Ding, X. Li, X. Luo, S. Zhai, X. Zheng, B. Wang, H. Li, Z. Deng, Q. Wang, S. Kerman, and C. Chen, Visible to near-infrared light integrated pho- tonic components on PECVD and LPCVD SiN plat- form, IEEE Photonics Journal (2024)

    2024

  27. [31]

    D. Bose, M. W. Harrington, A. Isichenko, K. Liu, J. Wang, N. Chauhan, Z. L. Newman, and D. J. Blu- menthal, Anneal-free ultra-low loss silicon nitride inte- grated photonics, Light: Science & Applications13, 156 (2024)

    2024

  28. [32]

    K. Luke, A. Dutt, C. B. Poitras, and M. Lipson, Over- coming Si3N4 film stress limitations for high quality fac- tor ring resonators, Optics Express21, 22829 (2013)

    2013

  29. [33]

    A. Dutt, K. Luke, S. Manipatruni, A. L. Gaeta, P. Nussenzveig, and M. Lipson, On-chip optical squeez- ing, Physical Review Applied3, 044005 (2015)

    2015

  30. [34]

    Us- ing a similar experimental set up to that in [30], 2.3 dB of intensity-difference squeezing was measured, inferred as 4.9 dB on-chip

    performed quantum state tomography of the four- mode state, comprising the upper and lower sidebands of signal and idler twin beams, produced from a Si 3N4 microring resonator OPO pumped above threshold. Us- ing a similar experimental set up to that in [30], 2.3 dB of intensit...

  31. [35]

    J. S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner- Foster, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, CMOS-compatible multiple-wavelength oscillator for on-chip optical inter- connects, Nature Photonics4, 37 (2010)

    2010

  32. [36]

    A. Dutt, S. Miller, K. Luke, J. Cardenas, A. L. Gaeta, P. Nussenzveig, and M. Lipson, Tunable squeezing using coupled ring resonators on a silicon nitride chip, Optics letters41, 223 (2016)

    2016

  33. [37]

    Alfredo K¨ ogler, G

    R. Alfredo K¨ ogler, G. Couto Rickli, R. Ribeiro Domeneguetti, X. Ji, A. L. Gaeta, M. Lip- son, M. Martinelli, and P. Nussenzveig, Quantum state tomography in a third-order integrated optical parametric oscillator, Optics Letters49, 3150 (2024)

    2024

  34. [38]

    Shen, P.-Y

    Y. Shen, P.-Y. Hsieh, S. K. Sridhar, S. Feldman, Y.- C. Chang, T. A. Smith, and A. Dutt, Strong nanopho- tonic quantum squeezing exceeding 3.5 db in a foundry- compatible kerr microresonator, Optica12, 302 (2025). 15

    2025

  35. [39]

    Cernansky and A

    R. Cernansky and A. Politi, Nanophotonic source of quadrature squeezing via self-phase modulation, APL Photonics5(2020)

    2020

  36. [40]

    U. B. Hoff, B. M. Nielsen, and U. L. Andersen, Inte- grated source of broadband quadrature squeezed light, Optics Express23, 12013 (2015)

    2015

  37. [42]

    Vernon, N

    Z. Vernon, N. Quesada, M. Liscidini, B. Morrison, M. Menotti, K. Tan, and J. Sipe, Scalable squeezed- light source for continuous-variable quantum sampling, Physical Review Applied12, 064024 (2019)

    2019

  38. [43]

    Zhang, M

    Y. Zhang, M. Menotti, K. Tan, V. Vaidya, D. Mahler, L. Helt, L. Zatti, M. Liscidini, B. Morrison, and Z. Ver- non, Squeezed light from a nanophotonic molecule, Na- ture Communications12, 2233 (2021)

    2021

  39. [44]

    Z. Yang, M. Jahanbozorgi, D. Jeong, S. Sun, O. Pfister, H. Lee, and X. Yi, A squeezed quantum microcomb on a chip, Nature Communications12, 4781 (2021)

    2021

  40. [46]

    X. Jia, C. Zhai, X. Zhu, C. You, Y. Cao, X. Zhang, Y. Zheng, Z. Fu, J. Mao, T. Dai,et al., Continuous- variable multipartite entanglement in an integrated mi- crocomb, Nature , 1 (2025)

    2025

  41. [47]

    Y. Zhao, Y. Okawachi, J. K. Jang, X. Ji, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, Near-degenerate quadrature-squeezed vacuum generation on a silicon-nitride chip, Physical Review Letters124, 193601 (2020)

    2020

  42. [48]

    Kashiwazaki, N

    T. Kashiwazaki, N. Takanashi, T. Yamashima, T. Kazama, K. Enbutsu, R. Kasahara, T. Umeki, and A. Furusawa, Continuous-wave 6-dB-squeezed light with 2.5-THz-bandwidth from single-mode PPLN waveguide, APL Photonics5(2020)

    2020

  43. [49]

    Nehra, R

    R. Nehra, R. Sekine, L. Ledezma, Q. Guo, R. M. Gray, A. Roy, and A. Marandi, Few-cycle vacuum squeezing in nanophotonics, Science377, 1333 (2022)

    2022

  44. [50]

    H. S. Stokowski, T. P. McKenna, T. Park, A. Y. Hwang, D. J. Dean, O. T. Celik, V. Ansari, M. M. Fejer, and A. H. Safavi-Naeini, Integrated quantum optical phase sensor in thin film lithium niobate, Nature Communi- cations14, 3355 (2023)

    2023

  45. [51]

    T. Park, H. Stokowski, V. Ansari, S. Gyger, K. K. Mul- tani, O. T. Celik, A. Y. Hwang, D. J. Dean, F. Mayor, T. P. McKenna, M. M. Fejer, and A. Safavi-Naeini, Single-mode squeezed-light generation and tomography with an integrated optical parametric oscillator, Science Advance...

    2024

  46. [52]

    T. N. Arge, S. Jo, H. Q. Nguyen, F. Lenzini, J. A. H. Nielsen, W. Pernice, J. S. Neergaard-Nielsen, T. Gehring, and U. L. Andersen, Demonstration of a squeezed light source on thin-film lithium niobate with- out periodic poling, inQuantum 2.0(Optica Publishing Group, 2024) pp. QW2A–2

    2024

  47. [53]

    P.-K. Chen, I. Briggs, S. Hou, and L. Fan, Ultra- broadband quadrature squeezing with thin-film lithium niobate nanophotonics, Optics Letters47, 1506 (2022)

    2022

  48. [54]

    Otterpohl, F

    A. Otterpohl, F. Sedlmeir, U. Vogl, T. Dirmeier, G. Shafiee, G. Schunk, D. V. Strekalov, H. G. Schwe- fel, T. Gehring, U. L. Andersen,et al., Squeezed vacuum states from a whispering gallery mode resonator, Optica 6, 1375 (2019)

    2019

  49. [55]

    Mondain, T

    F. Mondain, T. Lunghi, A. Zavatta, E. Gouzien, F. Doutre, M. De Micheli, S. Tanzilli, and V. D’Auria, Chip-based squeezing at a telecom wavelength, Photon- ics Research7, A36 (2019)

    2019

  50. [56]

    Lenzini, J

    F. Lenzini, J. Janousek, O. Thearle, M. Villa, B. Hay- lock, S. Kasture, L. Cui, H. P. Phan, D. V. Dao, H. Yonezawa, P. K. Lam, E. H. Huntington, and M. Lobino, Integrated photonic platform for quantum information with continuous variables, Science advances 4, 2 (2018)

    2018

  51. [57]

    S. Bao, Y. Wang, K. Lina, L. Zhang, B. Wang, W. A. Sasangka, K. E. K. Lee, S. J. Chua, J. Michel, E. Fitzgerald,et al., A review of silicon-based wafer bonding processes, an approach to realize the mono- lithic integration of Si-CMOS and III–V-on-Si wafers, Journal of Semicond...

    2021

  52. [58]

    Corato-Zanarella, A

    M. Corato-Zanarella, A. Gil-Molina, X. Ji, M. C. Shin, A. Mohanty, and M. Lipson, Widely tunable and narrow-linewidth chip-scale lasers from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths, Nature Photonics17, 157 (2023)

    2023

  53. [59]

    N. Li, G. Chen, D. K. Ng, L. W. Lim, J. Xue, C. P. Ho, Y. H. Fu, and L. Y. Lee, Integrated lasers on sil- icon at communication wavelength: a progress review, Advanced Optical Materials10, 2201008 (2022)

    2022

  54. [60]

    X. Lu, L. Chang, M. A. Tran, T. Komljenovic, J. E. Bowers, and K. Srinivasan, Emerging integrated laser technologies in the visible and short near-infrared regimes, Nature Photonics , 1 (2024)

    2024

  55. [61]

    X. Jin, J. Su, Y. Zheng, C. Chen, W. Wang, and K. Peng, Balanced homodyne detection with high com- mon mode rejection ratio based on parameter compen- sation of two arbitrary photodiodes, Optics Express23, 23859 (2015)

    2015

  56. [62]

    Bruynsteen, M

    C. Bruynsteen, M. Vanhoecke, J. Bauwelinck, and X. Yin, Integrated balanced homodyne photonic– electronic detector for beyond 20 GHz shot-noise- limited measurements, Optica8, 1146 (2021)

    2021

  57. [63]

    J. F. Tasker, J. Frazer, G. Ferranti, E. J. Allen, L. F. Brunel, S. Tanzilli, V. D’Auria, and J. C. Matthews, Silicon photonics interfaced with integrated electronics for 9 GHz measurement of squeezed light, Nature Pho- tonics15, 11 (2021)

    2021

  58. [64]

    Asavanant, B

    W. Asavanant, B. Charoensombutamon, S. Yokoyama, T. Ebihara, T. Nakamura, R. N. Alexander, M. Endo, J.-i. Yoshikawa, N. C. Menicucci, H. Yonezawa, and A. Furusawa, Time-domain-multiplexed measurement- based quantum operations with 25-MHz clock fre- quency, Physical Review Appl...

    2021

  59. [65]

    Huang, D

    D. Huang, D. Lin, C. Wang, W. Liu, S. Fang, J. Peng, P. Huang, and G. Zeng, Continuous-variable quantum key distribution with 1 Mbps secure key rate, Optics Express23, 17511 (2015)

    2015

  60. [66]

    S. Q. Ng, G. Zhang, C. Lim, and C. Wang, A chip-integrated homodyne detection system with en- hanced bandwidth performance for quantum applica- tions, Quantum Science and Technology9, 045010 (2024). 16

    2024

  61. [67]

    Masalov, A

    A. Masalov, A. Kuzhamuratov, and A. Lvovsky, Noise spectra in balanced optical detectors based on tran- simpedance amplifiers, Review of Scientific Instruments 88(2017)

    2017

  62. [68]

    Raffaelli, G

    F. Raffaelli, G. Ferranti, D. H. Mahler, P. Sibson, J. E. Kennard, A. Santamato, G. Sinclair, D. Bonneau, M. G. Thompson, and J. C. Matthews, A homodyne detector integrated onto a photonic chip for measuring quantum states and generating random numbers, Quantum Sci- ence and T...

    2018

  63. [69]

    Benedikovic, L

    D. Benedikovic, L. Virot, G. Aubin, F. Amar, B. Sze- lag, B. Karakus, J.-M. Hartmann, C. Alonso-Ramos, X. L. Roux, P. Crozat, E. Cassan, D. Marris- Morini, C. Baudot, F. Boeuf, J.-M. F´ ed´ eli, C. Kopp, and L. Vivien, 25 Gbps low-voltage hetero-structured silicon-germanium wa...

    2019

  64. [70]

    Y. Peng, Y. Yuan, W. V. Sorin, S. Cheung, Z. Huang, C. Hong, D. Liang, M. Fiorentino, and R. G. Beausoleil, An 8×160 Gb /s all-silicon avalanche photodiode chip, Nature Photonics18, 928 (2024)

    2024

  65. [71]

    X. Ma, M. Li, and J.-J. He, CMOS-compatible inte- grated spectrometer based on echelle diffraction grating and MSM photodetector array, IEEE Photonics Journal 5, 6600807 (2013)

    2013

  66. [72]

    M. Y. Liu, E. Chen, and S. Y. Chou, 140-GHz metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors on silicon- on-insulator substrate with a scaled active layer, Ap- plied Physics Letters65, 887 (1994)

    1994

  67. [73]

    J. Xue, B. Wang, Y. Chen, S. Chen, J. Wu, C. Cheng, S. Bao, N. Qi, and W. Zhang, A 4×112 Gb/s ultra-compact polarization-insensitive silicon photonics WDM receiver with CMOS TIA for co-packaged optics and optical I/O, Journal of Lightwave Technology42, 6028 (2024)

    2024

  68. [74]

    Zebda and O

    Y. Zebda and O. Qasaimeh, Frequency response and quantum efficiency of PIN photodiode, Journal of Op- tical Communications15, 185 (1994)

    1994

  69. [75]

    Ahn, C.-y

    D. Ahn, C.-y. Hong, J. Liu, W. Giziewicz, M. Beals, L. C. Kimerling, J. Michel, J. Chen, and F. X. K¨ artner, High performance, waveguide integrated Ge photode- tectors, Optics Express15, 3916 (2007)

    2007

  70. [76]

    Lischke, A

    S. Lischke, A. Peczek, J. S. Morgan, K. Sun, D. Steckler, Y. Yamamoto, F. Kornd¨ orfer, C. Mai, S. Marschmeyer, M. Fraschke, A. Kr¨ uger, A. Beling, and L. Zimmer- mann, Ultra-fast germanium photodiode with 3-dB bandwidth of 265 GHz, Nature Photonics15, 925 (2021)

    2021

  71. [77]

    Virot, L

    L. Virot, L. Vivien, J.-M. F´ ed´ eli, Y. Bogumilowicz, J.- M. Hartmann, F. Bœuf, P. Crozat, D. Marris-Morini, and E. Cassan, High-performance waveguide-integrated germanium PIN photodiodes for optical communication applications, Photonics Research1, 140 (2013)

    2013

  72. [78]

    Yanikgonul, V

    S. Yanikgonul, V. Leong, J. R. Ong, T. Hu, S. Y. Siew, C. E. Png, and L. Krivitsky, Integrated avalanche pho- todetectors for visible light, Nature Communications 12, 1834 (2021)

    2021

  73. [79]

    Chatterjee, Saumitra, S

    A. Chatterjee, Saumitra, S. K. Sikdar, and S. K. Sel- varaja, High-speed waveguide integrated silicon pho- todetector on a SiN-SOI platform for short reach data- com, Optics Letters44, 1682 (2019)

    2019

  74. [80]

    Cuyvers, A

    S. Cuyvers, A. Hermans, M. Kiewiet, J. Goyvaerts, G. Roelkens, K. V. Gasse, D. V. Thourhout, and B. Kuyken, Heterogeneous integration of Si photodiodes on silicon nitride for near-visible light detection, Optics Letters47, 937 (2022)

    2022

  75. [81]

    Chatterjee and S

    A. Chatterjee and S. K. Selvaraja, On-chip silicon nano- slab photodetector integrated wavelength division de- multiplexer in the 850nm band, Applied Optics61, 1403 (2022)

    2022

  76. [82]

    W. Yang, J. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J.-H. He, and X. Fang, Silicon-compatible photodetectors: Trends to monolithically integrate photosensors with chip technol- ogy, Advanced Functional Materials29, 1808182 (2019)

    2019

  77. [83]

    H. C. Lee and B. Van Zeghbroeck, A novel high-speed silicon MSM photodetector operating at 830 nm wave- length, IEEE electron device letters16, 175 (1995)

    1995

  78. [84]

    M. Seto, C. Rochefort, S. De Jager, R. Hendriks, G. ’t Hooft, and M. Van der Mark, Low-leakage-current metal–insulator–semiconductor–insulator–metal pho- todetector on silicon with a SiO2 barrier-enhancement layer, Applied Physics Letters75, 1976 (1999)

    1999

  79. [85]

    Chen and M

    L. Chen and M. Lipson, Ultra-low capacitance and high speed germanium photodetectors on silicon, Optics Ex- press17, 7901 (2009)

    2009

  80. [86]

    G. Li, K. Maekita, H. Mitsuno, T. Maruyama, and K. Iiyama, Over 10 GHz lateral silicon photode- tector fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrate by CMOS-compatible process, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics54, 04DG06 (2015)

    2015

  81. [87]

    Lischke, D

    S. Lischke, D. Knoll, C. Mai, L. Zimmermann, A. Peczek, M. Kroh, A. Trusch, E. Krune, K. Voigt, and A. Mai, High bandwidth, high responsivity waveguide- coupled germanium p-i-n photodiode, Optics Express 23, 27213 (2015)

    2015

  82. [88]

    Sakib, J

    M. Sakib, J. Sun, R. Kumar, J. Driscoll, K. Yeung, and H. Rong, Demonstration of a 50 Gb/s all-silicon waveg- uide photodetector for photonic integration, inCLEO: Applications and Technology(Optica Publishing Group,

  83. [90]

    Y. Lin, Z. Yong, X. Luo, S. S. Azadeh, J. C. Mikkelsen, A. Sharma, H. Chen, J. C. C. Mak, P. G.-Q. Lo, W. D. Sacher, and J. K. S. Poon, Monolithically in- tegrated, broadband, high-efficiency silicon nitride-on- silicon waveguide photodetectors in a visible-light inte- grated ...

    2022

  84. [91]

    Zhang, J

    G. Zhang, J. Y. Haw, H. Cai, F. Xu, S. M. Assad, J. F. Fitzsimons, X. Zhou, Y. Zhang, S. Yu, J. Wu, W. Ser, L. C. Kwek, and A. Q. Liu, An integrated silicon pho- tonic chip platform for continuous-variable quantum key distribution, Nature Photonics13, 839 (2019)

    2019

  85. [93]

    Y. Jia, X. Wang, X. Hu, X. Hua, Y. Zhang, X. Guo, S. Zhang, X. Xiao, S. Yu, J. Zou, Y. Li, Y. Jia, X. Wang, X. Hu, X. Hua, Y. Zhang, X. Guo, S. Zhang, X. Xiao, S. Yu, J. Zou, and Y. Li, Silicon photonics-integrated time-domain balanced homodyne detector for quantum tomography ...

    2023

  86. [94]

    Y. Bian, J. Yang, H. Jiang, W. Huang, Q. Su, S. Yu, L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and B. Xu, 20 gbps real-time source-independent quantum random number generator based on a silicon photonic chip, Optics Letters50, 1216 (2025)

    2025

  87. [95]

    B. Bai, J. Huang, G.-R. Qiao, Y.-Q. Nie, W. Tang, T. Chu, J. Zhang, and J.-W. Pan, 18.8 Gbps real-time quantum random number generator with a photonic in- tegrated chip, Applied Physics Letters118(2021)

    2021

  88. [96]

    Serikawa and A

    T. Serikawa and A. Furusawa, Excess loss in homodyne detection originating from distributed photocarrier gen- eration in photodiodes, Physical Review Applied10, 064016 (2018)

    2018

  89. [97]

    S. Feng, Y. Geng, K. M. Lau, and A. W. Poon, Epitaxial III-V-on-silicon waveguide butt-coupled photodetectors, Optics Letters37, 4035 (2012)

    2012

  90. [98]

    A. M. Marino, J. C. R. Stroud, V. Wong, R. S. Ben- nink, and R. W. Boyd, Bichromatic local oscillator for detection of two-mode squeezed states of light, Journal of the Optical Society of America B24, 335 (2007)

    2007

  91. [99]

    Lischke, D

    S. Lischke, D. Knoll, C. Mai, A. Hesse, G. Georgieva, A. Peczek, A. Kroh, M. Lisker, D. Schmidt, M. Fraschke, H. Richter, A. Kr¨ uger, U. Saarow, P. Hein- rich, G. Winzer, K. Schulz, P. Kulse, A. Trusch, and L. Zimmermann, Silicon nitride waveguide coupled 67+ GHz Ge photodiod...

    2019

  92. [100]

    S. Qin, L. Bogaert, J. Zhang, and G. Roelkens, Micro- transfer printing of O-band InP-InGaAs photodiodes on a silicon nitride photonic platform, in2024 IEEE Silicon Photonics Conference (SiPhotonics)(2024) pp. 1–2

    2024

  93. [101]

    A. A. Hajomer, C. Bruynsteen, I. Derkach, N. Jain, A. Bomhals, S. Bastiaens, U. L. Andersen, X. Yin, and T. Gehring, Continuous-variable quantum key dis- tribution at 10 GBaud using an integrated photonic- electronic receiver, Optica11, 1197 (2024)

    2024

  94. [102]

    Masada, K

    G. Masada, K. Miyata, A. Politi, T. Hashimoto, J. L. O’Brien, and A. Furusawa, Continuous-variable entan- glement on a chip, Nature Photonics9, 316 (2015)

    2015

  95. [103]

    Paesani, Y

    S. Paesani, Y. Ding, R. Santagati, L. Chakhmakhchyan, C. Vigliar, K. Rottwitt, L. K. Oxenløwe, J. Wang, M. G. Thompson, A. Laing, S. Paesani, Y. Ding, R. Santagati, L. Chakhmakhchyan, C. Vigliar, K. Rottwitt, L. K. Ox- enløwe, J. Wang, M. G. Thompson, and A. Laing, Gen- eratio...

    2019 doi

  96. [104]

    Aghaee Rad, T

    H. Aghaee Rad, T. Ainsworth, R. Alexander, B. Al- tieri, M. Askarani, R. Baby, L. Banchi, B. Baragiola, J. Bourassa, R. Chadwick,et al., Scaling and network- ing a modular photonic quantum computer, Nature , 1 (2025)

    2025

  97. [105]

    T. Wang, P. Huang, Y. Zhou, W. Liu, H. Ma, S. Wang, and G. Zeng, High key rate continuous-variable quan- tum key distribution with a real local oscillator, Optics Express26, 2794 (2018)

    2018

  98. [106]

    A. A. Hajomer, I. Derkach, N. Jain, H.-M. Chin, U. L. Andersen, and T. Gehring, Long-distance continuous- variable quantum key distribution over 100-km fiber with local local oscillator, Science Advances10, eadi9474 (2024)

    2024

  99. [107]

    Y. Pan, H. Wang, Y. Shao, Y. Pi, Y. Li, B. Liu, W. Huang, and B. Xu, Experimental demonstration of high-rate discrete-modulated continuous-variable quan- tum key distribution system, Optics Letters47, 3307 (2022)

    2022

  100. [108]

    Walschaers, Non-gaussian quantum states and where to find them, PRX Quantum2, 030204 (2021)

    M. Walschaers, Non-gaussian quantum states and where to find them, PRX Quantum2, 030204 (2021)

    2021

  101. [109]

    J. M. Arrazola, V. Bergholm, K. Br´ adler, T. R. Brom- ley, M. J. Collins, I. Dhand, A. Fumagalli, T. Gerrits, A. Goussev, L. G. Helt, J. Hundal, T. Isacsson, R. B. Israel, J. Izaac, S. Jahangiri, R. Janik, N. Killoran, S. P. Kumar, J. Lavoie, A. E. Lita, D. H. Mahler, M. Meno...

    2021

Pith tools

Reviewed August 7, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.