Organic Crystal Active Waveguide as an All-Angle Signal Receiver and Transmission Platform for Visible Light Communication

Ankur Khapre; Jyotisman Hazarika; Rajadurai Chandrasekar

REVIEW 4 major objections 4 minor 26 references

Organic Crystal Active Waveguide as an All-Angle Signal Receiver and Transmission Platform for Visible Light Communication

T0 review · 4 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read This paper argues that the organic crystal SAA can act as an all-angle receiver and transmission waveguide for visible-light communication, converting 405 nm data pulses into guided fluorescence that a photodiode decodes into text and…

desk verdict A credible organic-crystal VLC proof-of-concept whose headline claims ('all-angle', 'error-free') outrun the evidence because the photodiode path has no stated filter or stray-light control. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.04874 v1 pith:H4N6TI7T submitted 2025-06-05 physics.optics cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Ankur Khapre , Jyotisman Hazarika , Rajadurai Chandrasekar This is my paper

classification physics.opticscond-mat.mtrl-sci PACS 42.79.Sz

keywords visiblelightcommunicationorganiccrystalwaveguideactivewaveguidingpassiveon-offkeyingwavelengthconversionall-anglesignalreceiveropticaldatatransmission

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper tries to establish that a single organic crystal can replace the conventional fiber or free-space path in a visible light communication (VLC) system. The crystal, SAA, absorbs modulated violet light at 405 nm, emits yellow fluorescence, and guides that fluorescence to a distal tip where a photodiode recovers the transmitted data. Because absorption and re-emission do not depend critically on the angle at which the excitation arrives, the authors argue the crystal acts as an all-angle signal receiver, in contrast to fibers that require precise coupling. They demonstrate error-free text transmission and grayscale image reconstruction using on-off keying. The significance would be a compact, wavelength-converting, angularly tolerant optical channel made from a molecular crystal rather than glass or semiconductor.

What carries the argument

The central object is the SAA organic single crystal, whose solid-state absorption extends to about 500 nm and whose fluorescence spans 495–720 nm. The load-bearing mechanism is active waveguiding: a 405 nm laser pulse is absorbed at the crystal surface, re-emitted as yellow fluorescence, and that fluorescence is guided to a distal output tip, so the data-bearing light changes wavelength inside the channel. A 650 nm path, lying outside the absorption band, propagates by ordinary total internal reflection and serves as the passive comparison case. The angle-tolerance claim rests on the active path: because absorption and re-emission generate fluorescence at the excitation site, the output fluorescence is comparatively stable as the incidence angle is varied from $10^\circ$ to $180^\circ$, whereas the passive 650 nm signal depends strongly on coupling angle.

What would settle it

Place a long-pass filter that blocks 405 nm but transmits the yellow fluorescence directly in front of the photodiode during transmission; if the data stops decoding, the bitstream was carried by direct pump leakage rather than guided fluorescence, and the same test with the crystal removed checks whether any signal survives without the waveguide.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the paper's own terms, the discovery is that a fully organic single crystal can be the optical channel of a working visible light communication link. The authors show that SAA performs both active and passive waveguiding: 405 nm light carrying an on-off keyed bitstream is absorbed and re-emitted as fluorescence in the 495–720 nm band, and the guided fluorescence reaches a photodiode that reconstructs the bits; 650 nm light is transmitted without conversion. They report error-free detection over many repeated binary cycles, a signal-to-noise ratio above $6\times10^4$ at the highest drive current, stable output over four hours, and successful reconstruction of text, a grayscale image, and a hidden "Hi there" message embedded in a background stream. They further report that the fluorescence output is relatively stable when the 405 nm excitation angle is varied, and interpret this as all-angle reception that bypasses the coupling-angle constraints of optical fibers.

Load-bearing premise

The decoded photodiode signal is assumed to come from fluorescence that actually propagated through the crystal, rather than from stray 405 nm excitation or ambient light reaching the detector directly.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

A VLC receiver built around an SAA crystal can accept modulated violet light over a wide range of incidence angles, relaxing the precise alignment that fiber coupling demands.
The same crystal converts the communication wavelength from 405 nm to yellow fluorescence, so the data channel itself performs wavelength conversion without an external filter or converter.
Text, grayscale images, and real-time serial data can be sent through this all-organic channel and reconstructed error-free.
The passive 650 nm path still requires near-optimal coupling, so the angular tolerance is specific to the active fluorescence regime.
Longer or thinner crystals increase optical loss, so practical devices will need geometry control to remain in the error-free regime.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The all-angle behavior is best understood as a property of the absorption–re-emission step rather than of waveguiding itself: any 405 nm photon absorbed anywhere can produce fluorescence, and only a fraction of that fluorescence needs to reach the output facet.
A direct bit-error-rate measurement as a function of incidence angle, rather than fluorescence intensity alone, would show whether "error-free" decoding holds at the extreme angles claimed.
This design could be extended to a multi-angle receiver by illuminating one crystal with several modulated beams from different directions and decoding the summed fluorescence; whether the channels remain separable is a testable next step the paper does not perform.
Because the receiver path has no optical filter, a long-pass filter test would cleanly separate true guided fluorescence from stray 405 nm leakage.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

This paper takes a known material trick — active waveguiding in an organic crystal, where absorbed 405 nm light re-emits as fluorescence and self-guides to a distal tip — and turns it into a working OOK VLC link that transmits text and a grayscale image through a single SAA crystal. The integration is new: prior work covered active waveguiding in organic crystals and organic components for VLC separately, but not a complete link using the crystal as receiver, wavelength converter, and waveguide. The paper does that, and the core demonstration is credible from the photographs and reconstructed outputs. There are no fitted parameters, no circular derivation, and the experimental work is substantial: I–V characterization, optical loss versus aspect ratio, SNR versus drive current, 10^4-cycle reproducibility, and a 4-hour stability test.

The soft spots are real but not fatal, and the biggest one is exactly what the stress test flags: the receiver is described as a photodiode plus transimpedance amplifier, with no optical filter before the detector. The 405 nm pump is modulated with the same OOK data, so any pump light reaching the PD via surface reflection or edge leakage will produce the same bit pattern and decode as 'error-free.' Figure 4d shows spectral separation measured with a spectrometer, not on the communication path, so it doesn't establish what the PD actually detected. The angle scan in Figure 4e is a fluorescence-intensity measurement; if stray pump contributes, the flat all-angle response is suspect. This is a missing control, not a matter of interpretation. The passive 650 nm angle dependence drops sharply away from 90°, while the active signal stays flat, which suggests fluorescence dominates, but the authors should say plainly that no filter was used and demonstrate the received spectrum on the PD path.

Other gaps: 'error-free' is asserted without a bit-error-rate measurement; no data rate is reported; and the claim that SAA 'surpasses conventional optical fibers' has no fiber baseline. The angle range is 10°–180°, which is not literally all-angle. The self-citations are heavy but appropriate for prior crystal work; they don't undermine the VLC result.

This is a proof-of-concept, not a practical link. It deserves peer review rather than desk rejection: the questions are answerable with a filter, a BER test, and a control where the crystal is removed. If the authors add those, the paper would be a solid contribution to organic photonics and VLC. I'd send it to review with a request for major revision.

Referee Report

4 major / 4 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports a visible light communication (VLC) demonstration using an organic single crystal of SAA as the optical channel. Text and grayscale image data are encoded with on-off keying at 405 nm, absorbed by the crystal, converted to fluorescence in the 495–720 nm band, waveguided along the crystal, and detected by a photodiode at the distal tip. A 650 nm excitation is used to illustrate passive waveguiding without wavelength conversion. The authors claim error-free signal detection, stable fluorescence over a wide range of incident angles, and an 'all-angle signal receiver' capability that surpasses conventional optical fibers. The paper includes characterization of crystal morphology, optical loss versus aspect ratio, SNR versus drive current, reproducibility over 10^4 cycles, and 4-hour stability.

Significance. If the central claims hold, the work would be a meaningful advance in organic crystal photonics: a single crystalline medium that simultaneously performs wavelength conversion, waveguiding, and signal detection in a VLC link, potentially relaxing angular alignment constraints compared to fiber-based systems. The paper provides a convincing empirical demonstration that text and image data can be transmitted through the crystal, with photographs of the setup and reconstructed outputs. However, the headline claims of 'error-free' and 'all-angle' require controls and measurements that are not currently reported, so the significance is conditional on those controls being supplied.

major comments (4)

[Section 2, receiver description and Figure 4d] The receiver path is not shown to be free of stray 405 nm pump light. The text states that the photodiode 'converts the incident light into a photocurrent' without mentioning any optical long-pass or notch filter before the detector, and the spectral separation in Figure 4d was recorded with a spectrometer, not on the communication path. Because the 405 nm pump is modulated with the same OOK data, any scattered or leaked pump light reaching the photodiode would produce the same bit pattern and be decoded as 'error-free', without proving that the signal propagated through the crystal via active waveguiding. The authors should either add a long-pass filter before the photodiode, or perform a control measurement with the crystal removed (or with pump light blocked at the crystal input) to show that the decoded signal requires the crystal's fluorescence path.
[Abstract and Figure 3e] The claim of 'error-free signal detection' is not supported by a bit error rate (BER) measurement or an eye diagram. Figure 3e shows reproducibility over 10^4 cycles of a binary sequence, but no BER, no number of transmitted bits, and no error-counting methodology are reported. The SNR statement in the text (SNR exceeding 6×10^4 at 0.15 A) is not connected to a BER through any noise model or measurement. Please provide a BER measurement over a defined number of bits, or explicitly qualify the claim as 'no errors observed in N transmitted bits' with N stated.
[Figure 4e and Section 2, angle-dependence] The 'all-angle' claim needs error bars and a fiber comparison. The angle scan in Figure 4e plots FL output as a function of incident angle from 10° to 180°, but no standard deviation, number of repeated measurements, or different-crystal statistics are given. The comparison to 'conventional optical fibers' is made only in text, not by measuring a fiber under the same excitation and detection scheme. Without these data, the statement that the crystal 'surpasses conventional optical fibers' is not established. Please add repeated measurements with error bars and, if possible, a direct fiber-based control under identical modulation and detection conditions.
[Abstract and Scheme 1] The abstract says 'stable fluorescence under narrow angle excitation' while positioning the crystal as an 'all-angle signal receiver'; Scheme 1 states that under narrow-angle excitation (theta_i < theta_c) only active waveguiding works, but the text later states that passive waveguiding also transmits light at optimal angles. This apparent contradiction should be resolved by clarifying what 'narrow-angle' means and what the angle range in Figure 4e actually represents. The distinction between active and passive regimes as a function of angle should be stated unambiguously.

minor comments (4)

[Section 2, angle notation] In the paragraph describing passive waveguiding, the symbols for optimal and non-ideal angles are inconsistent: '𝜃௜ ൒ 90°' and '𝜃௜ ൑ 90°' appear to mean theta_i = 90° and theta_i ≠ 90°, respectively. Please use standard notation such as theta_i = 90° and theta_i ≠ 90°.
[Section 2, image transmission] The text says grayscale image pixels are converted into a binary stream 'through a digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) process'; this should likely be an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) or a more precise description of the encoding scheme.
[Supporting Information, Equation 1] Equation 1 is typeset with malformed symbols ('10. 𝑙𝑜𝑔ଵ଴...'). Please provide a clean rendering of the optical loss formula and define the units of alpha explicitly.
[Figure 3c and text] The relationship between aspect ratio and optical loss is stated to be monotonically increasing, but the figure appears to show only a few data points without error bars. Please provide the number of crystals measured and the measurement uncertainty.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the central VLC and all-angle claims are empirically measured outputs, not derived from their own inputs.

full rationale

The paper's central claims rest on direct measurements: fluorescence spectra recorded at the crystal output (Fig. 4d), angle-dependent transmitted intensity (Fig. 4e), reproduced binary sequences (Fig. 3e), and image/text reconstruction (Fig. 5). No equation in the paper maps a fitted parameter onto these results; the only formula, the SI optical-loss relation 10 log10(Iout/Iin) = -alpha*L, is a standard definition and is not used to generate the communication claims. The recurrent self-citations (e.g., [6a] for 'excellent mechanical properties', [9a-c] for passive waveguiding) support background material properties, not the measured VLC demonstration, and are not invoked as a uniqueness theorem or to forbid alternative mechanisms. The absence of an optical filter before the photodiode is a legitimate experimental-control concern about whether stray 405 nm light contributed to the decoded photocurrent, but that is a correctness or confound issue, not a circularity: the result is not equivalent to an input by construction. I therefore find no circular step requiring a quote-and-reduction exhibit.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on three experimental assumptions rather than on fitted parameters. No free parameters are introduced, and no new physical entities are postulated. The main unverified premise is that the detector sees only light guided through the crystal.

assumptions (3)

domain assumption 405 nm light incident on SAA at angles from 10 to 180 degrees is absorbed and re-emitted as fluorescence that is then guided along the crystal to the output facet.
This is the physical mechanism behind the active-waveguiding and all-angle claims; it is asserted in Fig. 4e discussion but not independently verified with a rejected stray-light control.
domain assumption The photodiode in the communication receiver detects only guided light from the crystal, with no significant contribution from scattered 405 nm excitation or ambient light.
No optical filter is described before the photodiode (Section 2, receiver description), so the decoded OOK signal is interpreted as crystal-transmitted light.
domain assumption The crystal surface is smooth enough that waveguiding losses do not distort the binary signal over the experiment duration.
AFM and FESEM images (Fig. 1d-e) support smooth morphology, and the paper attributes 'error-free' detection to it; this is plausible but not quantified with a bit error rate.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Organic Crystal Active Waveguide as an All-Angle Signal Receiver and Transmission Platform for Visible Light Communication." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/H4N6TI7T

@misc{pith2026250604874,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Organic Crystal Active Waveguide as an All-Angle Signal Receiver and Transmission Platform for Visible Light Communication},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/H4N6TI7T}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.04874}
}

read the original abstract

Organic crystal waveguides, known for excellent light-guiding and photonic versatility, present a promising alternative to conventional optical media in visible light communication (VLC) systems. In a novel approach, the high photoluminescence quantum yield organic crystal 2,2dash-((1E,1Edash)-hydrazine-1,2-diylidenebis(methaneylylidene))diphenol (SAA) is used as an optical waveguide medium for real-time data communication in the visible range, employing a microcontroller unit with on off keying modulation. Leveraging its spectral properties, the SAA crystal demonstrates dual active and passive waveguiding capabilities for signal modulation. Error-free signal detection is achieved thanks to the smooth, defect-free surface morphology of the crystal. The relationship between incident angle and light intensity reveals stable fluorescence under narrow angle excitation, positioning the crystal as an all-angle signal receiver that surpasses conventional optical fibers. A real time data transfer setup is demonstrated, enabling direct transmission from a serial interface and accurate reconstruction of grayscale images. This represents the first implementation of a fully organic crystal-based VLC platform, integrating wavelength conversion, omnidirectional waveguiding, and real time signal processing. The results establish a foundation for compact, efficient, and integrable photonic communication technologies.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.04874 by the authors.

**Figure 1.** a) Molecular structure of SAA. b) The room temperature solid-state absorption and emission spectra of SAA and its c) photographs in ambient conditions and under UV light. d) Top and side view AFM topography and e) FESEM image of a typical SAA single crystal. f) Optical images of a 7.6 mm SAA crystal showing its efficient light-guiding ability. Insets show the bright field and FL images for active and passive wavegui… view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** a–d) Sequentially zoomed-in photographs of the VLC setup with organic crystal (SAA) waveguide-based optical channel and its e) block diagram. LD and PD stand for Laser diode and Photo diode, respectively. A nearly 3 cm long SAA crystal was mounted on a probe arm attached to a micropositioner to enable precise alignment within the optical path ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** a) Current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of 405 and 650 nm laser diodes (LDs) used for excitation in the VLC setup, showing threshold behaviour and current output differences. b) 3D plot showing the variation of FL wavelength and intensity from the SAA crystal as a function of input laser drive current. c) Optical loss in the SAA crystal waveguide as a function of the crystal aspect ratios. d) Signal-to-noise ratio … view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (2 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: a) Schematic illustration for an angle-dependent organic optical channel (LD: Laser Diode, PD: Photodiode). Photographs of SAA crystal mounted on the micropositioner for b) active and c) passive waveguiding. d) The FL spectra recorded at the SAA crystal output for exci…

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: a) Schematic illustration showing an image transmission through an SAA organic crystal. b) Physical setup of the VLC receiver circuit. c) Analog signal intensity distribution for ON (1) and OFF (0) states of the SAA organic crystal. d) Encrypted data sequence embedding…

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Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

26 extracted references · 26 canonical work pages

[1]

a) H. Haas, L. Yin, Y. Wang, C. Chen, Journal of Lightwave Technology 2015, 34, 1533; b) D. Tsonev, S. Videv, H. Haas, Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE 2013, DOI 10.1117/12.2044649

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Dimitrov, H

S. Dimitrov, H. Haas, Principles of LED Light Communications: Towards Networked Li- Fi, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015

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a) K. Shaaban, M. H. M. Shamim, K. Abdur-Rouf, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 2021, 8, 483; b) M. F. Ali, D. N. K. Jayakody, Y. Li, IEEE Access 2022, 10, 22169; c) A. V. Kumar, M. Rohul lah, M. Chosenyah, J. Ravi, U. Venkataramudu, R. Chandrasekar, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2023, 62, DOI 10.1002/anie.202300046

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a) J. Hecht, Understanding Fiber Optics , 5th Edition, LaserLight Press, Auburndale, Massachusetts 2015; b) G. P. Agrawal, Fiber‐Optic Communication Systems , 4th Edition, Wiley, 2010

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A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, Springer, 1983

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a) A. Khapre, A. V. Kumar, R. Chandrasekar, Laser & Photonics Review 2024, DOI 10.1002/lpor.202400278; b) X. Zhang, H. Dong, W. Hu, Advanced Materials 2018, 30, DOI 10.1002/adma.201801048

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a) Y. Chen, Z. Chang, J. Zhang, J. Gong, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2021, 60, 22424; b) S. K. Park, H. Sun, H. Chung, B. B. Patel, F. Zhang, D. W. Davies, T. J. Woods, K. Zhao, Y. Diao, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2020, 59, 13004

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a) F. Balzer, V. G. Bordo, A. C. Simonsen and H. G. Rubahn, Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter, 2003, 67, 115408. b) K. Takazawa, Y. Ki tahama, Y. Kimura, G. Kido, Nano Letters 2005, 5, 1293

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Chandrasekhar, M

a) N. Chandrasekhar, M. A. Mohiddon, R. Chandrasekar, Advanced Optical Materials 2013, 1, 305; b) N. Chandrasekhar, R. Chandrasekar, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2012, 51, 3556; c) P. Hui, R. Chandrasekar, Advanced Materials 2013, 25, 2963

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Digital Modulation - One bit at a ti me

“Digital Modulation - One bit at a ti me” can be found under https://www.st- andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/RadCom/part19/page1.html, n.d. Supporting Information Table of contents: Serial No. Title Page No
[13]

Materials and Electronic components S2
[14]

Instrument Setup (Scheme S1) S2
[15]

Preparation of macrocrystals of SAA (Figure S1) S2-3
[16]

Optical loss calculations S3
[17]

a) SAA crystals with varying thickness (Figure S2) b) SAA crystals with varying length (Figure S3) S4

Thickness and length-dependent optical loss in SAA organic crystal. a) SAA crystals with varying thickness (Figure S2) b) SAA crystals with varying length (Figure S3) S4
[18]

Angle-dependent optical waveguiding and optical loss of bent SAA crystal a) Active waveguiding (Figure S4) b) Passive waveguiding (Figure S5) S5
[19]

LASER Specification (Figure S6) S6
[20]

Unless specified, HPLC-grade solvents were used for synthesis, recrystallization, and self-assembly

Materials and Electronic components All chemicals and solvents, salicylaldehyde , hydrazine monohydrate, potassium carbonate, hydrochloric acid, hexane, and dichloromethan e were purchased from commercial sources (TCI chemicals, Sigma Aldrich, BLD chemicals, and Merck). Unless...
[21]

Graphical illustration of the VLC setup Preparation of SAA crystals: For the preparation of SAA cr ystals, compound 50 mg was dissolved in ethanol: DCM (3:1)

Instrument Setup: Scheme S1. Graphical illustration of the VLC setup Preparation of SAA crystals: For the preparation of SAA cr ystals, compound 50 mg was dissolved in ethanol: DCM (3:1). The solution was kept in a beaker at ≈8-12◦C and left undisturbed for 24 h. Crystal growt...
[22]

Optical loss calculations: The optical loss (α) dB of the crystals has been calculated using the equation
[23]

𝑙𝑜𝑔ଵ଴ ୍౟౤౦౫౪ ୍౥౫౪౦౫౪ ൌെ 𝛼 𝐿 (Equation 1) Where the Iinput and Ioutput are the signal intensities at the input and output point of an SAA crystal waveguide of length (L) of the waveguide
[24]

Optical images of SAA crystals with varying thickness

Thickness and length-dependent optical loss in SAA organic crystals Figure S2. Optical images of SAA crystals with varying thickness. Figure S3. a) Photographs of SAA organic single crystals. b) Active waveguiding experiments using crystals of different lengths
[25]

Sequential photographs showing the angl e between the incident 405 nm light and the SAA single crystal

Angle-dependent optical waveguiding and optical loss of bent SAA crystal Figure S4. Sequential photographs showing the angl e between the incident 405 nm light and the SAA single crystal. Figure S5. Sequential photographs showing the angl e between the incident 650 nm light an...
[26]

a) Laser EL spectra

Laser specification Figure S6. a) Laser EL spectra. b) Photograph of laser module. c) The table shows the electrical and optical specifications of the laser

Pith tools

Reviewed August 7, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

a) H. Haas, L. Yin, Y. Wang, C. Chen, Journal of Lightwave Technology 2015, 34, 1533; b) D. Tsonev, S. Videv, H. Haas, Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE 2013, DOI 10.1117/12.2044649

work page doi:10.1117/12.2044649 2015

[2] [2]

Dimitrov, H

S. Dimitrov, H. Haas, Principles of LED Light Communications: Towards Networked Li- Fi, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015

work page 2015

[3] [3]

Shaaban, M

a) K. Shaaban, M. H. M. Shamim, K. Abdur-Rouf, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 2021, 8, 483; b) M. F. Ali, D. N. K. Jayakody, Y. Li, IEEE Access 2022, 10, 22169; c) A. V. Kumar, M. Rohul lah, M. Chosenyah, J. Ravi, U. Venkataramudu, R. Chandrasekar, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2023, 62, DOI 10.1002/anie.202300046

work page doi:10.1002/anie.202300046 2021

[4] [4]

Hecht, Understanding Fiber Optics , 5th Edition, LaserLight Press, Auburndale, Massachusetts 2015; b) G

a) J. Hecht, Understanding Fiber Optics , 5th Edition, LaserLight Press, Auburndale, Massachusetts 2015; b) G. P. Agrawal, Fiber‐Optic Communication Systems , 4th Edition, Wiley, 2010

work page 2015

[5] [5]

A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, Springer, 1983

work page 1983

[6] [6]

Khapre, A

a) A. Khapre, A. V. Kumar, R. Chandrasekar, Laser & Photonics Review 2024, DOI 10.1002/lpor.202400278; b) X. Zhang, H. Dong, W. Hu, Advanced Materials 2018, 30, DOI 10.1002/adma.201801048

work page doi:10.1002/lpor.202400278 2024

[7] [7]

a) Y. Chen, Z. Chang, J. Zhang, J. Gong, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2021, 60, 22424; b) S. K. Park, H. Sun, H. Chung, B. B. Patel, F. Zhang, D. W. Davies, T. J. Woods, K. Zhao, Y. Diao, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2020, 59, 13004

work page 2021

[8] [8]

Balzer, V

a) F. Balzer, V. G. Bordo, A. C. Simonsen and H. G. Rubahn, Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter, 2003, 67, 115408. b) K. Takazawa, Y. Ki tahama, Y. Kimura, G. Kido, Nano Letters 2005, 5, 1293

work page 2003