pith. sign in

arxiv: 2506.06585 · v2 · submitted 2025-06-06 · ⚛️ physics.atom-ph · physics.optics· quant-ph

Quantum Interference in Two-Atom Resonant X-ray Scattering of an Intense Attosecond Pulse

Akilesh Venkatesh , Phay J. Ho This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 11:21 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.atom-ph physics.opticsquant-ph
keywords resonant x-ray scatteringquantum interferenceattosecond pulsesNe+ ionsstructure factorresonance fluorescenceRabi oscillationsangular distribution
0
0 comments X

The pith

Resonant x-ray scattering from two Ne+ ions yields more signal than non-resonant processes when driven by an intense attosecond pulse.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines resonant x-ray scattering from two non-interacting Ne+ ions driven by an intense attosecond pulse within a non-relativistic QED time-dependent model that includes Rabi oscillations, photoionization, Auger decay, and multiple scattering pathways. It establishes that the total resonant scattering yield exceeds the non-resonant counterpart and that the angular dependence of the detected signal qualitatively matches the structure factor expected from two point-like scatterers. Interference fringes appear only for a subset of final states reached via resonance fluorescence, where the photon emission pathways remain indistinguishable, and their visibility is highest in the linear regime with minimal ionization. These results identify conditions under which ultrafast resonant x-ray scattering could support single-particle imaging applications.

Core claim

In a QED-based calculation of two non-interacting Ne+ ions driven by an intense attosecond pulse, the resonant scattering pathways produce a higher total yield than non-resonant scattering. The angular distribution of the scattered intensity follows a pattern resembling the two-atom structure factor. Quantum interference fringes are visible only in final states where resonance fluorescence pathways emit indistinguishable photons; fringe contrast depends on pulse area and the ions' initial electronic state and reaches its maximum when ionization remains negligible.

What carries the argument

Indistinguishability of photon emission pathways between resonant elastic scattering and resonance fluorescence from the two ions, which produces observable quantum interference in the detected signal.

If this is right

  • The resonant scattering yield exceeds its non-resonant counterpart.
  • The angular dependence of the scattering signal qualitatively follows a two-atom structure factor.
  • Interference fringe visibility is sensitive to pulse area and the initial electronic state of the ions.
  • Only a subset of final states reached through resonance fluorescence exhibits interference.
  • Fringe visibility is maximized in the linear scattering regime where ionization is minimal.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same interference mechanism might be tested by scanning attosecond pulse intensity while recording angular distributions in a real two-ion experiment.
  • Extending the calculation to three or more ions could show whether the two-atom structure factor generalizes or breaks down.
  • The requirement for indistinguishable pathways may limit which final states are useful for imaging applications.
  • The linear-regime optimum suggests that weaker pulses could be preferable for preserving interference contrast in practical setups.

Load-bearing premise

The two Ne+ ions are treated as non-interacting, so their scattering amplitudes can be calculated separately and then combined solely through photon indistinguishability.

What would settle it

An experiment that measures a resonant scattering yield from two Ne+ ions that is equal to or lower than the non-resonant yield under intense attosecond illumination would contradict the central result.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.06585 by Akilesh Venkatesh, Phay J. Ho.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of resonant scattering from a collection of atoms including both resonance fluorescence [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Electronic states of a single Ne+. The figure includes photoionization (purple arrow) and Auger decay (black arrows) pathways and electronic transitions asso￾ciated with Rabi oscillations (blue lines) and resonance fluorescence (gray dashed lines). The elastic scattering processes (orange lines) do not induce electronic transi￾tion. the transition dipole moment. The Ne+ ions can un￾dergo further ionization… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Resonant scattering photon yield from two atoms for a 0.25 fs, Q = 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Interference pathways for resonance fluorescence from two atoms when the initial state of the system is [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Resonant scattering photon yield from two atoms using a 0.25 fs pulse with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Resonant scattering photon yield from two atoms when both are initially in the same superposition state [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Resonant scattering photon yield from two [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_7.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We theoretically investigate resonant x-ray scattering from two non-interacting Ne+ ions driven by an intense attosecond pulse using a non-relativistic, QED-based time-dependent framework. Our model includes Rabi oscillations, photoionization, Auger decay, and quantum interference among elastic scattering and resonance fluorescence pathways. We analyze how the total scattering signal depends on pulse intensity, atomic configuration, and initial electronic state. We find that the total resonant scattering yield exceeds its non-resonant counterpart; the angular dependence of the signal qualitatively resembles a two-atom structure factor; and the visibility of interference fringes is sensitive to pulse area and the initial electronic state. Only a subset of final states reached via resonance fluorescence exhibits interference, determined by the indistinguishability of photon emission pathways. Fringe visibility is maximized in the linear scattering regime, where ionization is minimal and resonance fluorescence pathways can be largely indistinguishable. These results highlight optimal conditions for applying ultrafast resonant x-ray scattering to single-particle imaging.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper develops a non-relativistic QED-based time-dependent model for resonant x-ray scattering from two non-interacting Ne+ ions driven by an intense attosecond pulse. The framework incorporates Rabi oscillations, photoionization, Auger decay, and quantum interference among elastic scattering and resonance fluorescence pathways. Key results are that the total resonant scattering yield exceeds the non-resonant counterpart, the angular dependence qualitatively matches a two-atom structure factor, and interference fringe visibility is sensitive to pulse area and initial electronic state, occurring only for a subset of final states where photon emission pathways are indistinguishable. Optimal conditions are identified in the linear regime with minimal ionization.

Significance. If the non-interacting approximation is valid, the work offers useful insights into intensity-dependent quantum interference in attosecond x-ray scattering and its relevance to single-particle imaging. The time-dependent simulation approach, which tracks multiple decay channels and pathway indistinguishability, represents a strength over simpler perturbative treatments and enables concrete predictions for fringe visibility.

major comments (1)
  1. [Model description] Model description (as outlined in the abstract and framework): The assumption that the two Ne+ ions are strictly non-interacting is load-bearing for the independent time-dependent amplitudes, photon-indistinguishability interference, and the identification of the interfering subset of final states. No quantitative bound is supplied showing that residual Coulomb or dipole-dipole interaction energies remain negligible compared with the Rabi frequency, detuning, or Auger width across the explored intensity range and ion separations. If such interactions shift ionic levels or open additional channels, the pathway independence and resulting interference claims would require revision.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that 'the angular dependence of the signal qualitatively resembles a two-atom structure factor' but does not specify the precise functional form or the range of angles over which this resemblance holds; a brief comparison to the expected |1 + exp(i q · R)|^{2} form would improve clarity.
  2. Notation for the pulse area and initial electronic state should be defined explicitly when first introduced, as their sensitivity is central to the visibility claims.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading of our manuscript and the constructive feedback. We address the single major comment below, indicating where revisions will be made to strengthen the presentation while preserving the core results.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Model description] Model description (as outlined in the abstract and framework): The assumption that the two Ne+ ions are strictly non-interacting is load-bearing for the independent time-dependent amplitudes, photon-indistinguishability interference, and the identification of the interfering subset of final states. No quantitative bound is supplied showing that residual Coulomb or dipole-dipole interaction energies remain negligible compared with the Rabi frequency, detuning, or Auger width across the explored intensity range and ion separations. If such interactions shift ionic levels or open additional channels, the pathway independence and resulting interference claims would require revision.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit justification of the non-interacting approximation strengthens the manuscript. In the revised version we will add a dedicated paragraph to the model section that supplies order-of-magnitude estimates for the relevant ion separations (several nanometers, as appropriate for dilute targets). At these distances the residual Coulomb repulsion between two Ne+ ions is ~0.1 eV while the dipole-dipole coupling is smaller still; both remain well below the Rabi frequencies (several eV) and Auger widths (~0.2 eV) realized in the explored intensity range. These perturbative values do not shift the ionic levels enough to invalidate pathway independence or open new decay channels within the parameter space we consider. The added discussion will therefore support, rather than alter, the reported interference results. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity; derivation is self-contained via explicit time-dependent simulation

full rationale

The paper derives its claims on resonant versus non-resonant yields, angular structure-factor resemblance, and fringe-visibility sensitivity directly from numerical solutions of a non-relativistic QED time-dependent framework that incorporates Rabi oscillations, photoionization, Auger decay, and photon-indistinguishability rules for non-interacting ions. The non-interacting treatment is introduced as an explicit modeling premise rather than derived or fitted; no parameters are adjusted to a data subset and then relabeled as predictions, and no load-bearing step reduces to a self-citation or ansatz imported from prior work by the same authors. All reported interference properties follow from the stated dynamics and indistinguishability conditions without circular reduction to the inputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Review performed on abstract only; full text unavailable so ledger entries are minimal and provisional.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Non-relativistic QED-based time-dependent framework governs the dynamics including Rabi oscillations, photoionization, and Auger decay.
    Stated directly in the abstract as the modeling approach.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5703 in / 1144 out tokens · 46712 ms · 2026-05-19T11:21:18.483490+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

56 extracted references · 56 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    resonance scattering

    Q = 2π pulse Figure 3(a) shows the calculated scattering yields for the Q = 2 π pulse and atomic separation R = 10 λinˆz. For simplicity and to restrict the parameter space, we focus on planar scattering where k, kin and ϵin lie in the same plane(i.e., ϕs = 90 ◦ , see Fig. 1). The polarization vector ϵ of the emitted photon need not lie in this plane. The...

    work page

  2. [2]

    Q = π pulse Next, we examine the scattering response in a π pulse, as shown in Fig. 5. In the absence of RF, such a pulse would transfer the population from the ground state |1⟩ to the core-hole state |3⟩ at the end of pulse, with some probability for ionization during the pulse. Therefore, as a result, the system produces significant RF after the pulse. ...

    work page

  3. [3]

    W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, The reflection of x-rays by crystals, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Phys- ical Character 88, 428 (1913)

    work page 1913

  4. [4]

    P. Emma, R. Akre, J. Arthur, R. Bionta, C. Bost- edt, J. Bozek, A. Brachmann, P. Bucksbaum, R. Cof- fee, F.-J. Decker, et al. , First lasing and operation of an ˚ angstrom-wavelength free-electron laser, Nat. Photon.4, 641 (2010)

    work page 2010

  5. [5]

    L. F. DiMauro, J. Arthur, N. Berrah, J. Bozek, J. N. Galayda, and J. Hastings, Progress report on the LCLS XFEL at SLAC, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 88, 012058 (2007)

    work page 2007

  6. [6]

    Bostedt, S

    C. Bostedt, S. Boutet, D. M. Fritz, Z. Huang, H. J. Lee, H. T. Lemke, A. Robert, W. F. Schlotter, J. J. Turner, and G. J. Williams, Linac coherent light source: The first five years, Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 015007 (2016)

    work page 2016

  7. [7]

    Huang and K.-J

    Z. Huang and K.-J. Kim, Review of x-ray free-electron laser theory, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 10, 034801 (2007)

    work page 2007

  8. [8]

    Rossbach, J

    J. Rossbach, J. R. Schneider, and W. Wurth, 10 years of pioneering X-ray science at the free-electron laser FLASH at DESY, Physics reports 808, 1 (2019)

    work page 2019

  9. [9]

    M. Altarelli, The european x-ray free-electron laser fa- cility in hamburg, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Ma- terials and Atoms 269, 2845 (2011), proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology (ECAART10)

    work page 2011

  10. [10]

    Feldhaus, M

    J. Feldhaus, M. Krikunova, M. Meyer, T. M¨ oller, R. Moshammer, A. Rudenko, T. Tschentscher, and J. Ullrich, AMO science at the FLASH and european XFEL free-electron laser facilities, Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 46, 164002 (2013)

    work page 2013

  11. [11]

    Serkez, G

    S. Serkez, G. Geloni, S. Tomin, G. Feng, E. V. Gry- zlova, A. N. Grum-Grzhimailo, and M. Meyer, Overview of options for generating high-brightness attosecond x- ray pulses at free-electron lasers and applications at the european XFEL, Journal of Optics 20, 024005 (2018)

    work page 2018

  12. [12]

    Ishikawa, H

    T. Ishikawa, H. Aoyagi, T. Asaka, Y. Asano, N. Azumi, T. Bizen, H. Ego, K. Fukami, T. Fukui, Y. Furukawa, et al. , A compact X-ray free-electron laser emitting in the sub-˚ angstr¨ om region, Nat. Photon.6, 540 (2012)

    work page 2012

  13. [13]

    Yabashi, Status and perspective on the SACLA fa- cility (Conference Presentation), in Optics Damage and Materials Processing by EUV/X-ray Radiation VII , Vol

    M. Yabashi, Status and perspective on the SACLA fa- cility (Conference Presentation), in Optics Damage and Materials Processing by EUV/X-ray Radiation VII , Vol. 11035, edited by L. Juha, S. Bajt, and S. Guizard, Inter- national Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE, 2019)

    work page 2019

  14. [14]

    Schietinger, M

    T. Schietinger, M. Pedrozzi, M. Aiba, V. Arsov, S. Bet- toni, B. Beutner, M. Calvi, P. Craievich, M. Dehler, F. Frei, et al. , Commissioning experience and beam physics measurements at the swissfel injector test facil- ity, Physical Review Accelerators and Beams 19, 100702 (2016)

    work page 2016

  15. [15]

    E. Prat, P. Dijkstal, E. Ferrari, and S. Reiche, Demon- stration of large bandwidth hard x-ray free-electron laser pulses at swissfel, Physical review letters 124, 074801 (2020)

    work page 2020

  16. [16]

    Nolting, C

    F. Nolting, C. Bostedt, T. Schietinger, and H. Braun, The swiss light source and swissfel at the paul scherrer institute, The European Physical Journal Plus 138, 126 (2023). 13

    work page 2023

  17. [17]

    Projected Run 25 LCLS FEL parameters, https://lcls.slac.stanford.edu/sites/default/ files/2024-12/LCLS-Parameters-Run-25_0.pdf (2024), accessed: 2025-03-06

    work page 2024

  18. [18]

    eu/facility/instruments/mid/instrument_ specifications/index_eng.html (2025), accessed: 2025-03-06

    Instrument specifications, https://www.xfel. eu/facility/instruments/mid/instrument_ specifications/index_eng.html (2025), accessed: 2025-03-06

    work page 2025

  19. [19]

    Yabashi, H

    M. Yabashi, H. Tanaka, and T. Ishikawa, Overview of the SACLA facility, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, 477 (2015)

    work page 2015

  20. [20]

    K. Tono, T. Hara, M. Yabashi, and H. Tanaka, Multiple- beamline operation of SACLA, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, 595 (2019)

    work page 2019

  21. [21]

    Neutze, R

    R. Neutze, R. Wouts, D. Van der Spoel, E. Weckert, and J. Hajdu, Potential for biomolecular imaging with femtosecond x-ray pulses, Nature 406, 752 (2000)

    work page 2000

  22. [22]

    Young, E

    L. Young, E. P. Kanter, B. Kr¨ assig, Y. Li, A. M. March, S. T. Pratt, R. Santra, S. H. Southworth, N. Rohringer, L. F. DiMauro, G. Doumy, C. A. Roedig, N. Berrah, L. Fang, M. Hoener, P. H. Bucksbaum, J. P. Cryan, S. Ghimire, J. M. Glownia, D. A. Reis, J. D. Bozek, C. Bostedt, and M. Messerschmidt, Femtosecond elec- tronic response of atoms to ultra-inten...

    work page 2010

  23. [23]

    Rudek, S.-K

    B. Rudek, S.-K. Son, L. Foucar, S. W. Epp, B. Erk, R. Hartmann, M. Adolph, R. Andritschke, A. Aquila, N. Berrah, C. Bostedt, J. Bozek, N. Coppola, F. Filsinger, H. Gorke, T. Gorkhover, H. Graafsma, L. Gumprecht, A. Hartmann, G. Hauser, S. Her- rmann, H. Hirsemann, P. Holl, A. Hoemke, L. Jour- nel, C. Kaiser, N. Kimmel, F. Krasniqi, K.-U. Kuehnel, M. Matys...

    work page 2012

  24. [24]

    Doumy, C

    G. Doumy, C. Roedig, S.-K. Son, C. I. Blaga, A. D. DiChiara, R. Santra, N. Berrah, C. Bostedt, J. D. Bozek, P. H. Bucksbaum, J. P. Cryan, L. Fang, S. Ghimire, J. M. Glownia, M. Hoener, E. P. Kanter, B. Kr¨ assig, M. Kuebel, M. Messerschmidt, G. G. Paulus, D. A. Reis, N. Rohringer, L. Young, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, Nonlinear atomic response to inte...

    work page 2011

  25. [25]

    Hoener, L

    M. Hoener, L. Fang, O. Kornilov, O. Gessner, S. T. Pratt, M. G¨ uhr, E. P. Kanter, C. Blaga, C. Bostedt, J. D. Bozek, P. H. Bucksbaum, C. Buth, M. Chen, R. Coffee, J. Cryan, L. DiMauro, M. Glownia, E. Hosler, E. Kukk, S. R. Leone, B. McFarland, M. Messerschmidt, B. Mur- phy, V. Petrovic, D. Rolles, and N. Berrah, Ultraintense x-ray induced ionization, dis...

    work page 2010

  26. [26]

    Schorb, D

    S. Schorb, D. Rupp, M. L. Swiggers, R. N. Coffee, M. Messerschmidt, G. Williams, J. D. Bozek, S.-I. Wada, O. Kornilov, T. M¨ oller, and C. Bostedt, Size-dependent ultrafast ionization dynamics of nanoscale samples in in- tense femtosecond x-ray free-electron-laser pulses, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 233401 (2012)

    work page 2012

  27. [27]

    Bostedt, E

    C. Bostedt, E. Eremina, D. Rupp, M. Adolph, H. Thomas, M. Hoener, A. R. B. de Castro, J. Tiggesb¨ aumker, K.-H. Meiwes-Broer, T. Laarmann, H. Wabnitz, E. Pl¨ onjes, R. Treusch, J. R. Schneider, and T. M¨ oller, Ultrafast x-ray scattering of xenon nanoparti- cles: Imaging transient states of matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 093401 (2012)

    work page 2012

  28. [28]

    P. J. Ho, C. Knight, M. Tegze, G. Faigel, C. Bostedt, and L. Young, Atomistic three-dimensional coherent x- ray imaging of nonbiological systems, Phys. Rev. A 94, 063823 (2016)

    work page 2016

  29. [29]

    E. P. Kanter, B. Kr¨ assig, Y. Li, A. M. March, P. Ho, N. Rohringer, R. Santra, S. H. Southworth, L. F. Di- Mauro, G. Doumy, C. A. Roedig, N. Berrah, L. Fang, M. Hoener, P. H. Bucksbaum, S. Ghimire, D. A. Reis, J. D. Bozek, C. Bostedt, M. Messerschmidt, and L. Young, Unveiling and driving hidden resonances with high-fluence, high-intensity x-ray pulses, P...

    work page 2011

  30. [30]

    P. J. Ho, B. J. Daurer, M. F. Hantke, J. Bielecki, A. Al Haddad, M. Bucher, G. Doumy, K. R. Fergu- son, L. Fl¨ uckiger, T. Gorkhover, B. Iwan, C. Knight, S. Moeller, T. Osipov, D. Ray, S. H. Southworth, M. Svenda, N. Timneanu, A. Ulmer, P. Walter, J. Hajdu, L. Young, F. R. N. C. Maia, and C. Bostedt, The role of transient resonances for ultra-fast imaging...

    work page 2020

  31. [31]

    Kuschel, P

    S. Kuschel, P. J. Ho, A. Al Haddad, F. F. Zimmermann, L. Flueckiger, M. R. Ware, J. Duris, J. P. MacArthur, A. Lutman, M.-F. Lin, et al., Non-linear enhancement of ultrafast x-ray diffraction through transient resonances, Nature Communications 16, 847 (2025)

    work page 2025

  32. [32]

    Duris, S

    J. Duris, S. Li, T. Driver, E. G. Champenois, J. P. MacArthur, A. A. Lutman, Z. Zhang, P. Rosenberger, J. W. Aldrich, R. Coffee, et al., Tunable isolated attosec- ond x-ray pulses with gigawatt peak power from a free- electron laser, Nature Photonics 14, 30 (2020)

    work page 2020

  33. [33]

    Ulmer, S

    A. Ulmer, S. Kuschel, B. Langbehn, L. Hecht, S. Dold, L. R¨ onnebeck, T. Driver, J. Duris, A. Kamalov, X. Li, et al. , Exploring damage reduction and scattering cross section enhancement in attosecond x-ray imaging of neon near the k-edge, Bulletin of the American Physical Soci- ety (2023)

    work page 2023

  34. [34]

    Richter, Interference between the resonance fluores- cence fields from two independent atoms and spatial two-photon correlations, Optics communications 80, 285 (1991)

    T. Richter, Interference between the resonance fluores- cence fields from two independent atoms and spatial two-photon correlations, Optics communications 80, 285 (1991)

    work page 1991

  35. [35]

    Eichmann, J

    U. Eichmann, J. C. Bergquist, J. J. Bollinger, J. M. Gilligan, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and M. G. Raizen, Young’s interference experiment with light scat- tered from two atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2359 (1993)

    work page 1993

  36. [36]

    Itano, U

    W. Itano, U. Eichmann, J. Bergquist, J. Bollinger, J. Gilligan, M. Raizen, and D. Wineland, Light scattered from two atoms, NIST Technical Note , 120 (1996)

    work page 1996

  37. [37]

    W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, J. J. Bollinger, D. J. Wineland, U. Eichmann, and M. Raizen, Complemen- tarity and young’s interference fringes from two atoms, Physical Review A 57, 4176 (1998)

    work page 1998

  38. [38]

    F. K. Gel’mukhanov, L. Mazalov, and N. Shklyaeva, An interference effect in x-ray fluorescence spectra, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz 69, 1971 (1975)

    work page 1971

  39. [39]

    Ma and M

    Y. Ma and M. Blume, Interference of fluorescence x rays and coherent excitation of core levels, Review of scientific 14 instruments 66, 1543 (1995)

    work page 1995

  40. [40]

    Ma, X-ray absorption, emission, and resonant inelastic scattering in solids, Physical Review B 49, 5799 (1994)

    Y. Ma, X-ray absorption, emission, and resonant inelastic scattering in solids, Physical Review B 49, 5799 (1994)

    work page 1994

  41. [41]

    R. H. Brown and R. Q. Twiss, Correlation between pho- tons in two coherent beams of light, Nature 177, 27 (1956)

    work page 1956

  42. [42]

    P. J. Ho, Bringing interferometric imaging into the x-ray regime, Physics 16, 66 (2023)

    work page 2023

  43. [43]

    Classen, K

    A. Classen, K. Ayyer, H. N. Chapman, R. R¨ ohlsberger, and J. von Zanthier, Incoherent diffractive imaging via intensity correlations of hard x rays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 053401 (2017)

    work page 2017

  44. [44]

    P. J. Ho, C. Knight, and L. Young, Fluores- cence intensity correlation imaging with high spatial resolution and elemental contrast us- ing intense x-ray pulses, Structural Dynamics 8, 044101 (2021), https://pubs.aip.org/aca/sdy/article- pdf/doi/10.1063/4.0000105/13835747/044101 1 online.pdf

    work page doi:10.1063/4.0000105/13835747/044101 2021

  45. [45]

    Venkatesh and P

    A. Venkatesh and P. J. Ho, Effect of rabi dynamics in resonant x-ray scattering of intense attosecond pulses, Physical Review A 111, L021101 (2025)

    work page 2025

  46. [46]

    Venkatesh and P

    A. Venkatesh and P. J. Ho, Theory of resonant x-ray scattering with ultrafast intense pulses, Physical Review A 111, 023101 (2025)

    work page 2025

  47. [47]

    Venkatesh and F

    A. Venkatesh and F. Robicheaux, Simulation of nonlinear Compton scattering from bound electrons, Phys. Rev. A 101, 013409 (2020)

    work page 2020

  48. [48]

    P. J. Ho and R. Santra, Theory of x-ray diffraction from laser-aligned symmetric-top molecules, Phys. Rev. A 78, 053409 (2008)

    work page 2008

  49. [49]

    Cao and K

    J. Cao and K. R. Wilson, Ultrafast x-ray diffraction the- ory, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 102, 9523 (1998), https://doi.org/10.1021/jp982054p

    work page doi:10.1021/jp982054p 1998

  50. [50]

    S. M. Cavaletto, C. Buth, Z. Harman, E. P. Kanter, S. H. Southworth, L. Young, and C. H. Keitel, Resonance fluo- rescence in ultrafast and intense x-ray free-electron-laser pulses, Phys. Rev. A 86, 033402 (2012)

    work page 2012

  51. [51]

    Eberly, Area theorem rederived, Opt

    J. Eberly, Area theorem rederived, Opt. Express 2, 173 (1998)

    work page 1998

  52. [52]

    P. J. Ho and C. Knight, Large-scale atomistic calcula- tions of clusters in intense x-ray pulses, Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 50, 104003 (2017)

    work page 2017

  53. [53]

    Sakurai, Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, 1967)

    J. Sakurai, Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, 1967)

    work page 1967

  54. [54]

    Macovei, J

    M. Macovei, J. Evers, G.-x. Li, and C. H. Keitel, Strong- field spatial interference in a tailored electromagnetic bath, Physical review letters 98, 043602 (2007)

    work page 2007

  55. [55]

    J. Yan, W. Qin, Y. Chen, W. Decking, P. Dijkstal, M. Guetg, I. Inoue, N. Kujala, S. Liu, T. Long, et al. , Terawatt-attosecond hard x-ray free-electron laser at high repetition rate, Nature Photonics , 1 (2024)

    work page 2024

  56. [56]

    Venkatesh and P

    A. Venkatesh and P. J. Ho, Dataset of resonant x-ray scattering of two neon ions exposed to intense attosecond x-ray pulses, 10.5281/zenodo.15604377 (2025)

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo.15604377 2025