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Proton Gravitational Structure and Mass Decomposition on the Light Front

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arxiv 2506.07554 v1 pith:FYJUJQP4 submitted 2025-06-09 hep-ph

classification hep-ph
keywords gluonmassprotonquarkdecompositiondistributionsenergygffs
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

Gravitational form factors (GFFs) of hadrons encode essential information about the internal distributions of mass, spin, pressure, and shear among their quark and gluon constituents. We compute the quark and gluon GFFs of the proton using a fully relativistic, nonperturbative framework based on a light-front quantized Hamiltonian with quantum chromodynamics (QCD) input. This allows us to quantify the impact of a dynamical gluon on the proton's mechanical properties, such as pressure and shear distributions. Our predictions agree well with recent lattice QCD results and experimental extractions. We also determine the proton's mass and mechanical radii and address the long-standing puzzle of its mass decomposition. At the scale $\mu^2 = 4~\mathrm{GeV}^2$, we find that quark energy, gluon field energy, the quark condensate, and the QCD trace anomaly contribute $31.5\%$, $34.7\%$, $11.3\%$, and $22.5\%$, respectively, which are consistent with lattice QCD findings.

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Forward citations

Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Mass radius and D-term of atomic nuclei in relativistic mean field theory

    nucl-th 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    D-term of nuclei exhibits kinks at magic neutron numbers, showing strong sensitivity of mechanical properties to shell structure.

  2. Charmonium-nucleon femtoscopy as a possible probe of the nucleon gravitational form factor

    hep-ph 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Charmonium-nucleon femtoscopy is proposed as a probe of the nucleon D-form factor by constructing an effective potential from lattice gravitational form factors and matching it to HAL QCD results.

  3. Charmonium-nucleon femtoscopy as a possible probe of the nucleon gravitational form factor

    hep-ph 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Charmonium-nucleon femtoscopy is examined as a probe of the nucleon D-form factor by constructing an effective potential from gravitational form factors fitted to lattice data and matched to HAL QCD results.

  4. Gravitational form factors of the nucleon in the Skyrme model based on scale-invariant chiral perturbation theory

    hep-ph 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A Skyrme model with a dilaton field attributes the proton's negative internal pressure and confining force to the gluonic scale anomaly, and reproduces the lattice QCD D(t) form factor.

  5. Mechanical properties of the $\Omega^-$ baryon from gravitational form factors

    hep-ph 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Using QCD sum rules, the authors extract seven gravitational form factors of the Omega baryon and derive its internal energy, angular momentum, pressure, shear, radii, and D-terms.

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