Fundamental Nuclear and Particle Physics At Neutron Sources

A. Burgman; A. Chambon; A. Kozela; A. Longhin; A. Nepomuceno; A.R. Young; A. Saunders; A. Schubert; B. Fornal; B. Lauss

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 1 cited by

Fundamental Nuclear and Particle Physics At Neutron Sources

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-06 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read The paper's central claim is that precision neutron and neutrino measurements at the European Spallation Source can probe new physics at energy scales beyond the LHC's reach.

desk verdict A comprehensive ESS whitepaper that earns its place as an input document but lets upgrade-dependent projections outrun the funded baseline. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.22682 v1 pith:GT4VHN2A submitted 2025-06-27 nucl-ex hep-ex

H. Abele , J. Amaral , W.R. Anthony , L. AAstrand , M. Atzori Corona , S. Baessler , M. Bartis , E. Baussan

show 116 more authors

D. H. Beck J. Bijnens K. Bodek J. Bosina E. Bossio G. Brooijmans L.J. Broussard G. Brunetti A. Burgman M. Cadeddu N. Cargioli J. Cederkall A. Chambon T.W. Choi P. Christiansen V. Cianciolo C.B. Crawford S. Degenkolb N. Delarosa M. Demarteau K. Dickerson D. D. DiJulio F. Dordei Y. Efremenko T. Ekelof M. Eshraqi R.R. Fan M. Fertl H. Filter-Pieler B. Fornal G. Fragneto C. Gatto P. Geltenbort F. Ghazi Moradi H. Gisbert P. Golubev M. Gonzalez-Alonso G. Gorini P. Heil N. Hermansson-Truedsson Y. Hicyilmaz M. Holl T. Ito K.E. Iversen T. Jenke M. Jentschel M. Juni Ferreira S. Kawasaki E. Kemp P. Kinhult M. Kitaguchi J. Klenke W. Korten A. Kozela B. Lauss M. Lebert W. Lee T. Lesiak C.Y. Liu L. Lobell A. Longhin E. Lytken B. Maerkisch J. Marton B. Meirose N. Milas D. Milstead F. Monrabal S. Moretti P. Mueller A. Nepomuceno J. Newby R. Nieuwenhuis T. Palasz R. Pasechnik S. Penttila M. Persoz L.B. Persson F.M. Piegsa B. Plaster I. Pradler F. Pupilli K. Pysz T. Quirino J.C. Ramsey B. Rataj J. Rathsman S. Roccia D. Rozpedzik D. Rudolph E. Salehi V. Santoro A. Saunders H. Schober K. Scholberg W. Schreyer A. Schubert D. Silvermyr O. Smirnova W.M. Snow T. Soldner S.R. Soleti Y. V. Stadnik R. Strauss F. Terranova T. Tolba N. Tsapatsaris L. Vale Silva W. Van Goethem R. Wagner M. Wolke W. Yao N. Yazdandoost A.R. Young L. Zanini M. Zielinski

This is my paper

classification nucl-exhep-ex

keywords neutronphysicsneutrinoEuropeanSpallationSourcebeyondStandardModelneutron-antineutronoscillationelectricdipolemomentcoherentelasticneutrino-nucleusscatteringleptonicCPviolation

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This white paper, prepared as input to the European Strategy Update, argues that precision measurements with neutrons and neutrinos at spallation sources, above all the European Spallation Source (ESS), can probe physics beyond the Standard Model at effective energy scales that exceed those directly accessible at the LHC. It surveys a broad program: neutron beta decay and CKM unitarity, the neutron electric dipole moment, hadronic parity violation, neutron-antineutron oscillations, sterile and hidden neutrinos, coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, fifth forces, axion dark matter, and a long-baseline neutrino beam for leptonic CP violation. The unifying idea is that the ESS's intense pulsed beams, combined with modest-scale precision detectors, give a discovery-class intensity-frontier complement to collider searches at a fraction of the cost. The paper's projected sensitivities, orders of magnitude beyond current limits in several channels, are what carry the case.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing mechanism is the ESS accelerator-and-moderator complex as a dual neutron and neutrino source. A 2.86 ms, 14 Hz proton pulse on a rotating tungsten target produces intense spallation neutrons; the paper's program depends on the HighNESS liquid-deuterium moderator in the currently unused lower moderator slot to deliver roughly ten times the cold-neutron brightness for wavelengths above 4 A, and on beamlines such as ANNI, HIBEAM, and NNBAR that exploit the pulse's time structure for background suppression and velocity separation. For neutrinos, the same spallation process gives an intense decay-at-rest flux for coherent scattering and sterile-neutrino searches, while a future accumulator ring compresses linac pulses to about 1.2 microseconds to feed a horn-focused superbeam for the long-baseline CP-violation measurement. These components convert a single proton beam into a broad set of intensity-frontier searches.

What would settle it

After ESS commissioning, measure the cold-neutron flux delivered to the proposed lower-moderator beam port and the delivered linac beam power; if the flux is below the HighNESS design brightness or the linac remains at 2 MW, the projected event rates, including the factor-of-15 ANNI gain, the 300 ILL-units-per-year NNBAR figure of merit, and the coherent scattering rates, drop by factors of two to three, falsifying the paper's claim that ESS surpasses existing sources by an order of magnitude. A null result in a free neutron-antineutron search at NNBAR's projected three-orders-of-magnitude sensitivity would falsify that specific discovery claim.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that the ESS will be both the world's most powerful pulsed neutron source and the world's brightest pulsed neutrino source, and that this combination lets a single facility attack several of the Standard Model's open problems at once. On the neutron side, the pulse structure and high cold-neutron flux enable time-of-flight background suppression and wavelength-resolved measurements that make beam-type neutron EDM searches, neutron-charge interferometry, and hadronic parity-violation experiments competitive with or superior to ultracold-neutron and reactor approaches. On the neutrino side, decay-at-rest neutrinos from the spallation target enable high-rate coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering and sterile-neutrino searches, while the same linac, upgraded to 5 MW with an accumulator ring and a second target station, could drive a neutrino superbeam measuring the leptonic CP-violating phase to about 8 degrees at the second oscillation maximum. The paper further claims that neutron-antineutron oscillation searches at the ESS (HIBEAM then NNBAR) can improve the free-neutron discovery sensitivity by three orders of magnitude over the last ILL experiment, and that several of these searches probe effective new-physics scales around $10^{3}$-$10^{4}$ TeV, beyond the LHC's direct reach.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the ESS will actually deliver the design 5 MW, 2 GeV beam and that the HighNESS liquid-deuterium moderator or an equivalent will supply the projected high cold-neutron fluxes; today only 2 MW at 870 MeV is funded, so if the upgrade never happens the projected event rates and sensitivities fall by factors of two to three.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

At the ANNI beamline, simulated event-rate gains of a factor of 15 or more at 5 MW would make pulsed-beam experiments such as Beam EDM and Talbot-Lau neutron-charge interferometry world-leading, with the neutron-charge sensitivity improved by up to two orders of magnitude over the best current limit.
HIBEAM and NNBAR would make the first competitive free-neutron-antineutron searches since the 1991 ILL experiment, with NNBAR's figure of merit reaching about 300 ILL units per year and a discovery sensitivity three orders of magnitude beyond the last free-neutron search; HIBEAM would also probe neutron-to-sterile-neutron oscillations over an order of magnitude of unexplored parameter space.
A coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering program at the ESS, combining several detector technologies, would improve constraints on non-standard neutrino interactions and light Z' bosons, and could exclude the 17 MeV Atomki-inspired Z' explanation in the models considered.
The ESSnuSB long-baseline program could determine the leptonic CP-violating phase with a precision of about 8 degrees, compared with about 22 degrees projected for Hyper-K and DUNE, while also constraining sterile-neutrino mixing, neutrino mass ordering, and non-standard interactions.
Precision neutron beta decay and hadronic-parity-violation measurements at the ESS could pin down the CKM matrix element V_ud at the 10^-4 level and map the weak nucleon-nucleon couplings to about 10 percent, sharpening the CKM-unitarity and low-energy weak-interaction tests.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Editorial extension: the "beyond the LHC" statement is an effective-field-theory reach, not a direct energy reach; the ESS does not collide particles at higher energy, it measures rare or symmetry-violating processes whose Wilson coefficients already imply new-physics scales around 10^3-10^4 TeV. A null result would still sharpen those bounds, but would not by itself identify the underlying theory
Editorial extension: because the 5 MW upgrade is unfunded, a conservative reading is that the early-ESS program at 2 MW and 870 MeV delivers perhaps a third of the projected rates; the physics case would weaken but not vanish, so the sharpest near-term test of the white paper's premise is the actual delivered cold-neutron flux at the lower moderator port.
Editorial extension: several of the highest-sensitivity channels, such as exotic neutron decays and axion dark matter via a time-varying neutron EDM, can run parasitically on the HIBEAM/NNBAR infrastructure, so the first discovery-level results from this program may come from these side searches rather than from the flagship neutron-antineutron or CP-violation experiments.
Editorial extension: the paper's portfolio argument, that no single experiment is guaranteed to find new physics, implies that the appropriate measure of success is collective coverage of beyond-Standard-Model parameter space, not any one projected limit; this makes the case robust to individual null results but harder to falsify as a whole.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Colleague,

This is a community whitepaper for the European Strategy Update, not a research preprint, so judge it as an input document. The reader's unverdict is right: there is no new measurement or derivation here. What the paper does well is assemble the landscape—ANNI, HIBEAM/NNBAR, ESSnuSB, SHiNESS, CEνNS, nEDM, axions, hadronic PV, and the theory context—in one place with pointers to the CDRs. The theory section on |Vud|, EFT reach, and neutron EDM scales is accurate and gives the proposals credible physics motivation. The experimental status is quoted fairly; PDG numbers, ILL limits, and COHERENT results look correct.

The soft spots are about magnitude, not direction. The abstract promises probing new physics beyond the LHC, and the strongest concrete claims—NNBAR's three-orders-of-magnitude discovery reach, ANNI's factor-15 gains, the <=8° δCP from ESSnuSB—rest on an ESS running at 5 MW/2 GeV and on the HighNESS lower moderator, which is not funded or installed. Section 2 is transparent that only 2 MW at 870 MeV is funded; Section 19 acknowledges the lower slot still has a steel plug and calls LD2 essential for NNBAR's goals. The paper does not systematically separate the funded baseline from the upgrade-dependent envelope, so a reader can come away thinking the 5 MW program is nearer than it is. That is a real flaw for an advocacy document, though not a deceptive one; the caveats are present, just scattered.

Also worth noting: several proposed experiments depend on an ESS instrument roadmap that was still open at the time of writing, and the timelines—ESSnuSB around 2040—are clearly stated, which is honest. The circularity concern is real but modest: projections come from the collaborations' own simulations, but the paper anchors them to existing limits and CDRs, and technical claims such as moderator design have independent feasibility studies.

Who should read this: anyone needing a map of intensity-frontier neutron and neutrino physics in Europe, or a citable summary of the ESS program. It deserves a serious referee: for a whitepaper it is wide in scope and mostly accurate, and a careful review could fix the baseline/upgrade conflation. I would accept it for peer review rather than desk reject, with the expectation of revision to separate funded and upgrade-dependent sensitivities. Bring it to reading group only if you want a tour of the field rather than a new result.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. This paper is a community white paper, prepared as input to the European Strategy Update, summarizing a January 2025 workshop at Lund University on fundamental neutron and neutrino physics at the European Spallation Source and other neutron sources. It surveys a wide range of proposed and ongoing experiments: neutron EDM searches, neutron beta decay and lifetime, short-range and exotic interactions, hadronic parity violation, HIBEAM and NNBAR baryon-number-violation searches, neutron interferometry, axion searches, epithermal-neutron physics, CEνNS, fifth-force and sterile-neutrino searches, the ESSnuSB long-baseline neutrino program, and the REDTOP eta-factory proposal. The central claim, stated in the abstract, is that this combined program can probe new physics at energy scales well beyond those accessible at the LHC. The report is explicitly a survey and advocacy document rather than a presentation of new experimental results.

Significance. If the projected sensitivities are realized, the ESS program would provide a genuinely complementary, cost-effective route to BSM physics, with discovery-class sensitivity in baryon number violation, CP violation, and sterile-neutrino searches, and with precision neutron measurements probing effective scales of order 10^4 TeV, as correctly noted in Section 3. The paper's strengths include its broad community authorship, detailed references to conceptual design reports and prior experiments, transparent statements of the current funding and construction status in Section 2, and the staged strategy from HIBEAM to NNBAR. Many of the flagship projections, however, are simulation-based and come from the proponents' own design studies, and several key sensitivities depend on ESS upgrades that are not currently funded. The paper is a useful and largely accurate roadmap, but its central claim should be framed with explicit attention to these contingencies.

major comments (3)

[Abstract and Section 2] The abstract's central claim that the ESS program 'can probe new physics at energy scales well beyond the LHC' is presented without the qualifications that the body of the paper itself supplies. Section 2 states that only 2 MW at 870 MeV is currently funded and that the 5 MW/2 GeV upgrade is 'possible in the future, pending funding from the member states.' Many of the headline projections, including the ANNI factor-15 gain (Section 4), the NNBAR figure of merit (Section 15), and the ESSnuSB 8-degree δ_CP resolution (Section 24), assume the 5 MW configuration. Section 19 further states that the HighNESS liquid-deuterium moderator is 'essential to achieve the sensitivity goals of NNBAR,' and that the region below the target is currently occupied by a steel plug. Because the discovery-class claim is load-bearing for the paper, the abstract and executive summary should explicitly state that the flagship sensitivities assume the 5 MW upgrade and the HighNESS moderator, and the paper should include the projected sensitivities at the currently funded 2 MW configuration and without the lower moderator.
[Sections 14 and 15] The claimed 'three orders of magnitude' improvement in free neutron-antineutron sensitivity for NNBAR rests on simulation-based assumptions that are not independently verified in this paper. Section 15 reports a figure of merit of 300 ILL units per year and discovery potentials of 1.1×10^3 (2.7×10^3) ILL units at 2 MW (5 MW), but these numbers depend on the HighNESS moderator performance, the nested-mirror focusing efficiency, magnetic shielding below 10 nT, a background-free analysis, and a 50% detector-efficiency gain, all taken from the proponents' CDR. The paper should list these assumptions explicitly next to the quoted figures and, where possible, give the sensitivity degradation if any one assumption fails. In addition, Section 14 describes HIBEAM as something that 'could be installed' in the vacant E5 slot, which is itself contingent on the ESS instrument-roadmap process described in Section 2; the text should not imply that the beamline is scheduled.
[Section 24] The ESSnuSB claim that leptonic CP violation can be measured with an uncertainty of at most 8 degrees is presented as a capability of 'the ESS,' but it requires an essentially new facility: a 2-billion-euro investment including an accumulator ring, a four-target station, a 540,000 m^3 underground detector at Zinkgruvan, and the 5 MW linac upgrade, none of which is funded. The sentence in Section 24.1.4 stating that 'ESSnuSB will obtain a 5σ sensitivity and better than 8 degrees resolution' should be qualified as a projection from the ESSnuSB design study under the assumed accelerator and detector parameters. This distinction between an approved facility and a proposed extension is important for a strategy document, since it materially affects how the abstract's 'can probe' claim is read.

minor comments (5)

[Section 10] The bullet list of interaction types has items (a), (b), (c), (d), and (f), but no item (e); the chameleon potential is referenced in Figure 8 but not given an equation in the list. Please add the missing item or renumber.
[Sections 7, 17.2, 21, 24] There are several typographical errors: 'P ERKEO' in Section 7, 'hve been conducted' in Section 17.2, 'COEHERENT' in Section 21, and 'lareg part' in Section 24.1.4. The terminology 'LEnSTORM' in Section 24.3.3 should be made consistent with 'LEnuSTORM' elsewhere.
[Section 22, Eq. (4)] Equation (4) defines the expected recoil rate but does not define the symbols r, L, P, and E_p in the immediately surrounding text; they are only introduced later through the HighNear and LowFar scenarios. Please define all variables at the equation.
[Section 14 and 15] The improvement factors quoted for HIBEAM and NNBAR are easy to confuse: Section 14 says HIBEAM can achieve a 'discovery sensitivity increase of an order of magnitude,' while Section 15 says NNBAR will improve on the ILL result by three orders of magnitude. Please state explicitly in both places that HIBEAM is the first stage and NNBAR the full three-order-of-magnitude search.
[Figures 10 and 17] The 'ESS projection' curves in Figure 10 and the HIBEAM/Rabi projections in Figure 17 would benefit from a sentence in the captions or text stating the assumed running time, beam power, and statistical treatment, since these curves are reproduced from separate publications.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circular derivation: the sensitivity projections are explicitly labeled simulated design-study estimates anchored to external experimental benchmarks, not fitted inputs renamed as predictions.

full rationale

The paper is a community white paper that aggregates proposed experiments. The load-bearing sensitivity statements do not reduce to their own inputs by construction. The neutron-antineutron improvement claim in Sec. 15 defines FOM = N<t^2>, normalizes to the independent ILL experiment, and quotes 300 ILL units/year from the NNBAR/HighNESS conceptual design; this is a design simulation with stated assumptions (2 MW/5 MW linac power, LD2 moderator), not a fit whose output is its input. The ANNI factor-15 gain in Sec. 4 is a simulated comparison against reference experiments, not a fitted parameter relabeled as a prediction. Section 19's statement that the LD2 moderator is "essential to achieve the sensitivity goals of NNBAR" is an internal design-consistency statement, not a uniqueness theorem imported to forbid alternatives. ESSnuSB's delta-CP reach in Sec. 24 is explicitly a projection from a conceptual design and is tied to the unfunded 5 MW/2 GeV linac assumption stated in Sec. 2. The paper contains external anchors throughout: the ILL free-neutron oscillation limit, Super-K bound-neutron limit, COHERENT CEνNS measurements, PDG neutron lifetime values, and NPDGamma/n3He results. No quantity is defined in terms of the claim it is supposed to support, and no fitted value is renamed as a prediction. The presence of self-citations to the proponents' own design studies is normal for a roadmap document and does not, on the evidence quoted, constitute circularity. The funding contingency affects projected reach but is an assumption, not a circular step.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim of the whitepaper is an assessment, not a derivation. It rests on the existence and projected performance of ESS, and on the validity of simulation-based sensitivities from the proposing collaborations. No free parameters are fitted in this document; the scenario parameters in Eq. 4 are explicit running assumptions.

assumptions (4)

domain assumption The Standard Model is incomplete and new physics must exist.
Motivation for all proposed searches; stated in Section 1 as open questions (dark matter, matter-antimatter asymmetry, neutrino masses, CKM unitarity tensions).
domain assumption The ESS will be constructed and will operate at the design parameters (5 MW, 2 GeV, 14 Hz).
The projected sensitivities throughout Sections 4-24 depend on ESS flux and power; Section 2 notes only 2 MW is currently funded.
standard math The Standard Model inputs used in projections (weak mixing angle, form factors, quenching factors) are correct.
Used in CE-vNS and decay correlation projections; not re-derived in this document.
ad hoc to paper The simulations of beam optics, backgrounds, and detector efficiencies in the cited design reports are reliable.
Sensitivity claims such as NNBAR's 3-order improvement rely on the HighNESS/NNBAR simulations from Refs. [134,157] and similar, authored by the same collaborations.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Fundamental Nuclear and Particle Physics At Neutron Sources." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/GT4VHN2A

@misc{pith2026250622682,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Fundamental Nuclear and Particle Physics At Neutron Sources},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/GT4VHN2A}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.22682}
}

read the original abstract

Fundamental neutron and neutrino physics at neutron sources, combining precision measurements and theory, can probe new physics at energy scales well beyond the highest energies probed by the LHC and possible future high energy collider facilities. The European Spallation Source (ESS) will in the not too far future be a most powerful pulsed neutron source and simultaneously the world's brightest pulsed neutrino source. The ESS, and neutron sources in general, can provide unprecedented and unique opportunities to contribute to the search for the missing elements in the Standard Model of particle physics. Currently there are no strong indications where hints of the origin of the new physics will emerge. A multi-pronged approach will provide the fastest path to fill the gaps in our knowledge and neutron sources have a pivotal role to play. To survey the ongoing and proposed physics experiments at neutron sources and assess their potential impact, a workshop was held at Lund University in January, 2025. This report is a summary of that workshop and has been prepared as input to the European Strategy Update.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.22682 by the authors.

**Figure 2.** QNeutron experiment installed at the cold neutron beam facility PF1B at the Institut Laue-Langevin. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Timeline of the measurements of the neutron EDM and the associated reach for new physics. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (32 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Beam EDM experiment installed at the cold neutron beam facility PF1B at the Institut Laue-Langevin. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_4.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Summary of Vud extractions. Thick (thin) error bars show current results (projections). The neutron case projection is the nominal estimate obtained with current values for the lifetime and axial charge (gA ) without taking into account inconsistencies (i.e. without in…

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: (left) One sector (1/8) of the BRAND 2 setup planned to be used in 2026, (right) Full design of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_6.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Neutron lifetime results as a function of the publication year (courtesy A. Young). [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_7.png]

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: Compiled limits on non-Newtonian interactions from [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_8.png]

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: Conceptual layout of the F5 apparatus at LANSCE, with some pictures and descriptions of key [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_9.png]

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: Upper bounds on the Z’ boson coupling g 2 A as a function of the exchange boson mass or (alternatively) the interaction range. The blue dashed line limit from LANSCE comes from our collaboration and is the most stringent constraint on g 2 A coupling of neutrons to ma…

**Figure 11.** Figure 11: The two projections of weak meson exchange couplings determined by the NPDGamma (blue), [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_11.png]

**Figure 12.** Figure 12: A top view of the neutron spin rotation apparatus, along with the concrete shielding blocks which [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_12.png]

**Figure 13.** Figure 13: Top: CAD diagram showing proposed HIBEAM instrument and adjacent instruments. Middle: Dose [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_13.png]

**Figure 14.** Figure 14: Top left: CAD drawing of the NNBAR experiment on the ESS site. Top right: simulation of magnetic [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_14.png]

**Figure 15.** Figure 15: Four neutron Wollaston prisms used to make a SESAME instrument in which each pair of prisms [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p036_15.png]

**Figure 16.** Figure 16: Schematic setup of the experiment (longitudinal cut). Neutrons enter from the left; (1) is a chopper; [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_16.png]

**Figure 17.** Figure 17: Projected sensitivities of a 50 m scale Ramsey neutron-beam experiment using the HIBEAM neut [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p040_17.png]

**Figure 18.** Figure 18: Illustrations of the moderator positions at the ESS: (a) the current high-brightness moderator sys [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_18.png]

**Figure 19.** Figure 19: CEνNS cross section averaged over stopped-pion flux as a function of neutron number N. The green line indicates expectation with form-factor suppression; the thin black line is for unity form factor. COHERENT measurements plotted at average N for a given target materi…

**Figure 20.** Figure 20: Sensitivity to non standard interaction of neutrinos with quarks for the operation of different tech [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p045_20.png]

**Figure 21.** Figure 21: Nuclear recoil spectra for the SM with the projected statistical and systematic errors together with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_21.png]

**Figure 22.** Figure 22: The currently allowed parameter space from various constraints as indicated in the figure together [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p047_22.png]

**Figure 23.** Figure 23: Left: layout of the ESS experimental areas. The proton beam direction is from right to left. The red circle represents the proposed SHiNESS tank, drawn to scale. Right: three-dimensional drawing of the SHiNESS detector, which comprises of a cylindrical stainless steel…

**Figure 24.** Figure 24: Left: The SHiNESS sensitivity to neutrino oscillations in the appearance channel. The LSND allowed region is shown in light blue [318]. The thin solid line corresponds to the expected sensitivity of the JSNS2 experiment [334]. The dashed lines correspond to exclusion…

**Figure 25.** Figure 25: Lay-out of the ESSnuSB infrastructure on the ESS site in Lund, Sweden [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p050_25.png]

**Figure 26.** Figure 26: Comparison of the error in the determination of the CP violation phase angle [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p051_26.png]

**Figure 27.** Figure 27: ESSnuSB near detector complex, showing (left to right) the emulsion detector, SFGD and water [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p052_27.png]

**Figure 28.** Figure 28: ESSnuSB CP violation discovery potential (left) and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p053_28.png]

**Figure 29.** Figure 29: Expected sensitivity for the neutrino mass hierarchy (left) and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p053_29.png]

**Figure 30.** Figure 30: Exptected constraints on the 3+1 sterile mixing parameters using different combinations of ESS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p054_30.png]

**Figure 31.** Figure 31: Expected neutrino flux from a potential supernova at a distance of 10 kpc in the case of normal [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p054_31.png]

**Figure 32.** Figure 32: Accumulator ring (left) Beam Switchyard (right). [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p055_32.png]

**Figure 35.** Figure 35: ESSnuSB Target Station Facility The Target Station Facility, shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p057_35.png]

**Figure 36.** Figure 36: ESSnuSB+ Target Station Facility The modifications of the target station to fit the needs of nuSTORM are currently under investigation. The modified target station could be of interest also for other projects such as the neutrino factory. 24.4 A low Energy Muon Storag…

**Figure 37.** Figure 37: Schematic layout of the REDTOP detector. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p060_37.png]

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