Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 66 of 66 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2509.05627.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.05627 v1

Coverage vector

measured 66 of 66 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:48.632654Z

measured 67 of 67 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-12T05:01:55.677150Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-12T05:41:26.891371Z

Reference resolution

66 of 66 outbound references displayed

verified exact5
verified fuzzy23
unresolved38
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 1e63ef04-2ed8-4638-b445-6b8d2a2d9ae4 · outbound

This paper cites URL http://www.jstor.org/ stable/1341935.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives URL http://www.jstor.org/ stable/1341935

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.356721Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 9fa3f87f-2b94-430a-8e43-dc2c7e0a9e58 · outbound

This paper cites Loomis: Wisconsin Supreme Court Requires Warning Before Use of Al- gorithmic Risk Assessments in Sentencing.Harvard Law Review, 130(5):1530–1537, Mar.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Loomis: Wisconsin Supreme Court Requires Warning Before Use of Al- gorithmic Risk Assessments in Sentencing.Harvard Law Review, 130(5):1530–1537, Mar

Reference 2

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Observation 618ae90c-9884-439d-8b38-d5e701c81a28 · outbound

This paper cites SAS Analytics Inc., January 2019.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives SAS Analytics Inc., January 2019

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:50.054605Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 84d3c714-396e-4be1-920a-7598bcd375f5 · outbound

This paper cites Unemployment Insurance Agency, July 2022.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unemployment Insurance Agency, July 2022

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:50.036218Z

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Observation 1cfd88d4-d261-4d80-b846-83988a2ab007 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:50.020203Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation d1bdb25e-2bb7-48c8-881d-c7fba6f13702 · outbound

This paper cites Agarwal, A.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Agarwal, A

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:50.006470Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 5114c956-c3b1-4c28-87fc-f1ff676e6be1 · outbound

This paper cites Bahri, E.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Bahri, E

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.988922Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 9e708b38-533c-461c-ba85-6e14ac45585d · outbound

This paper cites Barocas and A.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Barocas and A

Reference 8

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a3ae5aff-f482-4a32-a02b-749aebbec68b · outbound

This paper cites Bastress, Robert M.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Bastress, Robert M

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.974629Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 17f61f67-8054-4cd9-b607-a507be142e60 · outbound

This paper cites Bertsimas, V.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Bertsimas, V

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.957990Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 132401c7-3c98-4a21-9c9c-06d872422870 · outbound

This paper cites The Legal Duty to Search for Less Discriminatory Algorithms.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives The Legal Duty to Search for Less Discriminatory Algorithms

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:48.303375Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d69d29ac-67e3-49af-8ebb-922cd0a1d19e · outbound

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 43f8a994-6ac8-49cf-bbc6-0a34862ae10a · outbound

This paper cites Boucheron, G.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Boucheron, G

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.927123Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 9802798c-8da2-4708-815f-3e62ebc974bb · outbound

This paper cites Brown, J.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Brown, J

Reference 14

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 0202337f-bd57-4327-8f3a-76c9e4a4e188 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 74f3c750-feb1-431e-9b0d-badfe26266e5 · outbound

This paper cites Casper, C.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Casper, C

Reference 16

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 6b839307-48ea-4850-b8d9-031d56884da0 · outbound

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 48b8e5e2-15cb-4f00-920d-21353ca56f31 · outbound

This paper cites Chouldechova.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Chouldechova

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.841494Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 09a90f0e-681a-4de2-bd66-5ac9ac6ffd25 · outbound

This paper cites Chzhen and N.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Chzhen and N

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.821428Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 43a9badc-f1f7-471b-b266-fe1b322b4244 · outbound

This paper cites Costanza-Chock, I.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Costanza-Chock, I

Reference 20

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Observation a68ff286-34ff-4fbb-a320-32931e055340 · outbound

This paper cites Feldman, S.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Feldman, S

Reference 21

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Observation adb57139-0d64-428b-af5a-858a830407d8 · outbound

This paper cites Franzese, A.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Franzese, A

Reference 22

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f15fd47e-258d-4082-9913-8f05ee72cca8 · outbound

This paper cites Friedler, S.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Friedler, S

Reference 23

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Observation 131d0a1d-c2d3-4fd1-92da-6883d99f9f25 · outbound

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 0fca1570-69a6-407e-b696-85a2e22e03cb · outbound

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 924bde14-fd95-43ff-9bb5-8c4a58ba392c · outbound

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

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Observation e453a726-41e1-42b9-8795-dbd7c408a0f7 · outbound

This paper cites Hardt, E.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Hardt, E

Reference 27

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Observation 953f5984-0b1e-4ccf-8736-fba8028e9b63 · outbound

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Built-in Headwinds

Reference 29

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Observation 827766a9-5d0a-44c8-946f-6677013e740a · outbound

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

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This paper cites Deep Learning Scaling is Predictable, Empirically.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Deep Learning Scaling is Predictable, Empirically

Reference 31

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models

Reference 32

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Reference 33

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Observation 1605760b-b94e-4c95-b939-5c814a09710f · outbound

This paper cites Pareto Efficient Fairness in Supervised Learning: From Extraction to Tracing.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Pareto Efficient Fairness in Supervised Learning: From Extraction to Tracing

Reference 34

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This paper cites Kamiran and T.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Kamiran and T

Reference 35

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models

Reference 36

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.626735Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 26d854bb-907b-4d22-abd4-fc75ebb83214 · outbound

This paper cites What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm?.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm?

Reference 40

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Liu and L

Reference 41

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This paper cites A Safe Harbor for AI Evaluation and Red Teaming.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives A Safe Harbor for AI Evaluation and Red Teaming

Reference 42

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

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This paper cites Metaxa, J.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Metaxa, J

Reference 44

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 05c2bd96-a36f-49c5-b7fa-67e877501c5a · outbound

This paper cites Insurance topics: Big data.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Insurance topics: Big data

Reference 45

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This paper cites 2023 Life Artificial Intelli- gence/Machine Learning Survey Report, December 2023.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives 2023 Life Artificial Intelli- gence/Machine Learning Survey Report, December 2023

Reference 46

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.551577Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e538fc27-89b8-46f4-9706-11cc50c59a56 · outbound

This paper cites Learning the Pareto Front with Hypernetworks.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Learning the Pareto Front with Hypernetworks

Reference 47

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Observation 3929d610-445c-48b9-89dc-6000048a3dc4 · outbound

This paper cites Ojewale, R.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Ojewale, R

Reference 48

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.537750Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 28fa9856-d4f7-471a-a8bd-ce0a6becd703 · outbound

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Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.522034Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 6b30c60a-7bc9-4f4a-bf28-9279a9a4dfdf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.506152Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation d04a7978-9239-454b-bb3e-68b2e7eeda96 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.489803Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 79bdeb97-76dc-4cec-b0a0-b5106ae0fce3 · outbound

This paper cites Consider the Alternatives: Navigating Fairness-Accuracy Tradeoffs via Disqualification.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Consider the Alternatives: Navigating Fairness-Accuracy Tradeoffs via Disqualification

Reference 52

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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation dd467b5c-ff94-4e33-9cde-065df3ebf90f · outbound

This paper cites Ruchte and J.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Ruchte and J

Reference 53

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.471053Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

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This paper cites Rutherglen.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Rutherglen

Reference 54

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This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 55

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This paper cites A Hybrid 2-stage Neural Optimization for Pareto Front Extraction.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives A Hybrid 2-stage Neural Optimization for Pareto Front Extraction

Reference 56

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This paper cites Solaiman.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Solaiman

Reference 57

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.418602Z

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This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 58

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.403765Z

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This paper cites Terzis, M.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Terzis, M

Reference 59

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.387731Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation e059d499-d3f9-4122-9f42-48116c858995 · outbound

This paper cites Trustless Audits without Revealing Data or Models.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Trustless Audits without Revealing Data or Models

Reference 60

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This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 61

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:49.370955Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 52f404b2-81bd-4c0b-ae88-8a2d63b6a22f · outbound

This paper cites Bayes-Optimal Fair Classification with Linear Disparity Constraints via Pre-, In-, and Post-processing.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Bayes-Optimal Fair Classification with Linear Disparity Constraints via Pre-, In-, and Post-processing

Reference 62

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:48.627694Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6a20bc86-662e-456b-bce6-c7fcc5ccb84b · outbound

This paper cites A survey on measuring indirect discrimination in machine learning.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives A survey on measuring indirect discrimination in machine learning

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:48.632654Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 79a5e87a-78ee-403b-84ec-b69f29262604 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives Unresolved cited work

Reference 338

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:48.391348Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 46f031ea-0c80-412e-9b72-eb3cb14bccea · outbound

This paper cites URL https://doi.org/10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780199535255.003.0002.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives URL https://doi.org/10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780199535255.003.0002

Reference 2013

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:48.322122Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8acc02bb-4535-4276-b340-8464a17413e3 · outbound

This paper cites ISBN 9781510860964.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives ISBN 9781510860964

Reference 2017

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:48.338707Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation ba10df93-4716-41b1-8c45-fb485eeb3a43 · inbound

Fairness vs Performance: Characterizing the Pareto Frontier of Algorithmic Decision Systems cites this paper.

Fairness vs Performance: Characterizing the Pareto Frontier of Algorithmic Decision Systems Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives

Reference 9

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-12T05:41:26.893609Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.