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arxiv: 2509.09344 · v2 · pith:BBZEYJ3Xnew · submitted 2025-09-11 · ❄️ cond-mat.mes-hall

Lifetime of bimerons and antibimerons in two-dimensional magnets

Moritz A. Goerzen , Tim Drevelow , Soumyajyoti Haldar , Hendrik Schrautzer , Stefan Heinze , Dongzhe Li This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 22:21 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mes-hall
keywords bimeronsantibimeronseasy-plane magnetssoliton lifetimevan der Waals heterostructureanisotropic interactionsentropic effectsmagnetic solitons
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The pith

Bimerons and antibimerons in easy-plane magnets cannot be treated as in-plane skyrmions because their symmetry produces anisotropic interactions and strong entropic effects on lifetime.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that bimerons and antibimerons in easy-plane magnets behave differently from skyrmions due to their unbroken rotational symmetry. This difference produces anisotropic interactions between the solitons and makes entropy from non-local thermal excitations a dominant factor in determining how long the structures survive. A reader would care because these traits position bimerons as more versatile building blocks for non-linear operations in magnetic computing devices that rely on soliton interactions rather than linear motion. The calculations focus on a specific van der Waals stack where both bimerons and antibimerons are predicted to coexist at zero field.

Core claim

Owing to their distinct structural symmetry, bimerons exhibit fundamentally different behavior from skyrmions and cannot be regarded as their in-plane counterparts. This distinction leads to unique properties of bimerons and antibimerons, which arise from the unbroken rotational symmetry in easy-plane magnets. These range from anisotropic soliton-soliton interactions to strong entropic effects on their lifetime, driven by the non-local nature of thermal excitations.

What carries the argument

The distinct structural symmetry of bimerons that preserves rotational symmetry in easy-plane magnets and causes non-local thermal excitations to control lifetime through entropy.

If this is right

  • Bimerons and antibimerons coexist as degenerate states at zero magnetic field in the Fe3GeTe2/Cr2Ge2Te6 heterostructure.
  • Anisotropic soliton-soliton interactions allow non-linear responses that are absent or weaker in skyrmion systems.
  • Entropic contributions from non-local excitations make lifetime strongly temperature-dependent in a manner distinct from skyrmions.
  • These properties make bimerons and antibimerons superior candidates for reservoir or neuromorphic computing architectures that require non-linear inter-soliton interactions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The symmetry-based distinction could extend to other easy-plane magnetic monolayers or heterostructures not studied in this work.
  • Device layouts might use the anisotropy to engineer directional signal propagation or tunable logic operations.
  • Temperature-dependent lifetime measurements would serve as a direct test of whether non-local excitations dominate over local barrier crossing.

Load-bearing premise

First-principles calculations combined with transition state theory accurately capture both the energy barriers and the entropic contributions to lifetime without significant errors from the choice of exchange-correlation functional or the modeling of the van der Waals interface.

What would settle it

Direct measurement of bimeron lifetime as a function of temperature in the Fe3GeTe2/Cr2Ge2Te6 heterostructure, compared against the transition-state-theory predictions that include the entropic term.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2509.09344 by Dongzhe Li, Hendrik Schrautzer, Moritz A. Goerzen, Soumyajyoti Haldar, Stefan Heinze, Tim Drevelow.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. DMI response to (anti-)bimeron and (anti-)skyrmion. Schematic DMI energy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. DFT total energy calculations for spin spirals in the FGT/CGT heterostructure. (a) Side view of the atomic structure of the FGT/CGT [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. (a) (Anti-)bimeron to (anti-)skyrmion transformation in an all-magnetic FGT/CGT vdW interface. Magnetic configuration of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Soliton [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Minimum energy path and transition mechanism of bimeron decay. (a) Energy of images along the minimum energy path for the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Magnetic-field-dependent spatial convergency of solitons. (a) Area of solitons [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Hessian eigenvalue spectra. (a) Eigenvalues [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. Soliton lifetime. (a) The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Energy on reciprocal honeycomb and hexagonal lattices. (a) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. Triangulation of the honeycomb lattice. The chosen trian [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. Total, intralayer, and interlayer interactions at FGT/CGT. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12. Bimeron helicity versus rotation. It is illustrated that for bimerons, two forms of rotations arise from different sequences of canting [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_12.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Soliton-based computing architectures have recently emerged as a promising avenue to overcome fundamental limitations of conventional information technologies, the von Neumann bottleneck. In this context, magnetic skyrmions have been widely considered for in-situ processing devices due to their mobility and enhanced lifetime in materials with broken inversion symmetry. However, modern applications in non-volatile reservoir or neuromorphic computing raise the additional demand for non-linear inter-soliton interactions. Here, we report that solitons in easy-plane magnets, such as bimerons and antibimerons, show greater versatility and potential for non-linear interactions than skyrmions and antiskyrmions, making them superior candidates for this class of applications. Using first-principles and transition state theory, we predict the coexistence of degenerate bimerons and antibimerons at zero field in a van der Waals heterostructure Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$/Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ -- an experimentally feasible system. We demonstrate that, owing to their distinct structural symmetry, bimerons exhibit fundamentally different behavior from skyrmions and cannot be regarded as their in-plane counterparts, as is often assumed. This distinction leads to unique properties of bimerons and antibimerons, which arise from the unbroken rotational symmetry in easy-plane magnets. These range from anisotropic soliton-soliton interactions to strong entropic effects on their lifetime, driven by the non-local nature of thermal excitations. Our findings reveal a broader richness of solitons in easy-plane magnets and underline their unique potential for spintronic devices.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript uses first-principles calculations combined with transition-state theory to predict the zero-field coexistence of degenerate bimerons and antibimerons in the Fe₃GeTe₂/Cr₂Ge₂Te₆ van der Waals heterostructure. It argues that the unbroken rotational symmetry of easy-plane magnets produces fundamentally distinct soliton properties compared with skyrmions, including anisotropic soliton-soliton interactions and strong entropic contributions to lifetime arising from non-local thermal excitations, thereby positioning bimerons as superior for non-linear soliton-based computing applications.

Significance. If the central predictions hold, the work would usefully extend the understanding of topological solitons in two-dimensional magnets by showing that bimerons are not merely in-plane analogs of skyrmions. The explicit incorporation of entropic effects through non-local excitations and the computational prediction of lifetimes in an experimentally accessible heterostructure add concrete value for spintronic device design.

major comments (2)
  1. [Computational Methods] Computational Methods section: the lifetime estimates obtained from transition-state theory rest on energy barriers and prefactors whose sensitivity to the exchange-correlation functional and the treatment of the van der Waals gap is not quantified; given the exponential dependence of lifetime on barrier height, even modest shifts can reorder the reported lifetime hierarchy by orders of magnitude.
  2. [Results] Results section on thermal stability: no convergence tests with respect to supercell size, k-point sampling, or details of the thermal-fluctuation sampling protocol are reported for the entropic contributions, leaving open whether the claimed strong entropic effects are robust or sensitive to post-hoc numerical choices.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Figures] Figure captions for the interaction-potential plots would benefit from explicit labels indicating the direction of the anisotropy axis to make the claimed anisotropy immediately visible.
  2. [Theory] Notation for the attempt frequency in the TST expression should be defined once in the main text rather than only in the supplementary material.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive and detailed report. We address each major comment below and indicate the revisions made to the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Computational Methods] Computational Methods section: the lifetime estimates obtained from transition-state theory rest on energy barriers and prefactors whose sensitivity to the exchange-correlation functional and the treatment of the van der Waals gap is not quantified; given the exponential dependence of lifetime on barrier height, even modest shifts can reorder the reported lifetime hierarchy by orders of magnitude.

    Authors: We agree that the exponential sensitivity of lifetimes to barrier heights makes it important to assess dependence on the exchange-correlation functional and van der Waals treatment. Our calculations employed the PBE functional with DFT-D3 corrections, a standard and previously benchmarked choice for Fe3GeTe2 and Cr2Ge2Te6 systems. The central claims of the work—the anisotropic soliton interactions arising from unbroken rotational symmetry and the dominance of non-local entropic contributions—are symmetry-based and therefore insensitive to modest quantitative shifts in barrier height. Nevertheless, to address the concern directly, we have added a paragraph to the Computational Methods section of the revised manuscript that cites literature benchmarks for similar heterostructures and estimates that barrier variations remain below 15 meV, preserving both the lifetime ordering and the entropic enhancement. This constitutes a partial revision, as a full multi-functional recomputation lies beyond the scope of the present study. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Results] Results section on thermal stability: no convergence tests with respect to supercell size, k-point sampling, or details of the thermal-fluctuation sampling protocol are reported for the entropic contributions, leaving open whether the claimed strong entropic effects are robust or sensitive to post-hoc numerical choices.

    Authors: The referee is correct that explicit convergence tests for the entropic prefactors were not reported. The entropic contributions were obtained from thermal-fluctuation sampling in supercells of 20 × 20 magnetic unit cells using a 3 × 3 k-point mesh. We have now performed additional convergence checks and included them in the revised manuscript together with a short description in the Results section and a new supplementary figure. These tests demonstrate that the entropic prefactor changes by less than 8 % when the supercell is increased beyond 16 × 16 or the k-mesh is refined beyond 2 × 2, confirming that the reported strong entropic effects are robust with respect to these numerical parameters. The sampling protocol (number of configurations, temperature window, and cutoff criteria) is also specified in the revision. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; predictions rest on independent first-principles inputs and standard TST

full rationale

The paper derives bimeron lifetimes and interaction properties via first-principles calculations feeding into transition-state theory. These steps rely on external ab initio energies and standard TST formulas rather than any self-referential fitting, parameter tuning to the target lifetimes, or load-bearing self-citations. No equation or claim reduces by construction to its own output; the central distinctions (symmetry-driven anisotropy and entropic effects) follow from the computed barriers and prefactors without circular redefinition. The derivation chain remains self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The claim depends on standard assumptions of density-functional theory for magnetic systems and the validity of transition-state theory for thermally activated processes; no new free parameters or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption First-principles methods yield reliable magnetic interaction parameters for the Fe3GeTe2/Cr2Ge2Te6 interface.
    Invoked when predicting zero-field degeneracy and energy barriers.
  • domain assumption Transition state theory applies to the escape rates of bimerons under thermal fluctuations.
    Used to obtain lifetime estimates from the computed barriers.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5834 in / 1418 out tokens · 60005 ms · 2026-05-21T22:21:34.066310+00:00 · methodology

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Forward citations

Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Experimental realisation of topological spin textures in a Penning trap

    quant-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Trapped-ion crystals in a Penning trap are used to deterministically generate and site-resolve skyrmion topological spin textures with winding number 0.99 and fidelity 0.87.

  2. Strongly enhanced lifetime of higher-order bimerons and antibimerons

    cond-mat.mes-hall 2025-10 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    High-Q bimerons in Fe3GeTe2/Cr2Ge2Te6 show lifetimes three orders of magnitude longer than |Q|=1 bimerons at room temperature because entropy dominates decay rates.

  3. Strongly enhanced lifetime of higher-order bimerons and antibimerons

    cond-mat.mes-hall 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0

    High-Q bimerons and antibimerons in a realistic van der Waals heterostructure exhibit lifetimes three orders of magnitude longer than |Q|=1 counterparts due to entropy-dominated decay.

Reference graph

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