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arxiv: 2509.17966 · v2 · submitted 2025-09-22 · 🌌 astro-ph.EP

Improving radial velocity precision with CARMENES-PLUS:An upgrade of the near-infrared spectrograph cooling system

R. Varas , R. Calvo-Ortega , P. J. Amado , S. Becerril , H. Ruh , M. Azzaro , L. Hernandez , H. Magan-Madinabeitia
show 20 more authors
S. Reinhart D. Maroto-Fernandez J. Helmling A. L. Huelmo D. Benitez J. F. Lopez M. Pineda J. A. Garcia J. Garcia de la Fuente J. Marin F. Hernandez J. Aceituno J. A. Caballero A. Kaminski R. J. Mathar A. Quirrenbach A. Reiners I. Ribas W. Seifert M. Zechmeister
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classification 🌌 astro-ph.EP
keywords radial velocity precisionnear-infrared spectrographthermal stabilitycryogenic coolingexoplanet detectionCARMENESM dwarfsFabry-Perot calibration
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The pith

Upgrades to the CARMENES near-infrared cooling system have raised its radial velocity precision to 0.67 m/s.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper describes a set of engineering changes to the cooling system of the near-infrared channel of the CARMENES spectrograph at Calar Alto. The original intermittent flow of cryogenic nitrogen was replaced by a continuous-flow setup together with an automatic vacuum system, a proportional control valve, and pressure regulation. These modifications were introduced to hold the channel temperature stable at the millikelvin level while the instrument operates at 140 K. Post-upgrade measurements with Fabry-Perot calibration spectra show the intrinsic radial-velocity precision reached 0.67 m/s, an improvement of nearly 2 m/s; nightly zero-point scatter fell from 6.1 m/s to 3.9 m/s and median scatter for slowly rotating stars dropped from 8.8 m/s to 6.7 m/s. The work matters because tighter instrumental stability lowers the noise floor for detecting low-mass planets around M dwarfs.

Core claim

The CARMENES-PLUS upgrades replaced the discontinuous cryogenic nitrogen flow in the NIR channel with a continuous-flow configuration and added an automatic vacuum system, proportional control valve, and pressure regulation system. These changes reduced thermal fluctuations at the millikelvin level. Fabry-Perot calibration spectra then yielded an intrinsic RV precision of 0.67 m/s, an improvement of nearly 2 m/s. Nightly zero-point scatter decreased to 3.9 m/s from 6.1 m/s, and the median scatter for stars with v sin i below 2 km/s fell to 6.7 m/s from 8.8 m/s.

What carries the argument

Continuous-flow cryogenic nitrogen cooling system with automatic vacuum control, proportional valve, and pressure regulation that stabilizes the NIR channel at 140 K.

If this is right

  • The NIR channel now approaches the thermal stability previously achieved by the visible channel.
  • Nightly zero-point variations show a scatter of only 3.9 m/s instead of 6.1 m/s.
  • Median RV scatter for slowly rotating stars is reduced to 6.7 m/s from 8.8 m/s.
  • The instrument's long-term performance for exoplanet searches around M dwarfs is improved.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same continuous-flow and pressure-control approach could be tested on other cryogenic spectrographs to reach sub-m/s intrinsic precision.
  • With the new stability floor, smaller planetary signals around M dwarfs become detectable once stellar activity and other noise sources are also mitigated.
  • Fabry-Perot etalons offer a practical route to separate instrument drift from astrophysical signals in future precision-RV campaigns.

Load-bearing premise

The measured gains in RV precision and reduced scatter are caused by the thermal-stability improvements from the cooling-system changes rather than by other unmentioned factors, data-selection effects, or changes in analysis methods.

What would settle it

Re-analysis of the same pre- and post-upgrade Fabry-Perot calibration spectra showing no reduction in RV scatter or thermal fluctuation amplitude after the cooling changes.

read the original abstract

CARMENES is a dual-channel high-resolution spectrograph at the 3.5 m Calar Alto telescope designed to detect low-mass planets around late-type dwarfs by measuring their radial velocities (RVs). High thermal stability in both the visible (VIS) and near infrared channels is essential to achieve the precision required for these measurements. In particular, stabilising the NIR channel to the millikelvin level, which operates at cryogenic temperatures (140 K), poses significant engineering challenges.The CARMENES-PLUS project was initiated to improve the instruments intrinsic RV precision. In this article, we focus on the thermal stability improvements made to the NIR channels cooling system. The NIR cooling system was originally conceived to operate with a discontinuous flow of cryogenic nitrogen gas. As part of CARMENES-PLUS, this was upgraded to a continuous flow configuration. Additional changes included the installation of an automatic vacuum system, a proportional control valve, and a pressure regulation system. These upgrades were designed to reduce thermal fluctuations and enhance long-term stability. The implemented upgrades significantly improved the intrinsic RV precision of the NIR channel. We quantified this improvement using Fabry Perot calibration spectra, obtaining an intrinsic RV precision of 0.67 ms after the interventions, an improvement of nearly 2 ms . We also assessed the stability of the nightly zero points, finding a reduced scatter of 3.9 ms post upgrade, compared to 6.1 ms before. For a sample of slowly rotating stars (vsin i below 2 kms), the median scatter decreased from 8.8 ms to 6.7 ms after the upgrades. These results demonstrate that the thermal control upgrades introduced in CARMENES PLUS have enhanced the NIR channels RV performance, bringing it closer to the VIS channels stability and reinforcing CARMENES capabilities for exoplanet detection around M dwarfs.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript describes engineering upgrades to the near-infrared channel cooling system of the CARMENES spectrograph as part of the CARMENES-PLUS project. These include switching from discontinuous to continuous cryogenic nitrogen flow, plus installation of an automatic vacuum system, proportional control valve, and pressure regulation, all aimed at reducing thermal fluctuations at the 140 K operating temperature. The authors report resulting gains in radial velocity performance via before-and-after comparisons on Fabry-Perot calibration spectra (intrinsic precision improved to 0.67 m/s from ~2.67 m/s), nightly zero-point scatter (3.9 m/s vs. 6.1 m/s), and median scatter for a sample of slowly rotating stars (6.7 m/s vs. 8.8 m/s).

Significance. If the reported RV gains are robustly linked to the thermal stability improvements, the work provides practical, empirical evidence that targeted cryogenic cooling upgrades can meaningfully enhance NIR spectrograph performance for exoplanet detection around M dwarfs. The direct before-and-after quantification using calibration spectra and stellar samples is a clear strength, offering reproducible metrics that could inform similar instrument upgrades elsewhere.

major comments (1)
  1. [Results and engineering description sections] The central claim attributes the RV precision improvements (e.g., Fabry-Perot intrinsic precision of 0.67 m/s post-upgrade) specifically to reduced thermal fluctuations from the cooling system changes. However, the manuscript provides no pre/post RMS temperature fluctuation values at 140 K, no temperature time-series plots, and no correlations between nightly temperature variance and RV residuals. This leaves data-selection effects, pipeline changes, or unrelated tweaks as viable alternative explanations and is load-bearing for the causal interpretation in the results and conclusions.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] In the abstract, the RV unit 'ms' should be formatted as 'm s^{-1}' (or m/s) for clarity and to avoid confusion with milliseconds.
  2. [Abstract] Stellar rotation notation 'vsin i below 2 kms' should follow standard conventions such as 'v sin i < 2 km s^{-1}'.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive review and for recognizing the practical significance of the CARMENES-PLUS cooling upgrades. We address the single major comment below and will revise the manuscript to strengthen the causal link between the thermal improvements and the reported RV gains.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Results and engineering description sections] The central claim attributes the RV precision improvements (e.g., Fabry-Perot intrinsic precision of 0.67 m/s post-upgrade) specifically to reduced thermal fluctuations from the cooling system changes. However, the manuscript provides no pre/post RMS temperature fluctuation values at 140 K, no temperature time-series plots, and no correlations between nightly temperature variance and RV residuals. This leaves data-selection effects, pipeline changes, or unrelated tweaks as viable alternative explanations and is load-bearing for the causal interpretation in the results and conclusions.

    Authors: We agree that direct quantification of the temperature stability gains would strengthen the attribution of the RV improvements to the cooling-system changes and help address potential alternative explanations. The before-and-after RV metrics on Fabry-Perot spectra and stellar observations were obtained under otherwise comparable conditions, but we acknowledge that explicit temperature data would make the causal connection more robust. In the revised manuscript we will add pre- and post-upgrade RMS temperature fluctuation values at the 140 K operating point, representative temperature time-series plots from the instrument monitoring system, and a correlation analysis between nightly temperature variance and RV residuals. These additions will be incorporated into the engineering description and results sections. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity; results are direct empirical before/after measurements

full rationale

The paper reports direct empirical measurements of RV precision using Fabry-Perot calibration spectra and stellar observations, comparing pre- and post-upgrade values (0.67 m/s vs ~2.67 m/s intrinsic precision, 3.9 vs 6.1 m/s nightly scatter, 6.7 vs 8.8 m/s stellar scatter). No equations, derivations, fitted parameters, or self-citations are invoked to reduce these reported gains to the inputs by construction. The central claims rest on independent observational data collected before and after the engineering changes, with no self-definitional loops or statistically forced predictions.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The claim rests on the domain assumption that Fabry-Perot calibration spectra faithfully track the instrument's contribution to RV error independent of stellar or atmospheric effects, plus standard engineering assumptions about thermal control in cryogenic spectrographs.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Fabry-Perot etalon spectra provide a reliable proxy for the spectrograph's intrinsic radial-velocity precision.
    Used to quantify the 0.67 m/s post-upgrade precision.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 6035 in / 1185 out tokens · 78846 ms · 2026-05-18T14:22:47.898997+00:00 · methodology

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Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

  • IndisputableMonolith.Foundation.Cost.FunctionalEquation washburn_uniqueness_aczel unclear
    ?
    unclear

    Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

    The NIR cooling system was originally conceived to operate with a discontinuous flow of cryogenic nitrogen gas. As part of CARMENES-PLUS, this was upgraded to a continuous flow configuration... peak-to-peak variations of the temperature decreased from ΔT = 0.09 K to ΔT = 0.002 K.

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supports
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extends
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contradicts
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unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

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