Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 42 references

Arithmetic with spatiotemporal optical vortex of integer and fractional topological charges

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-03 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read This paper reports the first optical information-processing pipeline that adds and subtracts spatiotemporal topological charges — integer or fractional — by cascading pulse shapers, with the result read out directly from the beam's x–ω spec

desk verdict A clean, honest STOV arithmetic demo with genuinely new pipeline results; the fractional additivity and readout calibration need scrutiny, but it deserves a serious referee. read the letter →

arxiv 2512.25049 v2 pith:ZXJLPBJU submitted 2025-12-31 physics.optics physics.data-an

Hsiao-Chih Huang , Chen-Ting Liao , Hui Min Leung This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.opticsphysics.data-an
keywords spatiotemporalopticalvortextransverseorbitalangularmomentumtopologicalchargefractionalarithmeticpulseshaperimagingspectrometrycomputing
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper claims that spatiotemporal topological charge (ST-TC)—the winding of light's phase in the space–time plane—can be treated as a computable quantity. It builds a two-operand pipeline of cascaded pulse shapers, each acting as an adder of a programmable charge, so the output charge is simply the sum of the two encoded operands. The authors report experimental results for integer operands (0, ±1, ±3) and fractional operands (0, ±0.5, ±1.5), with readout from imaging spectra: lobe gaps give magnitude, diagonal orientation gives sign, and a secondary lobe's calibrated brightness gives the fractional part. If correct, this turns t-OAM into a working optical arithmetic data type and opens a route to scalable, reference-free optical information processing.

What carries the argument

The central object is the spatiotemporal topological charge (ST-TC), the phase winding of a light pulse in the x–t plane. The pipeline is a function composition qf = f2∘g1∘f1: two cascaded 4f pulse shapers (Devices 1 and 3) whose SLM phase masks carry LG azimuthal mode indices l1 and l2, sandwiching a unit-magnification 4f relay (Device 2) that acts as a pass-through. Each shaper implements f_n(q_in,l_n)=q_in+q_l. The readout is an imaging spectrometer producing an x–ω (kx–ω) profile; decoding uses lobe count, lobe orientation, and the fractional secondary lobe's calibrated brightness.

What would settle it

Set l1 = +0.5, l2 = +0.5 with two different azimuthal discontinuity angles φ0 (e.g., 0° and 90°) and measure the output field's phase winding in the x–t plane interferometrically. If the output does not show a single well-defined charge +1 in both cases, or if the x–ω lobe pattern changes with φ0 for the same nominal sum, then fractional additivity and the brightness-calibrated readout fail.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the paper's own terms, the discovery is that the spatiotemporal topological charge of light is an arithmetic data type. Each cascaded pulse shaper encodes a programmable LG azimuthal index l and acts as an adder f_n(q_in,l_n)=q_in+q_l; a unit-magnification 4f relay passes the mode unchanged; the output charge is qf = l1 + l2. The authors demonstrate this for l1,l2 in {0, ±1, ±3} and {0, ±0.5, ±1.5}, decoding qf from imaging spectra: gaps between primary lobes give |q|, diagonal versus anti-diagonal alignment gives the sign, and a brightening secondary lobe gives the fractional remainder. They also report that for fractional charges the x-ω spectrum depends on the initial azimuthal phase a

Load-bearing premise

Fractional additivity: the output of two cascaded fractional masks is assumed to be a single well-defined spatiotemporal vortex with charge exactly l1+l2, independent of where each mask's phase discontinuity sits; the readout then trusts a brightness-calibrated secondary lobe rather than measuring the output phase winding.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Two-operand integer addition and subtraction works, with decoded qf = l1 + l2 over the tested grids {0, ±1, ±3} and {0, ±0.5, ±1.5}.
  • The architecture scales to an arbitrary number N of operands by concatenating further pulse-shaper ALUs and relay systems; practical limits are decoder resolution and cumulative optical loss.
  • The readout is reference-free and single-frame, so arithmetic verification does not require interferometric reconstruction or a local oscillator.
  • The function-composition scheme maps directly onto coherent optical communication signal chains and offers a classical testbed for displacement-operator-style quantum gates if single-photon t-OAM modes can be produced.
  • For fractional charges, the x-ω spectrum develops a φ0-dependent secondary lobe whose brightness tracks the fractional part; this is a new observable signature for fractional ST-TC.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Editorial inference: If fractional additivity holds for arbitrary φ0, ST-TC behaves as a real-valued data type, so the same pipeline could perform genuine analog arithmetic on continuous charges rather than only discrete mode multiplexing.
  • Editorial inference: The φ0-dependence of fractional imaging spectra suggests the branch-cut orientation is itself an extra degree of freedom; one could in principle encode additional bits in φ0 while keeping q nominal fixed, something the paper does not test.
  • Editorial inference: The brightness-calibrated secondary-lobe readout would be on firmest ground if checked against a direct phase-winding measurement (for example, an interferometric or FROG-type characterization); the paper does not perform that check, so the fractional readout's validity across all branch-cut angles remains open.
  • Editorial inference: The demonstrated sensitivity of the pipeline to relay misalignment (blurred x-ω profiles when the 4f condition is broken) implies that long multi-operand pipelines will likely need fiber-based t-OAM transport or active alignment to be practical.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports a two-operand optical arithmetic pipeline for spatiotemporal topological charge (ST-TC) using two cascaded 4f pulse shapers (SLM-based) separated by a relay. The operation is defined as f_n(q_in, l_n) = q_in + q_l, acting on the ST-TC value; with an initial q0 = 0 the final state is qf = l1 + l2. Integer experiments (Fig. 4) vary l1, l2 in {0, ±1, ±3} and decode qf by counting gaps between primary lobes in x–ω spectra. Fractional experiments (Fig. 5) use l1, l2 in {0, ±0.5, ±1.5} and decode qf using the number of primary lobes and the relative brightness of a secondary lobe, calibrated against simulated lineouts (Supplement Figs. S4, S5). The paper also reports that fractional—but not integer—ST-TC spectra depend on the initial azimuthal phase ϕ0 (Sec. 3.1, Fig. 3).

Significance. The work addresses a timely question: whether ST-TC can be processed arithmetically, complementing recent demonstrations of STOV generation, nonlinear frequency conversion, and communication. If established, the cascaded-pulse-shaper architecture would be a simple, reference-free way to add and subtract transverse-OAM values and could be scaled to N operands. The integer lobe-counting results are internally consistent across a 5×5 grid, and the reported ϕ0 dependence for fractional ST-TC is a genuinely new characterization result. However, the fractional arithmetic claim is not yet independently supported; the manuscript itself identifies calibration-based readout and acknowledges deviations from simulation without quantifying them.

major comments (3)
  1. [Sec. 2.1 and Sec. 3.2 (f_n definition, Fig. 5)] The fractional half of the central claim rests on the assumption that cascading two fractional LG masks produces a single output ST-TC qf = l1 + l2. The pipeline is defined by f_n(q_in, l_n) = q_in + q_l (Sec. 2.1), which presumes additivity independent of branch-cut orientation. Yet Sec. 3.1 (Fig. 3) shows that a single fractional mask produces spectra that depend strongly on the initial azimuthal phase ϕ0, with the fractional signature obscured at ϕ0 = 90°. The ϕ0 values used for the masks in Devices 1 and 3 are not reported, and there is no analysis of how two discontinuities at possibly different azimuthal positions combine. If the cuts are not coincident, the output field need not be a single fractional vortex with charge l1 + l2, so the values decoded in Fig. 5 may be artifacts of the single-cut calibration model. This is load-bearing for the abstract claim 'regardless of whether t
  2. [Sec. 3.2 and Supplement Section 3 (Figs. S4, S5)] The fractional readout is calibrated from simulations of the expected x–ω profiles for a given qf (Fig. S4) and from experimental lineouts whose peak ratios are assumed to map monotonically to qf (Sec. 3.2). No independent measurement of the output field's phase winding is provided; the 'result' qf in Fig. 5 is read from a brightness relation calibrated to reproduce the programmed l1 + l2. This is not a demonstration that the output field actually carries that fractional charge. The manuscript itself concedes in Supplement Section 3 that 'minor differences relative to the simulations are present' and that residual variations 'can be accounted for through calibration,' but it supplies no error bars, repeated-measurement statistics, or blind validation on a held-out set of (l1, l2) combinations. The claimed robustness of the readout is therefore not established.
  3. [Sec. 3.1, 3.2 and Supplement Section 3] Because Fig. 3 shows that the fractional x–ω signature depends on ϕ0 and can disappear at ϕ0 = 90°, the proposed lookup-table readout requires specifying and controlling ϕ0. The lineout angle also depends on the experimental aspect-ratio calibration (Supplement Section 3). The paper does not state the ϕ0 used in the Fig. 5 experiments, nor how the calibration table was constructed (experimental or simulated, and at which ϕ0), so the fractional results are underdetermined. This is a concrete obstacle to using the readout as a general ST-TC decoder.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Sec. 2.1] In the example of Device 3, the text says 'when choosing l2 = −0.5' but then writes q_out,3 = f2(q_in = +1, l2 = +0.5) = +0.5. This is a sign inconsistency; the intended l2 should be −0.5.
  2. [Sec. 3.1] The phrase 'integer SC–TC' appears to be a typo for 'ST-TC.'
  3. [Fig. 3 caption] 'broken lobe signature' should likely read 'secondary-lobe signature' for consistency with the text.
  4. [Sec. 2.1] The notation 'g_{n=1}' for Device 2 is confusing; the pass-through is a single device g1, and writing 'g_n' with n=1 obscures the distinction between device index and operand index.
  5. [Data availability] The data availability statement says data are not publicly available. Given the calibration-based readout, depositing the calibration tables and representative raw images would substantially strengthen reproducibility.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the ST-TC 'addition' is the designed operation, and the reported spectra are empirical validation, not a derived prediction.

full rationale

Sec. 2.1's f_n(q_in, l_n) = q_in + q_l is an implementation specification, not a result fitted from the output; the whole-pipeline expression q_f = f2∘g1∘f1 is the design equation. The experimental sections then test whether the constructed pulse shapers realize that specification: the readout counts resolved gaps and lobe orientation in the measured x-ω images (Sec. 3.2, Figs. 4-5), which are independent observables for integer charges (e.g., l1=-3, l2=+3 gives a single un-modulated lobe corresponding to qf=0). Thus the value qf=l1+l2 is not generated from the same data used to confirm it. No load-bearing self-citation appears: the only self-reference [33] distinguishes prior parallel superposition and is not used to justify the current cascade. The fractional readout does rely on a brightness-calibration lookup table (Supplement Sec. 3), so it is calibration-based rather than an independent phase-winding measurement, and the unstated branch-cut azimuths for cascaded fractional masks represent an unproven additivity assumption. These are correctness/limitation concerns, but they do not make the derivation equivalent to its inputs by construction. Hence no circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central arithmetic claim rests on the mathematical identity that phase windings add; the physically load-bearing premises are inherited from the STOV pulse-shaping literature (mask index equals charge) and from the readout method of ref [32]. The paper's own contribution introduces one ad hoc assumption: that fractional ST-TC values add linearly and can be decoded from a calibrated lobe brightness. No new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (2)
  • Secondary-lobe brightness calibration (lookup table) for fractional readout = Not stated numerically; 'calibrated across different ST-TC values' per section 3
    Fractional ST-TC is decoded from the secondary-to-primary lobe brightness ratio; the paper explicitly proposes calibrating this ratio versus qf and storing it in a lookup table (Sec. 3.2, Supplement Sec. 3). This is an empirical fit, not an independently predicted quantity.
  • Imaging-spectrometer x-axis (ω) calibration and lineout angle = Set per configuration; values not given
    Readout requires 'suitable calibration of the x-axis' (Sec. 2.2) and the lineout angles 'must be adjusted accordingly' because the measured aspect ratio depends on the configuration (Supplement Sec. 3). A calibration constant, not a derived quantity.
assumptions (4)
  • standard math Phase windings add: exp(i l1 φ) · exp(i l2 φ) = exp(i (l1+l2) φ)
    The entire arithmetic claim rests on this identity: sequential phase masks multiply, so the total winding is the sum of the indices (Sec. 2.1, f_n(q_in, l_n) = q_in + q_l).
  • domain assumption A 4f pulse shaper imprinting an LG azimuthal phase with index l generates an STOV with ST-TC = l
    Inherited from the STOV-generation literature (refs 11–14); used throughout Secs. 2–3 to equate the programmed mask index with the output charge.
  • domain assumption The x-ω imaging-spectrum lobe structure (gap count and diagonal/anti-diagonal orientation) encodes |q| and the sign of q
    Readout method inherited from ref [32] (group-adjacent prior work); used in Sec. 3.2 and the Supplement as the decoding rule for all results.
  • ad hoc to paper Fractional ST-TC is well-defined and additive: the output of two fractional masks (indices l1, l2) is a field with ST-TC l1 + l2 decodable from a calibrated lobe pattern
    The paper defines the output charge as the sum (Sec. 2.1) and decodes it from calibrated brightness (Supplement Sec. 3). Additivity for two branch cuts at possibly different azimuthal angles ϕ0 is assumed, not derived or measured interferometrically. This is the weakest assumption.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Arithmetic with spatiotemporal optical vortex of integer and fractional topological charges." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/ZXJLPBJU

@misc{pith2026251225049,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Arithmetic with spatiotemporal optical vortex of integer and fractional topological charges},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/ZXJLPBJU}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2512.25049}
}
read the original abstract

Spatiotemporal optical vortices carry transverse orbital angular momentum (t-OAM), which give rise to spatiotemporal topological charge (ST-TC). To unleash the full potential of t-OAM in expanding the capacity of communication and computing, we demonstrate the first optical information-processing pipeline capable of performing addition and subtraction on ST-TC values, regardless of whether they are integer or fractional. Additionally, we established a readout method for those mathematical operations through imaging spectral analysis, providing a robust optical basis toward arithmetic operations and verification. These new capabilities mark crucial advancements toward full arithmetic operations on the ST-TC of light for bosonic state computation and information processing.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2512.25049 by the authors.

Figure 4
Figure 4. Experimental results of a fully functional information processing pipeline demonstrating the addition and subtraction of integer ST-TC values. The initial state has charge 𝑞0 = 0. The first ALU (Device 1) is parameterized by 𝑙1 = 0, ±1, ±3 (rows of the figure). The second ALU (Device 2) acts as a pass-through that does not change the ST-TC value. The third ALU (Device 3) is parameterized by 𝑙2 = 0, ±1, ±3 (columns o… view at source ↗

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

42 extracted references · 1 linked inside Pith

  1. [35]

    Fractional spatiotemporal optical vortices,

    S. Huang, et al., "Fractional spatiotemporal optical vortices," arXiv 2504.11697(2025)

    arXiv 2025

  2. [1]

    Optical vortices 30 years on: OAM manipulation from topological charge to multiple singularities,

    Y. Shen, et al., " Optical vortices 30 years on: OAM manipulation from topological charge to multiple singularities," Light: Science & Applications 8, 90 (2019)

    2019

  3. [2]

    STED super-resolved microscopy ,

    G. Vicidomini, et al., " STED super-resolved microscopy ," Nature Methods 15, 173– 182 (2018). 17

    2018

  4. [3]

    Tweezers with a twist ,

    M. Padgett and R. Bowman, " Tweezers with a twist ," Nat. Photonics 5, 343 –348 (2011)

    2011

  5. [4]

    Metrology with a twist: probing and sensing with vortex light,

    M. Cheng, et al., "Metrology with a twist: probing and sensing with vortex light," Light: science & applications 14, 4 (2025)

    2025

  6. [5]

    Coherent Fourier scatterometry using orbital angular momentum beams for defect detection,

    B. Wang, et al., " Coherent Fourier scatterometry using orbital angular momentum beams for defect detection," Opt. Exp. 29, 3342 (2021)

    2021

  7. [6]

    Orbital angular momentum of light for communications,

    A. E, et al., "Orbital angular momentum of light for communications," Applied Physics Reviews 8, 041312 (2021)

    2021

  8. [7]

    Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers,

    N. Bozinovic, et al., " Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers," Science 340, 1545-1548 (2013)

    2013

Show all 42 references
  1. [8]

    Spatio-temporal vortices: Properties, generation and recording,

    A. P. Sukhorukov and V. V. Yangirova, " Spatio-temporal vortices: Properties, generation and recording," Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 5949, 594906 (2005)

    2005

  2. [9]

    Symmetric and asymmetric solitons and vortices in linearly coupled two -dimensional waveguides with the cubic -quintic nonlinearity ,

    N. Dror and B. A. Malomed, " Symmetric and asymmetric solitons and vortices in linearly coupled two -dimensional waveguides with the cubic -quintic nonlinearity ," Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 240, 526-541 (2011)

    2011

  3. [10]

    Spatiotemporal vortex beams and angular momentum,

    K. Y. Bliokh and F. Nori, "Spatiotemporal vortex beams and angular momentum," Phys Rev A 86, 033824 (2012)

    2012

  4. [11]

    Spatiotemporal optical vortices,

    N. Jhajj, et al., "Spatiotemporal optical vortices," Physical Review X 6, 031037 (2016)

    2016

  5. [12]

    Free-space propagation of spatiotemporal optical vortices ,

    S. W. Hancock, et al., " Free-space propagation of spatiotemporal optical vortices ," Optica 6, 1547-1553 (2019)

    2019

  6. [13]

    Mode structure and orbital angular momentum of spatiotemporal optical vortex pulses,

    S. W. Hancock, et al., " Mode structure and orbital angular momentum of spatiotemporal optical vortex pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 193901 (2021)

    2021

  7. [14]

    Generation of spatiotemporal optical vortices with controllable transverse orbital angular momentum,

    A. Chong, et al., " Generation of spatiotemporal optical vortices with controllable transverse orbital angular momentum," Nat. Photonics 14, 350–354 (2020)

    2020

  8. [15]

    Second-harmonic generation and the conservation of spatiotemporal orbital angular momentum of light,

    G. Gui, et al., " Second-harmonic generation and the conservation of spatiotemporal orbital angular momentum of light," Nat. Photonics 15, 608–613 (2021)

    2021

  9. [16]

    Second-harmonic generation of spatiotemporal optical vortices and conservation of orbital angular momentum,

    S. W. Hancock, et al., "Second-harmonic generation of spatiotemporal optical vortices and conservation of orbital angular momentum," Optica 8, 594-597 (2021)

    2021

  10. [17]

    Extreme-ultraviolet spatiotemporal vortices via high harmonic generation,

    R. Martín -Hernández, et al., " Extreme-ultraviolet spatiotemporal vortices via high harmonic generation," Nat. Photonics (2025)

    2025

  11. [18]

    Spatiotemporal vortex strings,

    S. Huang, et al., "Spatiotemporal vortex strings," Sci. Advan. 10, eadn6206 (2024)

    2024

  12. [19]

    Arithmetic with optical topological charges in stepwise -excited Rb vapor,

    A. M. Akulshin, et al., "Arithmetic with optical topological charges in stepwise -excited Rb vapor," Opt. Lett. 41, 1146-1149 (2016)

    2016

  13. [20]

    Arithmetic with q-plates. Applied optics,

    S. Delaney, et al., " Arithmetic with q-plates. Applied optics," Applied Optics 56, 596- 600 (2017)

    2017

  14. [21]

    Multiplication and division of the orbital angular momentum of light with diffractive transformation optics,

    G. Ruffato, et al., "Multiplication and division of the orbital angular momentum of light with diffractive transformation optics," Light: Science & Applications 8, 113 (2019)

    2019

  15. [22]

    Orbital angular momentum mode logical operation using optical diffractive neural network,

    P. Wang, et al., " Orbital angular momentum mode logical operation using optical diffractive neural network," Photon. Res. 9, 2116-2124 (2021)

    2021

  16. [23]

    Orbital angular momentum deep multiplexing holography via an optical diffractive neural network,

    Z. Huang, et al., " Orbital angular momentum deep multiplexing holography via an optical diffractive neural network," Opt. Exp. 30, 5569-5584 (2022)

    2022

  17. [24]

    Arithmetic operation of orbital angular momentum of light via slow - light four-wave mixing,

    F. Meng, et al., " Arithmetic operation of orbital angular momentum of light via slow - light four-wave mixing," Journal of Luminescence 242, 118551 (2022)

    2022

  18. [25]

    Experimental optical computing of complex vector convolution with twisted light. Advanced Photonics Nexus ,

    L. Hong, et al., " Experimental optical computing of complex vector convolution with twisted light. Advanced Photonics Nexus ," Advanced Photonics Nexus 2, 046008 (2023). 18

    2023

  19. [26]

    Topological photonics for optical communications and quantum computing. Quantum Reports,

    A. Manzalini, " Topological photonics for optical communications and quantum computing. Quantum Reports," 2, 579-590 (2020)

    2020

  20. [27]

    Ptychographic amplitude and phase reconstruction of bichromatic vortex beams,

    Y. Esashi, et al., " Ptychographic amplitude and phase reconstruction of bichromatic vortex beams," Opt. Exp. 26, 34007-34015 (2018)

    2018

  21. [28]

    Coherent Fourier scatterometry using orbital angular momentum beams for defect detection,

    B. Wang, et al., " Coherent Fourier scatterometry using orbital angular momentum beams for defect detection," Opt. Exp. 29, 3342-3358 (2021)

    2021

  22. [29]

    Compact single-shot d-scan setup for the characterization of few - cycle laser pulses,

    M. Louisy, et al., " Compact single-shot d-scan setup for the characterization of few - cycle laser pulses," Applied Optics 56, 9084-9089 (2017)

    2017

  23. [30]

    Interferometric technique for measuring broadband ultrashort pulses at the sampling limit,

    E. M. Kosik, et al., " Interferometric technique for measuring broadband ultrashort pulses at the sampling limit," Opt. Lett. 30, 326-328 (2005)

    2005

  24. [31]

    Transient-grating single -shot supercontinuum spectral interferometry (TG-SSSI),

    S. W. Hancock, et al., " Transient-grating single -shot supercontinuum spectral interferometry (TG-SSSI)," Opt. Lett. 46, 1013-1016 (2021)

    2021

  25. [32]

    Single-Frame Characterization of Ultrafast Pulses with Spatiotemporal Orbital Angular Momentum,

    G. Gui, et al., "Single-Frame Characterization of Ultrafast Pulses with Spatiotemporal Orbital Angular Momentum," ACS Photonics 9, 2802-2808 (2022)

    2022

  26. [33]

    Transverse orbital angular momentum and polarization entangled spatiotemporal structured light,

    H.-C. Huang, et al., "Transverse orbital angular momentum and polarization entangled spatiotemporal structured light," Nanophotonics 14, 863-871 (2025)

    2025

  27. [34]

    Observation of spatiotemporal optical vortices enabled by symmetry - breaking slanted nanograting,

    P. Huo, et al., " Observation of spatiotemporal optical vortices enabled by symmetry - breaking slanted nanograting," Nature Communications 15, 3055 (2024)

    2024

  28. [36]

    Properties of the generation and propagation of spatiotemporal optical vortices,

    S. Huang, et al., " Properties of the generation and propagation of spatiotemporal optical vortices," Opt. Exp. 29, 26995-27003 (2021)

    2021

  29. [37]

    Propagation of higher-order spatiotemporal vortices,

    M. A. Porras, "Propagation of higher-order spatiotemporal vortices," Opt. Lett. 48, 367- 370 (2023)

    2023

  30. [38]

    Optimization of Transverse OAM Transmission through Few -Mode Fiber,

    C. Zhang, et al., " Optimization of Transverse OAM Transmission through Few -Mode Fiber," Photonics 11, 328 (2024)

    2024

  31. [39]

    Propagation of transverse photonic orbital angular momentum through few-mode fiber,

    Q. Cao, et al., "Propagation of transverse photonic orbital angular momentum through few-mode fiber," Advanced Photonics 5, 036002 (2023). Arithmetic with spatiotemporal optical vortex of integer and fractional topological charges : Supplemental document

    2023

  32. [40]

    S1 below

    Evolution of imaging spectra of fractional and integer spatiotemporal topological charges (ST-TCs) of light Experimentally measured imaging spectr a corresponding to ST-TC values ranging from q = −2 to 2, in steps of 0.2, are shown in Fig. S1 below. Here, we clearly observe th...

  33. [41]

    Any deviation from an ideal 4 f optical relay system would lead to a blurred imaging spectrometer output, which prevents accurate decoding of the ST –TC

    Demonstrating the importance of a 4f pass-through relay system Precise placement of the 4f relay optics is essential to accurately map the SLM plane of one pulse shaper to that of the next, ensuring high performance of the optical arithmetic pipeline. Any deviation from an ide...

  34. [42]

    It can be achieved by simply determining the number of gaps between the bright primary lobes present in the raw x–ω spectral images

    Quantifying fractional and integer ST-TCs from imaging spectral analysis Quantitatively decoding of integer ST–TC values is straightforward. It can be achieved by simply determining the number of gaps between the bright primary lobes present in the raw x–ω spectral images. In ...

Pith tools

Reviewed August 3, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.