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Pushing the Limits of Pulse Shape Discrimination in a Large Liquid Xenon Detector

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D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, B. J. Almquist, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides
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H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, A. Bhatti, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, C. A. J. Brew, P. Brás, S. Burdin, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. Carter, A. Chawla, H. Chen, Y. T. Chin, N. I. Chott, S. Contreras, M. V. Converse, R. Coronel, A. Cottle, G. Cox, D. Curran, C. E. Dahl, I. Darlington, S. Dave, A. David, J. Delgaudio, S. Dey, L. de Viveiros, L. Di Felice, C. Ding, J. E. Y. Dobson, E. Druszkiewicz, S. Dubey, C. L. Dunbar, S. R. Eriksen, N. M. Fearon, N. Fieldhouse, S. Fiorucci, H. Flaecher, E. D. Fraser, T. M. A. Fruth, P. W. Gaemers, R. J. Gaitskell, A. Geffre, J. Genovesi, C. Ghag, J. Ghamsari, A. Ghosh, S. Ghosh, R. Gibbons, S. Gokhale, J. Green, M. G. D. van der Grinten, J. J. Haiston, C. R. Hall, T. Hall, R. H. Hampp, S. J. Haselschwardt, M. A. Hernandez, S. A. Hertel, G. J. Homenides, M. Horn, D. Q. Huang, D. Hunt, E. Jacquet, R. S. James, K. Jenkins, A. C. Kaboth, A. C. Kamaha, M. K. Kannichankandy, D. Khaitan, A. Khazov, J. Kim, Y. D. Kim, D. Kodroff, E. V. Korolkova, H. Kraus, S. Kravitz, L. Kreczko, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. Lawes, E. B. Leon, D. S. Leonard, K. T. Lesko, C. Levy, J. Lin, A. Lindote, W. H. Lippincott, J. Long, M. I. Lopes, W. Lorenzon, C. Lu, S. Luitz, W. Ma, V. Mahajan, P. A. Majewski, A. Manalaysay, R. L. Mannino, R. J. Matheson, C. Maupin, M. E. McCarthy, D. N. McKinsey, J. McLaughlin, J. B. McLaughlin, R. McMonigle, B. Mitra, E. Mizrachi, M. E. Monzani, K. Mor{aa}, E. Morrison, B. J. Mount, M. Murdy, A. St. J. Murphy, H. N. Nelson, F. Neves, A. Nguyen, C. L. O'Brien, F. H. O'Shea, I. Olcina, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, J. Orpwood, K. Y. Oyulmaz, K. J. Palladino, N. J. Pannifer, S. J. Patton, B. Penning, G. Pereira, E. Perry, T. Pershing, A. Piepke, S. S. Poudel, Y. Qie, J. Reichenbacher, C. A. Rhyne, G. R. C. Rischbieter, E. Ritchey, H. S. Riyat, R. Rosero, N. J. Rowe, T. Rushton, D. Rynders, S. Saltão, D. Santone, A. B. M. R. Sazzad, R. W. Schnee, G. Sehr, B. Shafer, S. Shaw, W. Sherman, K. Shi, T. Shutt, C. Silva, G. Sinev, J. Siniscalco, A. M. Slivar, A. M. Softley-Brown, V. N. Solovov, P. Sorensen, J. Soria, T. J. Sumner, A. Swain, M. Szydagis, D. R. Tiedt, D. R. Tovey, J. Tranter, M. Trask, K. Trengove, M. Tripathi, A. Usón, A. C. Vaitkus, O. Valentino, V. Velan, A. Wang, J. J. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Weeldreyer, T. J. Whitis, K. Wild, M. Williams, J. Winnicki, L. Wolf, F. L. H. Wolfs, S. Woodford, D. Woodward, C. J. Wright, Q. Xia, J. Xu, Y. Xu, M. Yeh, D. Yeum, J. Young, W. Zha, H. Zhang, T. Zhang, Y. Zhou

Instrumentation and Detectors · Submitted 27 Mar 2026

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim The optimized TFD performance is compared with the performance of the charge-to-light method, with the corresponding false positive rate reduced by up to a factor of two for large scintillation pulses.

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arXiv ID2603.26877 (version 2)
Pith IDSU5ATOIM, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationA. Ames, A. Baker, A. Bhatti, A. B. M. R. Sazzad, A. Chawla, A. C. Kaboth, A. C. Kamaha, A. Cottle, A. C. Vaitkus, A. David, A. Geffre, A. Ghosh, A. K. Al Musalhi, A. Khazov, A. Lindote, A. Manalaysay, A. M. Slivar, A. M. Softley-Brown, A. Nguyen, A. Piepke, A. St. J. Murphy, A. Swain, A. Us\'on, A. Wang, B. J. Almquist, B. J. Mount, B. Mitra, B. Penning, B. Shafer, C. A. J. Brew, C. A. Rhyne, C. Ding, C. E. Dahl, C. Ghag, C. J. Wright, C. Lawes, C. L. Dunbar, C. Levy, C. L. O'Brien, C. Lu, C. Maupin, C. R. Hall, C. S. Amarasinghe, C. Silva, D. Curran, D. Hunt, D. Khaitan, D. Kodroff, D. N. McKinsey, D. Q. Huang, D. R. Tiedt, D. R. Tovey, D. Rynders, D. S. Akerib, D. Santone, D. S. Leonard, D. Woodward, D. Yeum, E. Bishop, E. B. Leon, E. D. Fraser, E. Druszkiewicz, E. E. Barillier, E. Jacquet, E. Mizrachi, E. Morrison, E. Perry, E. Ritchey, E. V. Korolkova, F. Alder, F. H. O'Shea, F. L. H. Wolfs, F. Neves, G. Cox, G. J. Homenides, G. M. Blockinger, G. Pereira, G. R. C. Rischbieter, G. Sehr, G. Sinev, H. Chen, H. Flaecher, H. J. Birch, H. Kraus, H. M. Ara\'ujo, H. N. Nelson, H. S. Riyat, H. Zhang, I. Darlington, I. Olcina, J. Bang, J. B. McLaughlin, J. Delgaudio, J. E. Armstrong, J. E. Y. Dobson, J. Genovesi, J. Ghamsari, J. Green, J. J. Haiston, J. J. Wang, J. Kim, J. Lin, J. Long, J. Mclaughlin, J. Orpwood, J. Reichenbacher, J. Siniscalco, J. Soria, J. Tranter, J. W. Bargemann, J. Winnicki, J. Xu, J. Young, K. Beattie, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, K. Jenkins, K. J. Palladino, K. Mor{\aa}, K. Shi, K. T. Lesko, K. Trengove, K. Wild, K. Y. Oyulmaz, L. de Viveiros, L. Di Felice, L. Kreczko, L. Weeldreyer, L. Wolf, M. A. Hernandez, M. Arthurs, M. Carter, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. E. McCarthy, M. E. Monzani, M. G. D. van der Grinten, M. Horn, M. I. Lopes, M. K. Kannichankandy, M. Murdy, M. Szydagis, M. Trask, M. Tripathi, M. V. Converse, M. Williams, M. Yeh, N. Angelides, N. Fieldhouse, N. I. Chott, N. J. Pannifer, N. J. Rowe, N. M. Fearon, O. Valentino, P. A. Majewski, P. Br\'as, P. Sorensen, P. W. Gaemers, Q. Xia, R. Coronel, R. Gibbons, R. H. Hampp, R. J. Gaitskell, R. J. Matheson, R. L. Mannino, R. McMonigle, R. Rosero, R. S. James, R. W. Schnee, S. A. Hertel, S. Balashov, S. Burdin, S. Contreras, S. Dave, S. Dey, S. Dubey, S. Fiorucci, S. Ghosh, S. Gokhale, S. J. Haselschwardt, S. J. Patton, S. Kravitz, S. Luitz, S. R. Eriksen, S. Salt\~ao, S. Shaw, S. S. Poudel, S. Woodford, T. Hall, T. J. Anderson, T. J. Sumner, T. J. Whitis, T. M. A. Fruth, T. P. Biesiadzinski, T. Pershing, T. Rushton, T. Shutt, T. Zhang, V. A. Kudryavtsev, V. Mahajan, V. N. Solovov, V. Velan, W. H. Lippincott, W. Lorenzon, W. Ma, W. Sherman, W. Zha, Y. D. Kim, Y. Qie, Y. T. Chin, Y. Wang, Y. Xu, Y. Zhou. "Pushing the Limits of Pulse Shape Discrimination in a Large Liquid Xenon Detector." arXiv:2603.26877 (2026). https://pith.science/paper/SU5ATOIM
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The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 8,157 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.22 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.66 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.98 · compares with prior results 0.94 · mentions code or data availability 0.03.

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arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a direct-detection dark matter experiment, optimized to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) through WIMP-nucleon interactions. The main challenge in dark matter detection is differentiating between WIMP signals and background events. In LZ, the ratio of ionization to scintillation signals (charge-to-light) is the primary method for rejecting electronic recoil (ER) background. Pulse shape discrimination (PSD) offers a method for additional ER backgrounds rejection in liquid xenon detectors. In this paper, the discrimination power of PSD with the LZ experiment is discussed. To precisely characterize the scintillation pulse shape, an analysis framework is developed to reconstruct the detection time of individual photons. Using LZ calibration data, the photon-timing prompt fraction discriminator is optimized and achieves ER leakage as low as $15\%$. For specific background processes such as $^{124}$Xe double electron capture, the leakage is reduced further to about $5\%$. PSD is combined with charge-to-light to form two-factor discrimination (TFD). The optimized TFD performance is compared with the performance of the charge-to-light method, with the corresponding false positive rate reduced by up to a factor of two for large scintillation pulses. Finally, PSD and TFD are applied to data from LZ's WS2024 run and their performance is summarized.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a direct-detection dark matter experiment, optimized to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) through WIMP-nucleon interactions. background 0.99 0.11 0.02 asserted 1.00
s1 The main challenge in dark matter detection is differentiating between WIMP signals and background events. background 1.00 0.04 0.02 asserted 1.00
s2 In LZ, the ratio of ionization to scintillation signals (charge-to-light) is the primary method for rejecting electronic recoil (ER) background. background 0.96 0.10 0.03 asserted 1.00
s3 Pulse shape discrimination (PSD) offers a method for additional ER backgrounds rejection in liquid xenon detectors. background 0.95 0.07 0.03 asserted 0.83
s4 In this paper, the discrimination power of PSD with the LZ experiment is discussed. contribution 0.97 0.39 0.05 asserted 0.72
s5 To precisely characterize the scintillation pulse shape, an analysis framework is developed to reconstruct the detection time of individual photons. method 0.92 0.91 0.03 asserted 0.99
s6 Using LZ calibration data, the photon-timing prompt fraction discriminator is optimized and achieves ER leakage as low as $15\%$. result 1.00 0.94 0.20 asserted 1.00
s7 For specific background processes such as $^{124}$Xe double electron capture, the leakage is reduced further to about $5\%$. result 1.00 0.87 0.09 asserted 0.98
s8 PSD is combined with charge-to-light to form two-factor discrimination (TFD). method 0.83 0.74 0.06 asserted 1.00
s9 The optimized TFD performance is compared with the performance of the charge-to-light method, with the corresponding false positive rate reduced by up to a factor of two for large scintillation pulses. result 1.00 0.91 0.34 asserted 1.00
s10 Finally, PSD and TFD are applied to data from LZ's WS2024 run and their performance is summarized. contribution 0.59 0.93 0.13 asserted 0.96

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: method or tool 0.79 · evidence from analysis of existing data 0.92.

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  • C citations
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Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

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Original abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a direct-detection dark matter experiment, optimized to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) through WIMP-nucleon interactions. The main challenge in dark matter detection is differentiating between WIMP signals and background events. In LZ, the ratio of ionization to scintillation signals (charge-to-light) is the primary method for rejecting electronic recoil (ER) background. Pulse shape discrimination (PSD) offers a method for additional ER backgrounds rejection in liquid xenon detectors. In this paper, the discrimination power of PSD with the LZ experiment is discussed. To precisely characterize the scintillation pulse shape, an analysis framework is developed to reconstruct the detection time of individual photons. Using LZ calibration data, the photon-timing prompt fraction discriminator is optimized and achieves ER leakage as low as $15\%$. For specific background processes such as $^{124}$Xe double electron capture, the leakage is reduced further to about $5\%$. PSD is combined with charge-to-light to form two-factor discrimination (TFD). The optimized TFD performance is compared with the performance of the charge-to-light method, with the corresponding false positive rate reduced by up to a factor of two for large scintillation pulses. Finally, PSD and TFD are applied to data from LZ's WS2024 run and their performance is summarized.

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