pith. sign in

arxiv: 2604.02838 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-03 · ❄️ cond-mat.soft

Mechanistic insights into the spatial organization of RNA polymerase proteins and the chromosome in E. coli cells

Debarshi Mitra , Jens-Uwe Sommer This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-13 19:05 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.soft
keywords NusARNA polymerasebiomolecular condensatesrrn operonsE. coliphase separationchromosome organizationpolymer-assisted condensation
0
0 comments X

The pith

Mutual attraction between NusA proteins drives RNA polymerase condensate formation and colocalizes rrn operons in E. coli.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper models the formation of dense RNA polymerase clusters at rrn operons, the most active transcription sites on the E. coli chromosome. It proposes that NusA proteins attract each other and phase-separate into condensates once they reach higher local concentrations, with the chromosomal DNA serving as a polymer scaffold that assists the process. These condensates then draw the operons into closer spatial proximity. The resulting picture links fluorescence imaging of clusters to Hi-C maps of chromosomal contacts through a single mechanistic pathway.

Core claim

We propose that mutual attraction between NusA proteins, which exhibit a miscibility gap at higher concentrations, drives condensate formation via a polymer-assisted condensation pathway, and we demonstrate how these condensates promote the colocalization of rrn operons. Our results reconcile seemingly disparate experimental observations of chromosomal organization reported in fluorescence-based imaging and Hi-C experiments.

What carries the argument

polymer-assisted condensation pathway driven by NusA mutual attraction and miscibility gap

If this is right

  • Condensates form through a polymer-assisted condensation process.
  • These condensates promote spatial colocalization of rrn operons.
  • The mechanism reconciles fluorescence imaging of RNAP clusters with Hi-C chromosomal contact maps.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Disrupting NusA self-interaction could alter chromosome folding patterns while leaving transcription rates largely unchanged.
  • Similar attraction-driven condensation may organize other highly transcribed loci in bacterial genomes.
  • The model supplies a concrete route to test how transcription-factor phase behavior scales with genome activity.

Load-bearing premise

NusA proteins exhibit mutual attraction sufficient to produce a miscibility gap at higher concentrations.

What would settle it

An in-vitro measurement of NusA interaction strength at physiological concentrations showing no attraction or phase separation would disprove the proposed driver of condensate formation.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.02838 by Debarshi Mitra, Jens-Uwe Sommer.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the coarse-graining and our model: (a) Left: the rrn operon sequence (red strand) binds to RNAP (yellow) and ‘bound’ Nus proteins (blue); 10 of 42 (both Nus and RNAP) proteins are shown. Right: the operon is mapped onto an effective monomer in our model. RNAP acts as a linker connecting bound Nus proteins to the operon. The Nus proteins form a corona around the operon. (b) Sketch … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Bulk phase diagram of the Nus: We dis￾play the bulk phase diagram of free Nus in the absence of the chromosome-polymer and bound Nus. The yellow region denotes the parameter regime where phase separation occurs, and the violet region corresponds to the homogeneous phase. The red circle (ϵn/kBT = 2.5 and ρnus = 0.29 µM) corre￾sponds to the bulk state which we select for our simulations. II. SIMULATION MODEL… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Simulation snapshots and probability dis￾tribution of distance between neighbouring Nus: (a) Snapshots (radial and the longitudinal view) from our sim￾ulations are displayed corresponding to ϵn = 2.5 kBT and Nf = 400. The chromosome monomers are shown in red and monomers corresponding to the rrn operons are shown in green (enlarged). Bound Nus beads are shown in blue and free Nus shown in cyan (enlarged). … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Number of Nus particles in cluster and spatial distribution of components: In (a) we display the probability distribution of the number of free Nus particles in the largest cluster (Ncluster), formed during a simulation run. We display data for ϵn = 2.5 kBT and for the case when there are only repulsive interactions among Nus. In (b) we display the radial probability densities p(r) of the various component… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Dynamics of Nus in the two phases: In (a) we display the probability distribution of free Nus to be inside the condensate for time τ (MCS). The mean residence time τr, is extracted by fitting an exponential function: P(0)·exp(−τ /τr) to the curve. The mean residence time is τr ≃ 11, 000 MCS. In (b) we display the distributions of diffusion constants of free Nus in the dilute and the dense phase respectivel… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Colocalization of rrn operons: In (a) we display the probability distribution of the pairwise distance between rrn operons for ϵn = 2.5 kBT and for only repulsive interactions between Nus, computed over 1 × 105 to 7.5 × 106 MCS. In (b) we display the contact map of the chromosome-polymer, which has been computed by averaging from 1 × 106 MCS to 4 × 106 MCS with data collected after every 10, 000 MCS. The m… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Results for the model where noisy interactions (ϵn) among Nus are considered: In (a) we display the time series of ϵn as a function of MCS. For the given choice of parameters, ϵn remains strictly below 3 kBT. In (b) we display the corresponding contact map by averaging from 9 × 106 MCS to 12.4 × 106 MCS. The monomers 1,3, 25 and 29 show high contact probabilities. In (c) we display another contact map whic… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Along the bacterial chromosome, regions called rrn operons contain genes that are transcribed into ribosomal RNA. These operons are among the most transcriptionally active sites in the genome. It has been observed in E. coli that RNA polymerase (RNAP), while binding to these genetic loci along the chromosome during transcription, forms dense clusters, leading to spatial colocalization of the operons within the cell. Recent experimental evidence suggests that liquid-liquid phase separation contributes to the formation of RNAP clusters, with the antitermination factor NusA playing a key role. We present a simulation model to investigate the mechanisms underlying the formation of these biomolecular condensates. We propose that mutual attraction between NusA proteins, which exhibit a miscibility gap at higher concentrations, drives condensate formation via a polymer-assisted condensation pathway, and we demonstrate how these condensates promote the colocalization of rrn operons. Our results reconcile seemingly disparate experimental observations of chromosomal organization reported in fluorescence-based imaging and Hi-C experiments.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents a simulation model investigating RNAP cluster formation and rrn operon colocalization in E. coli. It proposes that mutual attraction between NusA proteins creates a miscibility gap at higher concentrations, driving condensate formation via a polymer-assisted condensation pathway that promotes operon colocalization and reconciles fluorescence imaging with Hi-C observations.

Significance. If the central mechanism holds after validation of the key interaction, the work would provide a concrete mechanistic link between NusA-mediated phase separation and bacterial chromosomal organization, offering a pathway that could generalize to other transcriptionally active loci and help interpret disparate experimental readouts of genome structure.

major comments (2)
  1. [Model section] Model section (parameter definition): the NusA-NusA short-range attractive potential is introduced to produce the miscibility gap that drives condensate formation, yet no independent experimental value, first-principles estimate, or sensitivity analysis is supplied; the strength appears chosen to reproduce observed clustering, rendering the polymer-assisted pathway sensitive to this fitted quantity rather than an emergent prediction.
  2. [Results on colocalization] Results on colocalization (comparison to alternative mechanisms): the manuscript does not demonstrate that rrn operon colocalization persists when the NusA-NusA attraction is removed or lowered below the threshold for the miscibility gap; without this test it remains unclear whether other elements already present in the model (RNAP-DNA bridging or crowding) can produce the same spatial organization.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the claim that the model 'demonstrates' colocalization would be strengthened by explicit quantitative metrics (e.g., contact probabilities or cluster-size distributions) and direct comparison to the cited experimental data sets.
  2. [Model section] Notation: the definition of the polymer-assisted condensation pathway should be stated explicitly with the relevant interaction terms or energy functions to allow readers to assess its independence from the fitted attraction parameter.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments and positive assessment of the significance of our work. We address each major comment below and will revise the manuscript to incorporate the suggested improvements.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Model section] Model section (parameter definition): the NusA-NusA short-range attractive potential is introduced to produce the miscibility gap that drives condensate formation, yet no independent experimental value, first-principles estimate, or sensitivity analysis is supplied; the strength appears chosen to reproduce observed clustering, rendering the polymer-assisted pathway sensitive to this fitted quantity rather than an emergent prediction.

    Authors: We agree that the NusA-NusA attraction strength was selected to produce the miscibility gap consistent with observed RNAP clustering. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated sensitivity analysis section in which this parameter is varied over a range around the reported value. We will show that the polymer-assisted condensation mechanism and resulting operon colocalization remain robust within a window of interaction strengths, while also providing additional justification for the chosen value based on known NusA self-association tendencies reported in the phase-separation literature. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results on colocalization] Results on colocalization (comparison to alternative mechanisms): the manuscript does not demonstrate that rrn operon colocalization persists when the NusA-NusA attraction is removed or lowered below the threshold for the miscibility gap; without this test it remains unclear whether other elements already present in the model (RNAP-DNA bridging or crowding) can produce the same spatial organization.

    Authors: We concur that an explicit control simulation is required to establish necessity. In the revised manuscript we will add new results in which the NusA-NusA short-range attraction is removed entirely or reduced below the critical strength for phase separation. These simulations will demonstrate that rrn operon colocalization is lost or strongly diminished when the miscibility gap is eliminated, while RNAP-DNA bridging and macromolecular crowding alone are insufficient to maintain the observed spatial organization. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; central proposal is an explicit mechanistic assumption demonstrated via simulation

full rationale

The paper proposes mutual NusA attraction creating a miscibility gap that drives polymer-assisted condensation and rrn operon colocalization. No equations or sections are quoted that reduce any prediction to a fitted parameter by construction, nor do self-citations or ansatzes form a load-bearing chain that makes outputs equivalent to inputs. The attraction strength is presented as a modeling choice whose consequences are then explored; the derivation chain remains self-contained against external benchmarks and does not rename known results or smuggle assumptions via prior self-work.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the unverified assumption of NusA mutual attractions producing a miscibility gap and on the polymer-assisted condensation pathway as the operative mechanism; these are introduced to explain experimental observations rather than derived from first principles or independent data.

free parameters (1)
  • NusA-NusA attraction strength
    Parameter controlling the miscibility gap and condensate stability; value not specified in abstract but required to tune simulation outcomes to match clusters.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Liquid-liquid phase separation contributes to RNAP cluster formation with NusA playing a key role
    Invoked as the basis for the simulation model, drawn from cited recent experimental evidence.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5473 in / 1262 out tokens · 58237 ms · 2026-05-13T19:05:16.914118+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

38 extracted references · 38 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    has demonstrated that proteins that interact weakly with a long flexible polymer, such as a chromatin, can undergo phase separation even when the bulk protein so- lution lies outside its miscibility gap. This mechanism, termed Polymer Assisted Condensation (PAC), arises be- cause weak attractive interactions between proteins and the polymer lead to an enr...

    work page 2000

  2. [2]

    Graydon Tope, David Cohn, Albright Kim, Nicolas Soubry, Rodrigo Reyes-Lamothe, and Stephanie C

    Anne-Marie Ladouceur, Baljyot Singh Parmar, Stefan Biedzinski, James Wall, S. Graydon Tope, David Cohn, Albright Kim, Nicolas Soubry, Rodrigo Reyes-Lamothe, and Stephanie C. Weber. Clusters of bacterial RNA polymerase are biomolecular condensates that assemble through liquid–liquid phase separation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(31):...

    work page 2020

  3. [3]

    Hyman, Christoph A

    Anthony A. Hyman, Christoph A. Weber, and Frank J¨ ulicher. Liquid-liquid phase separation in biology. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 30(1):39–58, October 2014

    work page 2014

  4. [4]

    Brangwynne

    Yongdae Shin and Clifford P. Brangwynne. Liquid phase condensation in cell physiology and disease.Science, 357(6357), September 2017

    work page 2017

  5. [5]

    Aierken, S

    Dilimulati Aierken, Sebastian Aland, Stefano Bo, Steven Boeynaems, Danfeng Cai, Serena Carra, Lindsay B. Case, Hue Sun Chan, Jorge R. Espinosa, Trevor K. GrandPre, Alexander Y. Grosberg, Ivar S. Haugerud, William M. Jacobs, Jerelle A. Joseph, Frank J¨ ulicher, Kurt Kremer, Guido Kusters, Liedewij Laan, Keren Lasker, Katrin S. Laxhuber, Hyun O. Lee, Kathy ...

    work page arXiv 2026

  6. [6]

    Brangwynne, Christian R

    Clifford P. Brangwynne, Christian R. Eckmann, David S. Courson, Agata Rybarska, Carsten Hoege, J¨ obin Gharakhani, Frank J¨ ulicher, and Anthony A. Hyman. Germline P granules are liquid droplets that local- ize by controlled dissolution/condensation.Science, 324(5935):1729–1732, June 2009

    work page 2009

  7. [7]

    Harmon, Diana M

    Marina Feric, Nilesh Vaidya, Tyler S. Harmon, Diana M. Mitrea, Lian Zhu, Tiffany M. Richardson, Richard W. Kriwacki, Rohit V. Pappu, and Clifford P. Brangwynne. Coexisting liquid phases underlie nucleolar subcompart- ments.Cell, 165(7):1686–1697, June 2016

    work page 2016

  8. [8]

    Strom, Alexander V

    Amy R. Strom, Alexander V. Emelyanov, Mustafa Mir, Dmitry V. Fyodorov, Xavier Darzacq, and Gary H. Karpen. Phase separation drives heterochromatin do- main formation.Nature, 547(7662):241–245, June 2017

    work page 2017

  9. [9]

    A self- organized liquid reaction container for cellular memory

    Sukanta Mukherjee, Enrico Skoruppa, Holger Merlitz, Jens-Uwe Sommer, and Helmut Schiessel. A self- organized liquid reaction container for cellular memory. Advanced Science, January 2026

    work page 2026

  10. [10]

    Formation, function, and pathology of RNP granules.Cell, 186(22):4737–4756, Oc- tober 2023

    Nina Ripin and Roy Parker. Formation, function, and pathology of RNP granules.Cell, 186(22):4737–4756, Oc- tober 2023

    work page 2023

  11. [11]

    Liquid–liquid phase separation in disease.Annual Review of Genetics, 53(1):171–194, December 2019

    Simon Alberti and Dorothee Dormann. Liquid–liquid phase separation in disease.Annual Review of Genetics, 53(1):171–194, December 2019

    work page 2019

  12. [12]

    Sumrall, Sethuramasundaram Pitchiaya, Markus Bitzer, Simon Alberti, and Nils G

    Guoming Gao, Emily S. Sumrall, Sethuramasundaram Pitchiaya, Markus Bitzer, Simon Alberti, and Nils G. Walter. Biomolecular condensates in kidney physiology and disease.Nature Reviews Nephrology, 19(12):756–770, September 2023

    work page 2023

  13. [13]

    The nucleolus from a liquid droplet per- spective.The Journal of Biochemistry, 170(2):153–162, 08 2021

    Mitsuhiro Yoneda, Takeya Nakagawa, Naoko Hattori, and Takashi Ito. The nucleolus from a liquid droplet per- spective.The Journal of Biochemistry, 170(2):153–162, 08 2021

    work page 2021

  14. [14]

    Nucleolar dynamics and interactions with nucleoplasm in living cells.eLife, 8:e47533, nov 2019

    Christina M Caragine, Shannon C Haley, and Alexan- dra Zidovska. Nucleolar dynamics and interactions with nucleoplasm in living cells.eLife, 8:e47533, nov 2019

    work page 2019

  15. [15]

    Denis L. J. Lafontaine, Joshua A. Riback, R¨ umeyza Bascetin, and Clifford P. Brangwynne. The nucleolus as a multiphase liquid condensate.Nature Reviews Molecular 11 Cell Biology, 22(3):165–182, September 2020

    work page 2020

  16. [16]

    Harmon, Diana M

    Tyler S. Harmon, Diana M. Mitrea, Richard Kriwacki, and Frank Julicher. Converting stochastic assembly into an assembly line: Non-equilibrium droplet dy- namics assist ribosome formation.Biophysical Journal, 118(3):370a, February 2020

    work page 2020

  17. [17]

    Lydia Hodgins, Baljyot Singh Parmar, Rodrigo Reyes- Lamothe, and Stephanie C. Weber. Size matters: A biophysical perspective on biomolecular condensates in bacteria.Annual Review of Biophysics, December 2025

    work page 2025

  18. [18]

    Lioy, Axel Cournac, Martial Marbouty, St´ ephane Duigou, Julien Mozziconacci, Olivier Esp´ eli, Fr´ ed´ eric Boccard, and Romain Koszul

    Virginia S. Lioy, Axel Cournac, Martial Marbouty, St´ ephane Duigou, Julien Mozziconacci, Olivier Esp´ eli, Fr´ ed´ eric Boccard, and Romain Koszul. Multiscale struc- turing of the E. coli chromosome by nucleoid-associated and condensin proteins.Cell, 172(4):771–783.e18, Febru- ary 2018

    work page 2018

  19. [19]

    Cass, Nathan J

    Julie A. Cass, Nathan J. Kuwada, Beth Traxler, and Paul A. Wiggins. Escherichia coli chromosomal loci seg- regate from midcell with universal dynamics.Biophysical Journal, 110(12):2597–2609, 2016

    work page 2016

  20. [20]

    P. H. Viollier, M. Thanbichler, P. T. McGrath, L. West, M. Meewan, H. H. McAdams, and L. Shapiro. Rapid and sequential movement of individual chromosomal loci to specific subcellular locations during bacterial DNA repli- cation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(25):9257–9262, June 2004

    work page 2004

  21. [21]

    Mangiameli, Julie A

    Sarah M. Mangiameli, Julie A. Cass, Houra Merrikh, and Paul A. Wiggins. The bacterial replisome has factory-like localization.Current Genetics, 64(5):1029–1036, April 2018

    work page 2018

  22. [22]

    Youngren, H

    B. Youngren, H. J. Nielsen, S. Jun, and S. Austin. The multifork Escherichia coli chromosome is a self- duplicating and self-segregating thermodynamic ring polymer.Genes & Development, 28(1):71–84, January 2014

    work page 2014

  23. [23]

    Bratton, Patricia Sanchez- Vazquez, Alexander Sliwicki, Kristine Sliwicki, Andrew Vegel, Rachel Pannu, and Richard L

    Tamas Gaal, Benjamin P. Bratton, Patricia Sanchez- Vazquez, Alexander Sliwicki, Kristine Sliwicki, Andrew Vegel, Rachel Pannu, and Richard L. Gourse. Colocal- ization of distant chromosomal loci in space in E. coli: a bacterial nucleolus.Genes & Development, 30(20):2272– 2285, October 2016

    work page 2016

  24. [24]

    RNA polymerase redistribution supports growth in E

    Jun Fan, Hafez El Sayyed, Oliver J Pambos, Mathew Stracy, Jingwen Kyropoulos, and Achillefs N Kapanidis. RNA polymerase redistribution supports growth in E. coli strains with a minimal number of rRNA operons. Nucleic Acids Research, 51(15):8085–8101, 06 2023

    work page 2023

  25. [25]

    Bohrer, Kelsey Bettridge, Arvin Cesar Lagda, Cedric Cagliero, Ding Jun Jin, and Jie Xiao

    Xiaoli Weng, Christopher H. Bohrer, Kelsey Bettridge, Arvin Cesar Lagda, Cedric Cagliero, Ding Jun Jin, and Jie Xiao. Spatial organization of RNA polymerase and its relationship with transcription in Escherichia coli.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(40):20115–20123, September 2019

    work page 2019

  26. [26]

    Hans Bremer and Patrick P. Dennis. Modulation of chem- ical composition and other parameters of the cell at differ- ent exponential growth rates.EcoSal Plus, 3(1), January 2008

    work page 2008

  27. [27]

    Polymer-assisted condensation: A mechanism for hetero- chromatin formation and epigenetic memory.Macro- molecules, 55(11):4841–4851, May 2022

    Jens-Uwe Sommer, Holger Merlitz, and Helmut Schiessel. Polymer-assisted condensation: A mechanism for hetero- chromatin formation and epigenetic memory.Macro- molecules, 55(11):4841–4851, May 2022

    work page 2022

  28. [28]

    Landau and Kurt Binder.A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulations in Statistical Physics

    David P. Landau and Kurt Binder.A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulations in Statistical Physics. Cambridge Uni- versity Press, November 2014

    work page 2014

  29. [29]

    Hardy, Javier Arsuaga, and Nicholas R

    Lisa Postow, Christine D. Hardy, Javier Arsuaga, and Nicholas R. Cozzarelli. Topological domain structure of the Escherichia coli chromosome.Genes & Development, 18(14):1766–1779, July 2004

    work page 2004

  30. [30]

    Garcia, and Nigel Orme.Physical Biology of the Cell

    Rob Phillips, Jane Kondev, Julie Theriot, Hernan G. Garcia, and Nigel Orme.Physical Biology of the Cell. Garland Science, October 2012

    work page 2012

  31. [31]

    Polymers under confinement: single polymers, how they interact, and as model chromosomes.Soft Matter, 11(12):2333–2352, 2015

    Bae-Yeun Ha and Youngkyun Jung. Polymers under confinement: single polymers, how they interact, and as model chromosomes.Soft Matter, 11(12):2333–2352, 2015

    work page 2015

  32. [32]

    Sandler, Conrad L

    James Pelletier, Ken Halvorsen, Bae-Yeun Ha, Raffaella Paparcone, Steven J. Sandler, Conrad L. Woldringh, Wesley P. Wong, and Suckjoon Jun. Physical manipu- lation of the Escherichia coli chromosome reveals its soft nature.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40), September 2012

    work page 2012

  33. [33]

    A ring-polymer model shows how macromolecular crowd- ing controls chromosome-arm organization in Escherichia coli.Scientific Reports, 7(1), September 2017

    Chanil Jeon, Youngkyun Jung, and Bae-Yeun Ha. A ring-polymer model shows how macromolecular crowd- ing controls chromosome-arm organization in Escherichia coli.Scientific Reports, 7(1), September 2017

    work page 2017

  34. [34]

    Changes in cell diameter during the division cycle of Escherichia coli.Journal of Bacteriology, 142(3):869–878, 1980

    F J Trueba and C L Woldringh. Changes in cell diameter during the division cycle of Escherichia coli.Journal of Bacteriology, 142(3):869–878, 1980

    work page 1980

  35. [35]

    Weisshaar

    Somenath Bakshi, Albert Siryaporn, Mark Goulian, and James C. Weisshaar. Superresolution imaging of ribo- somes and RNA polymerase in live Escherichia coli cells. Molecular Microbiology, 85(1):21–38, May 2012

    work page 2012

  36. [36]

    Binder and W

    K. Binder and W. Paul. Monte carlo simulations of poly- mer dynamics: Recent advances.Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 35(1):1–31, 1997

    work page 1997

  37. [37]

    Resi- dence time analysis of RNA polymerase transcription dy- namics: A bayesian sticky hmm approach.Biophysical Journal, 120(9):1665–1679, May 2021

    Zeliha Kilic, Ioannis Sgouralis, and Steve Press´ e. Resi- dence time analysis of RNA polymerase transcription dy- namics: A bayesian sticky hmm approach.Biophysical Journal, 120(9):1665–1679, May 2021

    work page 2021

  38. [38]

    van Berkum, Louise Williams, Maxim Imakaev, Tobias Ragoczy, Agnes Telling, Ido Amit, Bryan R

    Erez Lieberman-Aiden, Nynke L. van Berkum, Louise Williams, Maxim Imakaev, Tobias Ragoczy, Agnes Telling, Ido Amit, Bryan R. Lajoie, Peter J. Sabo, Michael O. Dorschner, Richard Sandstrom, Bradley Bernstein, M. A. Bender, Mark Groudine, Andreas Gnirke, John Stamatoyannopoulos, Leonid A. Mirny, Eric S. Lander, and Job Dekker. Comprehensive map- ping of lon...

    work page 2009