pith. sign in

arxiv: 2604.07410 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-08 · ✦ hep-ph

Finite Volume Effects on Transverse Momentum Spectra at LHC and RHIC Using a Blast-Wave Model with Planck Transformed Temperatures

A.S. Parvan , A.A. Aparin , E.V. Nedorezov This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 18:41 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph
keywords finite volume effectsblast-wave modeltransverse momentum spectraheavy-ion collisionsPlanck transformationfreeze-out parametersRHICLHC
0
0 comments X

The pith

A finite-volume blast-wave model with Planck-transformed temperatures extracts physically consistent freeze-out parameters from heavy-ion data, unlike infinite-volume versions.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines how treating the particle source as a finite cylinder rather than an infinite volume affects the temperatures and volumes extracted from pion momentum spectra in central heavy-ion collisions. It introduces a cylindrically symmetric Boltzmann-Gibbs blast-wave model that applies Planck transformations to shift local rest-frame temperature and chemical potential into laboratory-frame values while keeping full Lorentz covariance. When fitted to data from HADES, STAR, PHENIX, and ALICE across energies from 2.4 GeV to 5.44 TeV, this finite-volume version returns temperatures that obey relativistic thermodynamics and cylinder volumes several times larger than the initial nuclear overlap region. The standard infinite-volume blast-wave model instead forces infinite volume, infinite longitudinal extent, and light-speed longitudinal flow at every energy.

Core claim

The finite volume model with Planck transformed laboratory frame parameters yields temperature values fully consistent with relativistic thermodynamics (except for a small anomaly at sqrt(s_NN) = 193 and 200 GeV) and produces realistic fire cylinder volumes several times larger than the initial nuclear overlap volume, while the conventional infinite volume model yields unphysical results: infinite volume, infinite maximum half-length, and maximum longitudinal flow velocity equal to the speed of light at all energies.

What carries the argument

Cylindrically symmetric finite-volume Boltzmann-Gibbs blast-wave model that applies Planck transformations to convert local rest-frame thermodynamic variables into laboratory-frame values.

If this is right

  • Finite system size must be incorporated explicitly to avoid unphysical thermodynamic parameters when fitting transverse momentum spectra.
  • Thermodynamic variables require the correct Lorentz (Planck) transformation to maintain covariance between frames.
  • Reliable freeze-out temperatures and volumes can be extracted across the full RHIC-to-LHC energy range only with the finite-volume treatment.
  • Conventional infinite-volume blast-wave analyses are likely to return unreliable parameters for any collision system.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same finite-volume and transformation corrections may be needed in other hydrodynamic or thermal models used to interpret heavy-ion data.
  • The elongation of the fitted cylinder relative to the initial overlap suggests that longitudinal expansion continues until kinetic freeze-out.
  • Re-analysis of older RHIC and LHC data sets with this model could revise previously published freeze-out temperature trends.

Load-bearing premise

The claim that fire-cylinder volumes several times larger than the initial nuclear overlap volume demonstrate physical realism rather than arising from the model's functional form or the specific data sets used.

What would settle it

An independent measurement of the emitting source size at kinetic freeze-out, for example via femtoscopic correlations or photon emission rates, that is systematically smaller than the fitted cylinder volumes would contradict the model's interpretation of those volumes as realistic.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.07410 by A.A. Aparin, A.S. Parvan, E.V. Nedorezov.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: (Color online) Transverse momentum distribution [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: (Color online) Comparison of Maxwell-Boltzmann [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: (Color online) Transverse momentum spectra of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: (Color online) Transverse momentum spectra of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: (Color online) Transverse momentum spectra of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: (Color online) Energy dependence of the freeze-out parameters — temperature [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: (Color online) Distribution of the rest frame tem [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: (Color online) Energy dependence of maximum lon [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_8.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We investigate finite volume effects on the transverse momentum spectra of charged pions produced in the most central heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies. A cylindrically symmetric finite volume Boltzmann-Gibbs blast-wave model is employed that fully incorporates the finite longitudinal extent of the fire cylinder at kinetic freeze-out. The model applies Planck transformations to convert the local rest frame temperature and chemical potential of each fluid element into laboratory frame values, ensuring full Lorentz covariance. This approach is compared with the conventional infinite volume blast-wave model, in which the thermodynamic parameters remain defined in the local rest frame while the particle momenta are expressed in the laboratory frame. Both models are fitted to the experimental transverse momentum distributions of charged pions measured by the HADES, STAR, PHENIX, and ALICE collaborations over the center-of-mass energy range $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.4$ GeV to $5.44$ TeV. The finite volume model with Planck transformed laboratory frame parameters yields temperature values fully consistent with relativistic thermodynamics (except for a small anomaly at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 193$ and $200$ GeV) and produces realistic fire cylinder volumes several times larger than the initial nuclear overlap volume. In contrast, the conventional infinite volume model yields unphysical results: infinite volume, infinite maximum half-length, and maximum longitudinal flow velocity equal to the speed of light at all energies. These findings demonstrate that a proper treatment of finite system size, together with the correct Lorentz (Planck form) transformation of the thermodynamic variables, is essential for the reliable extraction of freeze-out parameters in heavy-ion collisions.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper develops a cylindrically symmetric finite-volume Boltzmann-Gibbs blast-wave model that incorporates the finite longitudinal extent of the fire cylinder and applies Planck transformations to convert local-rest-frame temperature and chemical potential into laboratory-frame values. This model is fitted to charged-pion pT spectra from HADES, STAR, PHENIX, and ALICE across √sNN = 2.4 GeV to 5.44 TeV and compared with the conventional infinite-volume blast-wave model; the authors conclude that only the finite-volume + Planck approach yields thermodynamically consistent temperatures (except at two energies) and realistic volumes, while the infinite-volume model produces unphysical infinities in volume, half-length, and longitudinal flow velocity.

Significance. If the central claim holds after addressing the parameter-interpretation issue, the work would demonstrate that finite-size effects and Lorentz-covariant thermodynamic transformations are required for reliable freeze-out parameter extraction in heavy-ion collisions, potentially affecting how blast-wave models are applied to RHIC and LHC data.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract and results: the assertion that the fitted fire-cylinder volumes are 'realistic' because they are 'several times larger than the initial nuclear overlap volume' is load-bearing for the claim that the finite-volume model is physically superior. Because the volume (and maximum half-length) are free fit parameters adjusted to the absolute normalization and low-pT shape of the pion spectra, this comparison is circular without an independent constraint such as comparison to measured HBT radii or total multiplicity; the manuscript does not provide such a cross-check.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract and § (results): the conventional infinite-volume model is reported to prefer infinite volume, infinite half-length, and longitudinal flow velocity = c at all energies. It is not shown whether this divergence is an artifact of allowing the same unconstrained volume parameter to float without a finite-size cutoff or whether the finite-volume model avoids analogous pathologies through its functional form alone; this weakens the comparative conclusion that the Planck transformation plus finite volume is 'essential'.
minor comments (2)
  1. All fit parameters (T, μ, flow-velocity profile coefficients, volume, half-length) together with their uncertainties and χ²/dof values should be collected in a single table for each energy and model to allow direct reproducibility.
  2. The two energies (√sNN = 193 and 200 GeV) where the finite-volume temperatures deviate from relativistic thermodynamics expectations should be discussed in more detail, including whether the anomaly persists under variations of the flow-velocity profile or data-selection cuts.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful and constructive review. We address the two major comments below and outline the revisions we will make to strengthen the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract and results: the assertion that the fitted fire-cylinder volumes are 'realistic' because they are 'several times larger than the initial nuclear overlap volume' is load-bearing for the claim that the finite-volume model is physically superior. Because the volume (and maximum half-length) are free fit parameters adjusted to the absolute normalization and low-pT shape of the pion spectra, this comparison is circular without an independent constraint such as comparison to measured HBT radii or total multiplicity; the manuscript does not provide such a cross-check.

    Authors: We agree that the volume and half-length are fit parameters constrained by the spectra normalization, so the comparison to the initial nuclear overlap volume is a consistency check rather than fully independent validation. The manuscript does not include direct comparisons to HBT radii or total multiplicities across the full energy range. We will revise the abstract and discussion sections to qualify the description of the volumes as 'realistic,' explicitly note this limitation, and emphasize that the primary strength of the finite-volume model is the extraction of thermodynamically consistent temperatures and finite parameters rather than the volume magnitude alone. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract and § (results): the conventional infinite-volume model is reported to prefer infinite volume, infinite half-length, and longitudinal flow velocity = c at all energies. It is not shown whether this divergence is an artifact of allowing the same unconstrained volume parameter to float without a finite-size cutoff or whether the finite-volume model avoids analogous pathologies through its functional form alone; this weakens the comparative conclusion that the Planck transformation plus finite volume is 'essential'.

    Authors: The infinite-volume model allows volume, half-length, and longitudinal velocity to vary without upper bounds, and the fit drives them to these unphysical limits to accommodate the low-pT yield. The finite-volume formulation integrates over a bounded cylinder, which inherently prevents such divergences while enforcing the Planck transformations. This is a direct consequence of the model's geometry rather than an arbitrary cutoff. We will add clarifying text in the results section and abstract to explain this distinction and demonstrate that the finite-volume approach with Planck transformations yields stable, physical parameters where the unconstrained infinite-volume model does not. revision: partial

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged

Fitted fire-cylinder volumes interpreted as evidence of physical realism

specific steps
  1. fitted input called prediction [Abstract]
    "produces realistic fire cylinder volumes several times larger than the initial nuclear overlap volume. In contrast, the conventional infinite volume model yields unphysical results: infinite volume, infinite maximum half-length, and maximum longitudinal flow velocity equal to the speed of light at all energies."

    The fire-cylinder volume is a free parameter fitted to the absolute normalization of the pion pT spectra. Declaring the fitted value 'realistic' because it exceeds the initial nuclear overlap volume, while the unconstrained infinite-volume model diverges to infinity, uses the same fit outputs as evidence of physical consistency. No independent observable (e.g., HBT radii or total multiplicity) is invoked to break the dependence on the fitting procedure itself.

full rationale

The paper fits both the finite-volume Planck model and the conventional infinite-volume blast-wave model to the same experimental pT spectra. It then presents the resulting finite volumes (several times the initial overlap) as realistic and the infinite-volume outcomes as unphysical, using these fit results to conclude that the finite-volume treatment is essential. Because the volume parameter is unconstrained and directly adjusted to match the absolute normalization and low-pT shape of the data, the comparison to initial overlap volume and the divergence to infinity are internal consequences of the fitting procedure rather than independent validation. This produces partial circularity in the central claim without external cross-checks such as HBT radii.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

4 free parameters · 3 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the validity of the Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics in a finite cylinder, the correctness of the Planck transformation for thermodynamic variables, and the interpretation that fitted volumes larger than the initial nuclear overlap are physically meaningful. These are not derived from first principles within the paper.

free parameters (4)
  • freeze-out temperature T
    Fitted to experimental pion pT spectra in both models.
  • chemical potential mu
    Fitted to experimental pion pT spectra in both models.
  • longitudinal flow velocity profile parameters
    Fitted parameters controlling the expansion in the finite-volume model.
  • fire-cylinder volume and maximum half-length
    Explicit free parameters in the finite-volume model; the infinite-volume model allows them to diverge.
axioms (3)
  • domain assumption The collision system at kinetic freeze-out can be modeled as a cylindrically symmetric expanding cylinder with finite longitudinal extent.
    Invoked to incorporate finite volume effects and replace the infinite-volume assumption.
  • domain assumption Planck transformations provide the correct Lorentz-covariant mapping of local rest-frame temperature and chemical potential to the laboratory frame.
    Used to ensure full Lorentz covariance in the finite-volume model.
  • domain assumption Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics apply to the particle distributions in the finite-volume fire cylinder.
    Underlying the blast-wave model for pion spectra.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5612 in / 1965 out tokens · 65829 ms · 2026-05-10T18:41:02.139410+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

44 extracted references · 44 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    This is impossible in the conventional blast-wave model, where the fireball volume is infinite by definition

    It allows the fireball volume to be calculated consis- tently within the model, without any additional assump- tions. This is impossible in the conventional blast-wave model, where the fireball volume is infinite by definition

    work page

  2. [2]

    The local temperature and chemical potential in the rest frame of each fluid element are then obtained as spatially varying fields using the Planck transforma- tions

    The temperature and chemical potential can be speci- fied directly in the laboratory frame (in which the fireball is at rest). The local temperature and chemical potential in the rest frame of each fluid element are then obtained as spatially varying fields using the Planck transforma- tions

    work page

  3. [3]

    Conversely, the temperature and chemical potential can be specified in the local rest frame of each fluid ele- ment, after which the corresponding quantities in the lab- oratory frame are obtained as spatially dependent fields via the Planck transformations. We compared the cylindrically symmetric finite vol- ume Boltzmann–Gibbs blast-wave model – using P...

    work page 2023

  4. [4]

    Siemens, and J.O

    P.J. Siemens, and J.O. Rasmussen, Evidence for a blast wave from compress nuclear matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 14 (1979) 880-883. 13

    work page 1979

  5. [5]

    Schnedermann, J

    E. Schnedermann, J. Sollfrank and U. Heinz, Thermal phenomenology of hadrons from 200-A/GeV S+S colli- sions, Phys. Rev. C 48, 5 (1993) 2462–2475

    work page 1993

  6. [6]

    Reti` ere and M

    F. Reti` ere and M. A. Lisa, Observable implications of geometrical and dynamical aspects of freeze out in heavy ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 70, 4 (2004) 044907

    work page 2004

  7. [7]

    Z. Tang, Y. Xu, L. Ruan, G. van Buren, F. Wang, and Z. Xu, Spectra and radial flow at RHIC with Tsallis statistics in a Blast-Wave description, Phys. Rev. C 79, 5 (2009) 051901(R)

    work page 2009

  8. [8]

    Florkowski, Phenomenology of Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions, World Scientific, 2010

    W. Florkowski, Phenomenology of Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions, World Scientific, 2010

    work page 2010

  9. [9]

    Abelev et al

    B.I. Abelev et al. (STAR Collaboration), Systematic Measurements of Identified Particle Spectra in pp, d+Au and Au+Au Collisions from STAR, Phys. Rev. C 79 (2009) 034909

    work page 2009

  10. [10]

    Acharya et al

    S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Production of charged pions, kaons, and (anti-)protons in Pb-Pb and inelastic pp collisions at √sN N = 5.02 TeV, Phys. Rev. C 101 (2020) 044907

    work page 2020

  11. [11]

    Adams et al

    J. Adams et al. (STAR Collaboration), Identified particle distributions in pp and Au+Au collisions at √sN N = 200 GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 11 (2004) 112301

    work page 2004

  12. [12]

    Adam et al

    J. Adam et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Centrality de- pendence of the pseudorapidity density distribution for charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at √sN N = 5.02 TeV, Phys. Lett. B 772 (2017) 567–577

    work page 2017

  13. [13]

    Adam et al

    J. Adam et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Centrality depen- dence of the nuclear modification factor of charged pions, kaons, and protons in Pb-Pb collisions at √sN N = 2.76 TeV, Phys. Rev. C 93, 3 (2016) 034913

    work page 2016

  14. [14]

    Tariq, M.U

    J. Tariq, M.U. Ashraf, G. Nigmatkulov, Estimation of kinetic temperature and radial flow velocity using iden- tified hadrons and light (anti-)nuclei produced in rela- tivistic heavy-ion collisions at energies available at BNL RHIC and CERN LHC, Phys. Rev. C 110 (2024) 014903

    work page 2024

  15. [15]

    Melo and B

    I. Melo and B. Tom´ aˇ sik, Kinetic freeze-out in central heavy-ion collisions between 7.7 and 2760 GeV per nu- cleon pair, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 47 (2020) 045107

    work page 2020

  16. [16]

    D.-F. Wang, S. Zhang, and Y.-G. Ma, Nuclear system size scan for freeze-out properties in relativistic heavy-ion collisions by using a multiphase transport model, Phys. Rev. C 101, 034906 (2020)

    work page 2020

  17. [17]

    Song, F.-L

    J. Song, F.-L. Shao, and Z.-T. Liang, Quark number scal- ing ofp T spectra for Ω andϕin relativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 102, 014911 (2020)

    work page 2020

  18. [18]

    Sun and L.-W

    K.-J. Sun and L.-W. Chen, Analytical coalescence for- mula for particle production in relativistic heavy-ion col- lisions, Phys. Rev. C 95, 044905 (2017)

    work page 2017

  19. [19]

    Ray and A

    R.L. Ray and A. Jentsch, Phenomenological models of two-particle correlation distributions on transverse mo- mentum in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 99, 024911 (2019)

    work page 2019

  20. [20]

    Liu, C.M

    D.-N. Liu, C.M. Ko, Y.-G. Ma, F. Mazzaschi, M. Puccio, Q.-Y. Shou, K.-J. Sun, Y.-Z. Wang, Softening of the hy- pertriton transverse momentum spectrum in heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Lett. B 855, 138855 (2024)

    work page 2024

  21. [21]

    S. Saha, R. Singh, and B. Mohanty,p T -differential radial flow in a blast-wave model, Phys. Rev. C 112, 024902 (2025)

    work page 2025

  22. [22]

    Ortiz, G

    A. Ortiz, G. Benc´ edi, and H. Bello, Revealing the source of the radial flow patterns in proton–proton collisions us- ing hard probes, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 44, 065001 (2017)

    work page 2017

  23. [23]

    Tom´ aˇ sik, Blast-wave snapshots from RHIC, arXiv: nucl-th/0304079

    B. Tom´ aˇ sik, Blast-wave snapshots from RHIC, arXiv: nucl-th/0304079

    work page arXiv

  24. [24]

    Cleymans, G.I

    J. Cleymans, G.I. Lykasov, A.S. Parvan, A.S. Sorin, O.V. Teryaev, D. Worku, Systematic properties of the Tsallis distribution: Energy dependence of parameters in high energy p-p collisions, Phys. Lett. B 723, 351 (2013)

    work page 2013

  25. [25]

    Parvan, O.V

    A.S. Parvan, O.V. Teryaev, and J. Cleymans, System- atic comparison of Tsallis statistics for charged pions pro- duced in pp collisions, Eur. Phys. J. A 53 (2017) 102

    work page 2017

  26. [26]

    M.D. Azmi, T. Bhattacharyya, J. Cleymans, M.W. Paradza, Energy density at kinetic freeze- out in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC using the Tsallis distribution, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 47, 045001 (2020)

    work page 2020

  27. [27]

    Bazavov et al., Equation of state in (2+1)-flavor QCD, Phys

    A. Bazavov et al., Equation of state in (2+1)-flavor QCD, Phys. Rev. D 90, 094503 (2014)

    work page 2014

  28. [28]

    Bors´ anyi et al., Full result for the QCD equation of state with 2+1 flavors, Phys

    S. Bors´ anyi et al., Full result for the QCD equation of state with 2+1 flavors, Phys. Lett. B 730, 99 (2014)

    work page 2014

  29. [29]

    Braun-Munzinger and J

    P. Braun-Munzinger and J. Wambach, The phase dia- gram of strongly interacting matter, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1031 (2009)

    work page 2009

  30. [30]

    Cleymans, K

    J. Cleymans, K. Redlich, Chemical and thermal freeze- out parameters from 1A to 200A GeV, Phys. Rev. C 60, 054908 (1999)

    work page 1999

  31. [31]

    Toneev, A.S

    V.D. Toneev, A.S. Parvan, Canonical strangeness and distillation effects in hadron production, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 31, 583 (2005)

    work page 2005

  32. [32]

    Parvan, Study on relativistic transformations for thermodynamic quantities: Boltzmann–Gibbs and Tsal- lis blast-wave models, Eur

    A.S. Parvan, Study on relativistic transformations for thermodynamic quantities: Boltzmann–Gibbs and Tsal- lis blast-wave models, Eur. Phys. J. A 61, 11 (2025) 261

    work page 2025

  33. [33]

    Rode, P.P

    S.P. Rode, P.P. Bhaduri, A. Jaiswal, and A. Roy, Hierar- chy of kinetic freeze-out parameters in low-energy heavy- ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 102, 054912 (2020)

    work page 2020

  34. [34]

    Y. Nara, A. Jinno, K. Murase, and A. Ohnishi, Directed flow of Λ in high-energy heavy-ion collisions and Λ po- tential in dense nuclear matter, Phys. Rev. C 106, 044902 (2022)

    work page 2022

  35. [35]

    Choi and K.S

    S. Choi and K.S. Lee, Blast-wave model with two freeze- out temperatures for hadrons produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 84, 064905 (2011)

    work page 2011

  36. [36]

    Rischke, and M

    D.H. Rischke, and M. Gyulassy, The time delay signature of quark - gluon plasma formation in relativistic nuclear collisions, Nucl. Phys. A 608 (1996) 479-512

    work page 1996

  37. [37]

    ter Haar, H

    D. ter Haar, H. Wergeland, Thermodynamics and statis- tical mechanics in the special theory of relativity, Phys. Rep. 1C (1971) 31

    work page 1971

  38. [38]

    Adamczyk et al

    L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR Collaboration), Bulk Proper- ties of the Medium Produced in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions from the Beam Energy Scan Program, Phys. Rev. C 96 (2017) 044904

    work page 2017

  39. [39]

    Abdallah et al

    M.S. Abdallah et al. (STAR Collaboration), Pion, kaon, and (anti)proton production in U+U collisions at√sN N = 193 GeV measured with the STAR detector, Phys. Rev. C 107 (2023) 024901

    work page 2023

  40. [40]

    Adler et al

    S.S. Adler et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Identified charged particle spectra and yields in Au+Au collisions at √sN N = 200 GeV, Phys. Rev. C 69 (2004) 034909

    work page 2004

  41. [41]

    Abelev et al

    B. Abelev et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Centrality de- pendence ofπ,K,pproduction in Pb-Pb collisions at√sN N = 2.76 TeV, Phys. Rev. C 88 (2013) 044910

    work page 2013

  42. [42]

    Abelev et al

    B. Abelev et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Production of charged pions, kaons and protons at large transverse mo- menta in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at √sN N = 2.76 TeV, Phys. Lett. B 736 (2014) 196

    work page 2014

  43. [43]

    Acharya et al

    S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Production of pions, kaons, (anti-)protons andϕmesons in Xe–Xe col- 14 lisions at √sN N = 5.44 TeV, Eur. Phys. J. C 81 (2021) 584

    work page 2021

  44. [44]

    Adamczewski-Musch et al

    J. Adamczewski-Musch et al. (HADES Collabora- tion), Charged-pion production in Au+Au collisions at√sN N = 2.4 GeV, Eur. Phys. J. A 56 (2020) 259

    work page 2020