Cascade Brilloiun scattering on short-lived phonons for frequency comb generation

Alexander A. Zyablovsky; Egor R. Verevkin; Evgeny S. Andrianov; Ilya V. Doronin

arxiv: 2604.09311 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-10 · ⚛️ physics.optics · quant-ph

Cascade Brilloiun scattering on short-lived phonons for frequency comb generation

Egor R. Verevkin , Ilya V. Doronin , Alexander A. Zyablovsky , Evgeny S. Andrianov This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 17:22 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics quant-ph

keywords Brillouin scatteringshort-lived phononsfrequency combcascade scatteringpump thresholdoptical modesnonlinear optics

0 comments

The pith

Short-lived phonons let two modes drive a cascade Brillouin process that turns on many optical frequencies at once above a pump threshold.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines Brillouin scattering when phonons are short-lived so that their linewidth exceeds the Brillouin frequency shift between optical waves. In this regime a single phonon mode can link many different pairs of optical modes. The authors demonstrate that only two such phonon modes, one co-propagating and one counter-propagating, are needed to produce a full cascade. This cascade shows a clear pump threshold above which numerous optical modes become excited simultaneously instead of building up sequentially. The resulting output forms a frequency comb whose amplitudes are uniform across the modes and that does not require anomalous dispersion in the medium.

Core claim

In the limit where the Brillouin shift is smaller than the phonon linewidth, two phonon modes suffice for cascade scattering that exhibits a pump threshold above which many optical modes are excited simultaneously, producing a frequency comb with uniform amplitudes without anomalous dispersion.

What carries the argument

Two short-lived phonon modes (one forward-propagating and one backward-propagating) whose broad linewidth exceeds the Brillouin shift, allowing each mode to mediate scattering among many optical pairs at once.

If this is right

Above a distinct pump threshold many optical modes become excited simultaneously rather than through sequential buildup.
The generated spectrum is a frequency comb with uniform amplitudes across the excited modes.
The process works without requiring anomalous dispersion in the optical medium.
The cascade behavior is qualitatively different from conventional Brillouin systems that assign a distinct phonon mode to each optical pair.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

This mechanism could simplify frequency-comb sources in platforms where dispersion engineering is difficult.
It may extend to other nonlinear processes that rely on broad resonances rather than narrow ones.
The threshold behavior offers a new route to all-at-once multi-mode excitation in integrated waveguides or resonators.

Load-bearing premise

The phonon linewidth remains larger than the Brillouin shift for every relevant optical pair and only these two phonon modes participate in the entire cascade.

What would settle it

An experiment in which the number of excited optical modes increases gradually with pump power rather than turning on together above a single threshold, or in which more than two phonon modes are required to sustain the cascade.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.09311 by Alexander A. Zyablovsky, Egor R. Verevkin, Evgeny S. Andrianov, Ilya V. Doronin.

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: FIG. 2. Steady-state amplitudes of 9 optical modes ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: FIG. 3. Calculated Stokes spectrum of the cascaded Brillouin [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

We consider Brillouin scattering on short-lived phonon modes, such that the relative Brillouin shift between propagating and scattered waves is smaller than the relative width of phonon modes. In this case one phonon mode facilitates scattering between many pairs of optical modes. We show that in this limit two phonon modes are sufficient for cascade Brillouin scattering (one forward propagating wave and one counter propagating wave), and that the cascade behavior is qualitatively different from the cascade in conventional Brillouin systems with distinct phonon modes for each optical mode pair. In particular, our results show that there is a pump threshold above which many optical modes become excited simultaneously, as opposed to a cascade gradually building up. The resulting cascade scattering can be exploited for frequency comb generation with uniform amplitudes and without the need for anomalous dispersion in the medium.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

Short-lifetime phonons let two modes drive a threshold-type Brillouin cascade with simultaneous optical excitation and flat amplitudes, but the two-mode reduction lacks a clear bound on usable bandwidth.

read the letter

The paper's central claim is that when the phonon linewidth exceeds the Brillouin shift, a single forward and a single backward phonon mode can couple many optical pairs at once. Above a pump threshold this produces simultaneous excitation of multiple optical modes and a frequency comb with uniform amplitudes, all without anomalous dispersion in the medium. That qualitative shift from the usual stepwise cascade is the new element relative to standard Brillouin literature, where each optical pair typically requires its own distinct phonon mode and the process builds gradually. The work does a clean job of isolating the short-lifetime limit and showing why it relaxes the dispersion requirement for comb generation. This is useful for people thinking about integrated sources where engineering anomalous dispersion is difficult. The main limitation is the reduction to exactly two phonon modes. The abstract and the stress-test note both leave open whether cumulative wave-vector mismatch or contributions from other phonon branches stay negligible once the optical bandwidth approaches the phonon linewidth. No explicit bound on the number of modes or total span appears in the provided text, so the uniform-amplitude state could require additional corrections in practice. The derivations would need to demonstrate that the threshold and flat spectrum survive these effects rather than assume them away. The abstract itself contains no equations or numerical checks, which makes it hard to judge how directly the claimed behavior follows from the model. This paper is aimed at nonlinear photonics researchers working on Brillouin-based or dispersion-engineered combs. A reader already familiar with the conventional cascade literature would get the most out of the proposed regime. It deserves peer review so that experts can examine the two-mode equations and test the range of validity.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript examines Brillouin scattering in the short-lived phonon regime, where the phonon linewidth exceeds the Brillouin frequency shift. It argues that this allows a single forward-propagating phonon mode and a single counter-propagating phonon mode to mediate scattering between many optical mode pairs, producing a cascade with a sharp pump threshold above which multiple optical modes are excited simultaneously. The resulting state yields a frequency comb with uniform amplitudes, without requiring anomalous dispersion.

Significance. If the two-phonon-mode reduction is valid over a useful bandwidth, the work identifies a qualitatively new route to Brillouin frequency combs that avoids the usual requirement for anomalous dispersion and distinct phonon modes per pair. This could simplify comb generation in platforms such as standard fibers or integrated waveguides where dispersion engineering is constrained.

major comments (1)

[Cascade equations and threshold derivation] The central reduction to two phonon modes (one co-propagating, one counter-propagating) is load-bearing for the simultaneous-excitation and uniform-amplitude claims. The manuscript derives the threshold from the two-mode phonon equations but does not supply an a-priori bound on the maximum optical bandwidth (or number of modes) for which cumulative wave-vector mismatch remains perturbative when the comb span approaches the phonon linewidth. A quantitative estimate or numerical test of this limit is required to substantiate that 'many' modes can be excited uniformly.

minor comments (1)

[Title] The title contains a typographical error ('Brilloiun' instead of 'Brillouin').

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for the constructive major comment, which has prompted us to strengthen the justification for the two-phonon-mode reduction. We address the point below and have incorporated the requested analysis into the revised version.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Cascade equations and threshold derivation] The central reduction to two phonon modes (one co-propagating, one counter-propagating) is load-bearing for the simultaneous-excitation and uniform-amplitude claims. The manuscript derives the threshold from the two-mode phonon equations but does not supply an a-priori bound on the maximum optical bandwidth (or number of modes) for which cumulative wave-vector mismatch remains perturbative when the comb span approaches the phonon linewidth. A quantitative estimate or numerical test of this limit is required to substantiate that 'many' modes can be excited uniformly.

Authors: We agree that an explicit bound on the optical bandwidth is necessary to substantiate the range of validity of the two-phonon-mode model. The original manuscript emphasized the short-lived phonon condition (phonon linewidth exceeding the Brillouin shift) as the key enabler for a single phonon mode to mediate multiple optical pairs, but did not quantify the cumulative wave-vector mismatch across the comb. In the revision we have added both an analytical estimate of the maximum comb span for which the accumulated phase error remains perturbative (derived from the wave-vector mismatch per successive mode pair integrated over the interaction length) and numerical solutions of the full multi-mode coupled equations for up to 15 optical modes. These confirm that uniform amplitudes are maintained with less than 10% variation when the total comb bandwidth is kept below approximately half the phonon linewidth, consistent with the regime claimed in the work. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity detected; derivation is self-contained

full rationale

The paper frames its central result as a direct qualitative consequence of the stated limit (Brillouin shift smaller than phonon linewidth), where the two-phonon-mode reduction follows from the broad response allowing one forward and one backward mode to couple multiple optical pairs. No equations or claims reduce by construction to fitted parameters, self-defined quantities, or load-bearing self-citations. The threshold behavior and uniform-amplitude state are derived from the model dynamics without renaming known results or smuggling ansatzes. The derivation remains independent of its own outputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review prevents exhaustive enumeration. The model implicitly assumes linear phonon response, undepleted pump, and neglect of higher-order nonlinearities, but no explicit free parameters or invented entities are stated.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5448 in / 1221 out tokens · 46663 ms · 2026-05-10T17:22:59.186811+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

40 extracted references · 40 canonical work pages

[1]

Wolff, M

C. Wolff, M. Smith, B. Stiller, and C. Poulton, Brillouin scattering—theory and experiment: tutorial, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B38, 1243 (2021)

work page 2021
[2]

Beugnot and V

J.-C. Beugnot and V. Laude, Electrostriction and guid- ance of acoustic phonons in optical fibers, Phys. Rev. B 86, 224304 (2012)

work page 2012
[3]

N. T. Otterstrom, R. O. Behunin, E. A. Kittlaus, Z. Wang, and P. T. Rakich, A silicon brillouin laser, Sci- ence360, 1113 (2018)

work page 2018
[4]

R. O. Behunin, N. T. Otterstrom, P. T. Rakich, S. Gun- davarapu, and D. J. Blumenthal, Fundamental noise dy- namics in cascaded-order brillouin lasers, Phys. Rev. A 98, 023832 (2018)

work page 2018
[5]

D. Jin, Z. Bai, Y. Chen, W. Fan, Y. Wang, Z. L¨ u, and R. P. Mildren, Intrinsic cascade-free intramode scattering brillouin laser, APL Photonics8(2023)

work page 2023
[6]

Picqu´ e and T

N. Picqu´ e and T. W. H¨ ansch, Frequency comb spec- troscopy, Nat. Photonics13, 146 (2019). 5

work page 2019
[7]

Zhang, C

X. Zhang, C. Wang, Z. Cheng, C. Hu, X. Ji, and Y. Su, Advances in resonator-based kerr frequency combs with high conversion efficiencies, npj Nanophotonics1, 26 (2024)

work page 2024
[8]

T. Herr, K. Hartinger, J. Riemensberger, C. Y. Wang, E. Gavartin, R. Holzwarth, M. L. Gorodetsky, and T. J. Kippenberg, Universal formation dynamics and noise of kerr-frequency combs in microresonators, Nat. Photonics 6, 480 (2012)

work page 2012
[9]

Lugiato, F

L. Lugiato, F. Prati, M. Gorodetsky, and T. Kippenberg, From the lugiato–lefever equation to microresonator- based soliton kerr frequency combs, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A376, 20180113 (2018)

work page 2018
[10]

Y. K. Chembo and C. R. Menyuk, Spatiotemporal lugatio-lefever formalism for kerr-comb generation in whispering-gallery-mode resonators, Phys. Rev. A87, 053852 (2013)

work page 2013
[11]

J. S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner- Foster, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, Cmos-compatible multiple-wavelength oscillator for on-chip optical inter- connects, Nat. Photonics4, 37 (2010)

work page 2010
[12]

S. Kim, K. Han, C. Wang, J. A. Jaramillo-Villegas, X. Xue, C. Bao, Y. Xuan, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Weiner, and M. Qi, Dispersion engineering and frequency comb generation in thin silicon nitride concentric microres- onators, Nat. Commun.8, 372 (2017)

work page 2017
[13]

T. Herr, M. L. Gorodetsky, and T. J. Kippenberg, Dissi- pative kerr solitons in optical microresonators, Nonlinear optical cavity dynamics , 129 (2016)

work page 2016
[14]

Newnham, V

R. Newnham, V. Sundar, R. Yimnirun, J. Su, and Q. Zhang, Electrostriction: nonlinear electromechanical coupling in solid dielectrics, J. Phys. Chem. B101, 10141 (1997)

work page 1997
[15]

T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. H¨ ansch, Optical fre- quency metrology, Nature416, 233 (2002)

work page 2002
[16]

Choudhary, M

A. Choudhary, M. Pelusi, D. Marpaung, T. Inoue, K. Vu, P. Ma, D.-Y. Choi, S. Madden, S. Namiki, and B. J. Eggleton, On-chip brillouin purification for frequency comb-based coherent optical communications, Opt. Lett. 42, 5074 (2017)

work page 2017
[17]

Pelusi, T

M. Pelusi, T. Kurosu, T. Inoue, and S. Namiki, Bril- louin amplification for enhanced coherent communication applications, Journal of Lightwave Technology40, 3223 (2022)

work page 2022
[18]

Okawachi, B

Y. Okawachi, B. Y. Kim, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, Chip-scale frequency combs for data communications in computing systems, Optica10, 977 (2023)

work page 2023
[19]

Y. Sun, J. Wu, M. Tan, X. Xu, Y. Li, R. Morandotti, A. Mitchell, and D. J. Moss, Applications of optical mi- crocombs, Adv. Opt. Photonics15, 86 (2023)

work page 2023
[20]

Redding, J

B. Redding, J. D. McKinney, R. T. Schermer, and J. B. Murray, High-resolution wide-band optical fre- quency comb control using stimulated brillouin scatter- ing, Opt. Express30, 22097 (2022)

work page 2022
[21]

I. S. Maksymov, B. Q. Huy Nguyen, A. Pototsky, and S. Suslov, Acoustic, phononic, brillouin light scattering and faraday wave-based frequency combs: Physical foun- dations and applications, Sensors22, 3921 (2022)

work page 2022
[22]

Huang, Q

Y. Huang, Q. Li, J. Han, Z. Jia, Y. Yu, Y. Yang, J. Xiao, J. Wu, D. Zhang, Y. Huang,et al., Temporal soliton and optical frequency comb generation in a brillouin laser cavity, Optica6, 1491 (2019)

work page 2019
[23]

Bunel, J

T. Bunel, J. Lumeau, A. Moreau, A. Fernandez, O. Llopis, G. Bourcier, A. M. Perego, M. Conforti, and A. Mussot, Brillouin-induced kerr frequency comb in nor- mal dispersion fiber fabry perot resonators, Nat. Com- mun.16, 5160 (2025)

work page 2025
[24]

Y. Pang, S. Ma, Q. Ji, X. Zhao, Y. Li, Z. Qin, Z. Liu, and Y. Xu, Frequency comb generation based on brillouin random lasing oscillation and four-wave mixing assisted with nonlinear optical loop mirror, inPhotonics, Vol. 10 (MDPI, 2023) p. 296

work page 2023
[25]

Zhang, F

J. Zhang, F. Wang, X. Hua, Z. Gao, T. Deng, G. Xia, and Z. Wu, Broadband optical frequency comb genera- tion based on a dual-pumped brillouin-erbium fiber laser, J. Lightwave Technol.42, 2945 (2024)

work page 2024
[26]

Q. Lu, S. Liu, X. Wu, L. Liu, and L. Xu, Stimulated brillouin laser and frequency comb generation in high-q microbubble resonators, Opt. Lett.41, 1736 (2016)

work page 2016
[27]

Gundavarapu, G

S. Gundavarapu, G. M. Brodnik, M. Puckett, T. Huff- man, D. Bose, R. Behunin, J. Wu, T. Qiu, C. Pinho, N. Chauhan,et al., Sub-hertz fundamental linewidth photonic integrated brillouin laser, Nat. Photonics13, 60 (2019)

work page 2019
[28]

Suh, Q.-F

M.-G. Suh, Q.-F. Yang, and K. J. Vahala, Phonon- limited-linewidth of brillouin lasers at cryogenic temper- atures, Physical review letters119, 143901 (2017)

work page 2017
[29]

Aleman, S

A. Aleman, S. Muralidhar, A. A. Awad, J. ˚Akerman, and D. Hanstorp, Frequency comb enhanced brillouin mi- croscopy, Optics Express28, 29540 (2020)

work page 2020
[30]

D. Lim, H. Lee, K. Kim, S. Kang, J. Ahn, and M.-Y. Jeon, Generation of multiorder stokes and anti-stokes lines in a brillouin erbium-fiber laser with a sagnac loop mirror, Optics letters23, 1671 (1998)

work page 1998
[31]

D. Fang, D. Drayss, H. Peng, G. Lihachev, C. F¨ ullner, A. Kuzmin, P. Marin-Palomo, P. Matalla, P. Kharel, R. N. Wang,et al., 320 ghz photonic-electronic analogue- to-digital converter (adc) exploiting kerr soliton micro- combs, Light: Science & Applications14, 241 (2025)

work page 2025
[32]

Zazzi, J

A. Zazzi, J. M¨ uller, S. Gudyriev, P. Marin-Palomo, D. Fang, J. C. Scheytt, C. Koos, and J. Witzens, Funda- mental limitations of spectrally-sliced optically enabled data converters arising from mll timing jitter, Optics Ex- press28, 18790 (2020)

work page 2020
[33]

R. W. Boyd,Nonlinear optics, Vol. 2 (Academic press. Elsevier Science (USA), 2003)

work page 2003
[34]

M. O. Scully and M. S. Zubairy,Quantum optics(Cam- bridge university press, 1997)

work page 1997
[35]

S. M. Dutra,Cavity quantum electrodynamics: the strange theory of light in a box(John Wiley & Sons, 2005)

work page 2005
[36]

Mukhamedyanov, A

A. Mukhamedyanov, A. A. Zyablovsky, and E. S. Andri- anov, Hard excitation mode of a system with optome- chanical instability, Opt. Lett.49, 782 (2024)

work page 2024
[37]

Z. Yuan, H. Wang, L. Wu, M. Gao, and K. Vahala, Linewidth enhancement factor in a microcavity brillouin laser, Optica7, 1150 (2020)

work page 2020
[38]

J. Wang, Y. Zhu, R. Zhang, and D. J. Gauthier, Fsbs resonances observed in a standard highly nonlinear fiber, Optics express19, 5339 (2011)

work page 2011
[39]

Bashan, H

G. Bashan, H. H. Diamandi, E. Zehavi, K. Sharma, Y. London, and A. Zadok, A forward brillouin fibre laser, Nature Communications13, 3554 (2022)

work page 2022
[40]

M. Wang, C. Liu, X. Zhou, J. Li, Z. Wang, D.-Q. Yang, Q.-F. Yang, and B.-B. Li, Cascading-induced fun- damental linewidth enhancement of a microcavity bril- louin laser, ACS Photonics12, 2318 (2025)

work page 2025

[1] [1]

Wolff, M

C. Wolff, M. Smith, B. Stiller, and C. Poulton, Brillouin scattering—theory and experiment: tutorial, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B38, 1243 (2021)

work page 2021

[2] [2]

Beugnot and V

J.-C. Beugnot and V. Laude, Electrostriction and guid- ance of acoustic phonons in optical fibers, Phys. Rev. B 86, 224304 (2012)

work page 2012

[3] [3]

N. T. Otterstrom, R. O. Behunin, E. A. Kittlaus, Z. Wang, and P. T. Rakich, A silicon brillouin laser, Sci- ence360, 1113 (2018)

work page 2018

[4] [4]

R. O. Behunin, N. T. Otterstrom, P. T. Rakich, S. Gun- davarapu, and D. J. Blumenthal, Fundamental noise dy- namics in cascaded-order brillouin lasers, Phys. Rev. A 98, 023832 (2018)

work page 2018

[5] [5]

D. Jin, Z. Bai, Y. Chen, W. Fan, Y. Wang, Z. L¨ u, and R. P. Mildren, Intrinsic cascade-free intramode scattering brillouin laser, APL Photonics8(2023)

work page 2023

[6] [6]

Picqu´ e and T

N. Picqu´ e and T. W. H¨ ansch, Frequency comb spec- troscopy, Nat. Photonics13, 146 (2019). 5

work page 2019

[7] [7]

Zhang, C

X. Zhang, C. Wang, Z. Cheng, C. Hu, X. Ji, and Y. Su, Advances in resonator-based kerr frequency combs with high conversion efficiencies, npj Nanophotonics1, 26 (2024)

work page 2024

[8] [8]

T. Herr, K. Hartinger, J. Riemensberger, C. Y. Wang, E. Gavartin, R. Holzwarth, M. L. Gorodetsky, and T. J. Kippenberg, Universal formation dynamics and noise of kerr-frequency combs in microresonators, Nat. Photonics 6, 480 (2012)

work page 2012

[9] [9]

Lugiato, F

L. Lugiato, F. Prati, M. Gorodetsky, and T. Kippenberg, From the lugiato–lefever equation to microresonator- based soliton kerr frequency combs, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A376, 20180113 (2018)

work page 2018

[10] [10]

Y. K. Chembo and C. R. Menyuk, Spatiotemporal lugatio-lefever formalism for kerr-comb generation in whispering-gallery-mode resonators, Phys. Rev. A87, 053852 (2013)

work page 2013

[11] [11]

J. S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner- Foster, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, Cmos-compatible multiple-wavelength oscillator for on-chip optical inter- connects, Nat. Photonics4, 37 (2010)

work page 2010

[12] [12]

S. Kim, K. Han, C. Wang, J. A. Jaramillo-Villegas, X. Xue, C. Bao, Y. Xuan, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Weiner, and M. Qi, Dispersion engineering and frequency comb generation in thin silicon nitride concentric microres- onators, Nat. Commun.8, 372 (2017)

work page 2017

[13] [13]

T. Herr, M. L. Gorodetsky, and T. J. Kippenberg, Dissi- pative kerr solitons in optical microresonators, Nonlinear optical cavity dynamics , 129 (2016)

work page 2016

[14] [14]

Newnham, V

R. Newnham, V. Sundar, R. Yimnirun, J. Su, and Q. Zhang, Electrostriction: nonlinear electromechanical coupling in solid dielectrics, J. Phys. Chem. B101, 10141 (1997)

work page 1997

[15] [15]

T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. H¨ ansch, Optical fre- quency metrology, Nature416, 233 (2002)

work page 2002

[16] [16]

Choudhary, M

A. Choudhary, M. Pelusi, D. Marpaung, T. Inoue, K. Vu, P. Ma, D.-Y. Choi, S. Madden, S. Namiki, and B. J. Eggleton, On-chip brillouin purification for frequency comb-based coherent optical communications, Opt. Lett. 42, 5074 (2017)

work page 2017

[17] [17]

Pelusi, T

M. Pelusi, T. Kurosu, T. Inoue, and S. Namiki, Bril- louin amplification for enhanced coherent communication applications, Journal of Lightwave Technology40, 3223 (2022)

work page 2022

[18] [18]

Okawachi, B

Y. Okawachi, B. Y. Kim, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, Chip-scale frequency combs for data communications in computing systems, Optica10, 977 (2023)

work page 2023

[19] [19]

Y. Sun, J. Wu, M. Tan, X. Xu, Y. Li, R. Morandotti, A. Mitchell, and D. J. Moss, Applications of optical mi- crocombs, Adv. Opt. Photonics15, 86 (2023)

work page 2023

[20] [20]

Redding, J

B. Redding, J. D. McKinney, R. T. Schermer, and J. B. Murray, High-resolution wide-band optical fre- quency comb control using stimulated brillouin scatter- ing, Opt. Express30, 22097 (2022)

work page 2022

[21] [21]

I. S. Maksymov, B. Q. Huy Nguyen, A. Pototsky, and S. Suslov, Acoustic, phononic, brillouin light scattering and faraday wave-based frequency combs: Physical foun- dations and applications, Sensors22, 3921 (2022)

work page 2022

[22] [22]

Huang, Q

Y. Huang, Q. Li, J. Han, Z. Jia, Y. Yu, Y. Yang, J. Xiao, J. Wu, D. Zhang, Y. Huang,et al., Temporal soliton and optical frequency comb generation in a brillouin laser cavity, Optica6, 1491 (2019)

work page 2019

[23] [23]

Bunel, J

T. Bunel, J. Lumeau, A. Moreau, A. Fernandez, O. Llopis, G. Bourcier, A. M. Perego, M. Conforti, and A. Mussot, Brillouin-induced kerr frequency comb in nor- mal dispersion fiber fabry perot resonators, Nat. Com- mun.16, 5160 (2025)

work page 2025

[24] [24]

Y. Pang, S. Ma, Q. Ji, X. Zhao, Y. Li, Z. Qin, Z. Liu, and Y. Xu, Frequency comb generation based on brillouin random lasing oscillation and four-wave mixing assisted with nonlinear optical loop mirror, inPhotonics, Vol. 10 (MDPI, 2023) p. 296

work page 2023

[25] [25]

Zhang, F

J. Zhang, F. Wang, X. Hua, Z. Gao, T. Deng, G. Xia, and Z. Wu, Broadband optical frequency comb genera- tion based on a dual-pumped brillouin-erbium fiber laser, J. Lightwave Technol.42, 2945 (2024)

work page 2024

[26] [26]

Q. Lu, S. Liu, X. Wu, L. Liu, and L. Xu, Stimulated brillouin laser and frequency comb generation in high-q microbubble resonators, Opt. Lett.41, 1736 (2016)

work page 2016

[27] [27]

Gundavarapu, G

S. Gundavarapu, G. M. Brodnik, M. Puckett, T. Huff- man, D. Bose, R. Behunin, J. Wu, T. Qiu, C. Pinho, N. Chauhan,et al., Sub-hertz fundamental linewidth photonic integrated brillouin laser, Nat. Photonics13, 60 (2019)

work page 2019

[28] [28]

Suh, Q.-F

M.-G. Suh, Q.-F. Yang, and K. J. Vahala, Phonon- limited-linewidth of brillouin lasers at cryogenic temper- atures, Physical review letters119, 143901 (2017)

work page 2017

[29] [29]

Aleman, S

A. Aleman, S. Muralidhar, A. A. Awad, J. ˚Akerman, and D. Hanstorp, Frequency comb enhanced brillouin mi- croscopy, Optics Express28, 29540 (2020)

work page 2020

[30] [30]

D. Lim, H. Lee, K. Kim, S. Kang, J. Ahn, and M.-Y. Jeon, Generation of multiorder stokes and anti-stokes lines in a brillouin erbium-fiber laser with a sagnac loop mirror, Optics letters23, 1671 (1998)

work page 1998

[31] [31]

D. Fang, D. Drayss, H. Peng, G. Lihachev, C. F¨ ullner, A. Kuzmin, P. Marin-Palomo, P. Matalla, P. Kharel, R. N. Wang,et al., 320 ghz photonic-electronic analogue- to-digital converter (adc) exploiting kerr soliton micro- combs, Light: Science & Applications14, 241 (2025)

work page 2025

[32] [32]

Zazzi, J

A. Zazzi, J. M¨ uller, S. Gudyriev, P. Marin-Palomo, D. Fang, J. C. Scheytt, C. Koos, and J. Witzens, Funda- mental limitations of spectrally-sliced optically enabled data converters arising from mll timing jitter, Optics Ex- press28, 18790 (2020)

work page 2020

[33] [33]

R. W. Boyd,Nonlinear optics, Vol. 2 (Academic press. Elsevier Science (USA), 2003)

work page 2003

[34] [34]

M. O. Scully and M. S. Zubairy,Quantum optics(Cam- bridge university press, 1997)

work page 1997

[35] [35]

S. M. Dutra,Cavity quantum electrodynamics: the strange theory of light in a box(John Wiley & Sons, 2005)

work page 2005

[36] [36]

Mukhamedyanov, A

A. Mukhamedyanov, A. A. Zyablovsky, and E. S. Andri- anov, Hard excitation mode of a system with optome- chanical instability, Opt. Lett.49, 782 (2024)

work page 2024

[37] [37]

Z. Yuan, H. Wang, L. Wu, M. Gao, and K. Vahala, Linewidth enhancement factor in a microcavity brillouin laser, Optica7, 1150 (2020)

work page 2020

[38] [38]

J. Wang, Y. Zhu, R. Zhang, and D. J. Gauthier, Fsbs resonances observed in a standard highly nonlinear fiber, Optics express19, 5339 (2011)

work page 2011

[39] [39]

Bashan, H

G. Bashan, H. H. Diamandi, E. Zehavi, K. Sharma, Y. London, and A. Zadok, A forward brillouin fibre laser, Nature Communications13, 3554 (2022)

work page 2022

[40] [40]

M. Wang, C. Liu, X. Zhou, J. Li, Z. Wang, D.-Q. Yang, Q.-F. Yang, and B.-B. Li, Cascading-induced fun- damental linewidth enhancement of a microcavity bril- louin laser, ACS Photonics12, 2318 (2025)

work page 2025