arxiv: 2604.15276 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-16 · ❄️ cond-mat.mes-hall

Recognition: unknown

New frontiers in quantum science and technology using van der Waals Josephson junctions

Joydip Sarkar , Ayshi Mukherjee , Amit Basu , Ritajit Kundu , Arijit Kundu , Mandar M. Deshmukh

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 09:47 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mes-hall

keywords van der Waals Josephson junctions2D materialssuperconducting electronicstwistronicstopologyquantum sensorsquantum computationheterostructures

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The pith

Van der Waals Josephson junctions integrate diverse 2D materials to create unique device symmetries and long-lived excitations for quantum applications.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review examines how Josephson junctions fabricated from van der Waals materials advance beyond conventional devices through the use of a wide library of two-dimensional crystals and advanced stacking techniques. These junctions allow the combination of materials with very different properties, giving access to new physical behaviors and Hamiltonians that arise specifically from two-dimensional symmetries. The long relaxation times of excitations in such heterostructures position the 2D layers themselves as efficient carriers that can transmit signals to sensing elements. The authors connect these capabilities to twistronics and topology, arguing that the resulting platforms can support applications ranging from quantum computation to hybrid sensors, while identifying scalability as the main remaining barrier.

Core claim

The development of Josephson junctions based on van der Waals materials represents a paradigm shift driven by the advent of 2D materials. The diverse vdW materials library, combined with advanced fabrication techniques, enables the integration of materials with vastly disparate properties for scientific exploration. The vdW Josephson junctions offer a unique route to explore novel functionalities and associated physics that remain inaccessible in conventional JJs. Beyond material diversity, vdW crystalline materials offer fundamental new control over device symmetries, enabling the realization of Hamiltonians unique to 2D systems. Furthermore, the long relaxation times of myriad excitations

What carries the argument

Van der Waals Josephson junctions, which use stacked 2D crystals to combine disparate material properties and impose symmetry constraints that produce Hamiltonians unavailable in bulk or conventional thin-film junctions.

Load-bearing premise

The long relaxation times of excitations in 2D heterostructures can be harnessed for practical quantum sensors without being limited by interface disorder or decoherence in real devices.

What would settle it

A direct comparison in the same device showing that measured decoherence or relaxation rates are dominated by interface defects rather than the intrinsic material properties predicted from the 2D layers.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.15276 by Amit Basu, Arijit Kundu, Ayshi Mukherjee, Joydip Sarkar, Mandar M. Deshmukh, Ritajit Kundu.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: Roadmap of vdW Josephson junctions. a, Shows the developmental timeline of the different vdW Josephson junctions. First experimental realization of graphene JJ73, quantum Hall physics explored in graphene JJ169, JJs utilizing the interfacial gap between two vertically stacked vdW flakes143, multi-terminal JJs for exploring topological matter186, 187, 190, crystalline insulator based vdW tunnel JJs60 , JJs … view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Graphene based bipolar SNS Josephson junctions. a, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Graphene JJ as gate tunable inductor in cQED devices – resonator, qubit, and amplifiers. a, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_3.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: vdW JJ as bolometric sensors. a, Shows the basic working principle of bolometer, which has a heat capacity Cth, is in thermal equilibrium with a bath at temperature Tb. The bolometer absorbs incident radiation, causing its temperature to increase by δT. It releases heat to the bath through a thermal link with a thermal conductance Gth and resets to sense subsequent photons. b, Shows the typical response of… view at source ↗

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: All-carbon Josephson junctions utilizing emergent moiré superconductors a, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_5.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: S-I-S JJs beyond graphene-based weak links. a, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_6.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: JJs exhibiting topological character via quantum Hall states, topological insulators and multiterminal architecture. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_7.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Over the last decade, the development of Josephson devices based on van der Waals (vdW) materials has advanced rapidly, representing a paradigm shift driven by the advent of 2D materials. The diverse vdW materials library, combined with advanced fabrication techniques, enables the integration of materials with vastly disparate properties for scientific exploration. The vdW Josephson junctions (JJs) offer a unique route to explore novel functionalities and associated physics that remain inaccessible in conventional JJs, which have reached an industrial level in terms of fabrication. Beyond material diversity, vdW crystalline materials offer fundamental new control over device symmetries, enabling the realization of Hamiltonians unique to 2D systems. Furthermore, the long relaxation times of myriad excitations in 2D heterostructures open possibilities for creating exquisite quantum sensors, with the 2D material itself acting as an efficient bus for transmitting excitations to the active sensing element. This creative explosion in vdW-based superconducting electronics is rapidly growing, and our review highlights the resulting devices and physics. The confluence of vdW JJs with twistronics and topology has the potential to redefine superconducting quantum technology, enabling applications from quantum computation to ultra-sensitive hybrid sensors. While opportunities abound with vdW JJs, the challenge of scalability must be surmounted for translation into real-world devices. This review synthesizes current developments and offers a roadmap for researchers navigating this burgeoning field.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This is a review that collects recent work on van der Waals Josephson junctions and sketches possible links to twistronics and sensors, but reports no new data or calculations.

read the letter

This review gathers developments in Josephson junctions made from van der Waals materials. It describes how the 2D material library allows stacking of layers with mismatched properties and gives new control over symmetries that bulk junctions lack. The text notes long relaxation times for excitations in these heterostructures and suggests they could serve as a bus for quantum sensors. It also connects the junctions to twistronics and topology as routes toward protected states or hybrid devices for computation and sensing. Scalability is called out as the main remaining barrier, which keeps the outlook realistic rather than promotional. The paper does a service by pulling scattered experimental and theoretical results into one narrative and by listing concrete open questions for the community. The limitation is that it offers no fresh analysis or re-evaluation of the cited experiments. Performance numbers and failure modes from the original papers are summarized but not compared or stress-tested here, so the strength of the forward-looking claims rests entirely on the quality of the references. Interface disorder and decoherence are acknowledged as risks, yet the discussion stays at the level of possibility rather than quantifying current limits or required improvements. Readers already working in 2D superconductors or mesoscopic devices will find this useful as a map and reference list. Someone outside the subfield can use it to get oriented quickly. It deserves a serious referee to check literature coverage and to confirm that the roadmap sections are balanced and up to date. I would send it for peer review.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review synthesizing the development of van der Waals Josephson junctions over the last decade, focusing on the paradigm shift enabled by 2D materials. It discusses material diversity, symmetry control for unique Hamiltonians, long relaxation times for quantum sensors, and the potential of vdW JJs combined with twistronics and topology to enable new applications in quantum computation and ultra-sensitive sensors, while noting the challenge of scalability for practical devices.

Significance. If the perspectives outlined hold, this review will be significant as a comprehensive synthesis and roadmap for the field of vdW-based superconducting electronics. It gives credit to the rapid growth in the area and consolidates prior work to guide future research in hybrid quantum systems.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] The statement that 'the confluence of vdW JJs with twistronics and topology has the potential to redefine superconducting quantum technology' is prospective; the review would benefit from more explicit connections between specific reviewed devices and these potential redefinitions in the main body.
[Abstract] The mention of 'long relaxation times of myriad excitations' as opening possibilities for quantum sensors could be supported by referencing particular 2D heterostructure examples or prior studies to make the claim more concrete.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment of our manuscript, accurate summary of its scope, and recommendation for minor revision. The review correctly identifies the key themes of material diversity, symmetry control, quantum sensing opportunities, and the interplay with twistronics and topology in vdW Josephson junctions. No specific major comments were raised in the report.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Review paper with no derivation chain or quantitative predictions

full rationale

This is a review synthesizing prior experimental and theoretical work on vdW Josephson junctions, with no new equations, models, fitted parameters, or quantitative predictions advanced by the authors. The abstract and full text consist of narrative discussion of existing results, prospective statements about potential applications, and a roadmap, without any claimed derivation that could reduce to self-definition, fitted inputs, or self-citation chains. No load-bearing steps exist that require circularity analysis.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is a review article; it introduces no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities and instead aggregates findings from the cited vdW Josephson junction literature.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5571 in / 939 out tokens · 35422 ms · 2026-05-10T09:47:21.614874+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

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