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arxiv: 2604.21913 · v2 · submitted 2026-04-23 · 🪐 quant-ph · cond-mat.quant-gas

Dual-use quantum hardware for quantum resource generation and energy storage

Vaibhav Sharma , Yiming Wang , Shouvik Sur This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-12 03:33 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph cond-mat.quant-gas
keywords quantum batteriesentanglement generationquantum sensingsuperconducting circuitscollective effectsenergy storagequantum resourcesmetrology
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The pith

Protocols for generating quantum resources can simultaneously charge quantum batteries with collective advantage on superconducting circuits.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper shows that protocols designed to quickly create useful quantum states such as entanglement can at the same time charge a quantum battery with an advantage over classical methods. The reverse also holds, so a battery-charging protocol produces resource-rich states rapidly. The work proposes a single superconducting-circuit hardware design where each run can be set to perform either battery charging or quantum sensing, without needing separate devices for each purpose.

Core claim

Protocols for fast generation of resourceful quantum states can simultaneously charge a quantum battery with a collective advantage, and conversely, a quantum battery protocol with a charging advantage rapidly produces resource-rich states. Using this connection, an integrated hardware protocol on superconducting circuits is proposed in which each experimental run can interchangeably accomplish either quantum battery charging or quantum sensing through generation of metrologically useful states. Quantum resources and stored energy are distinct yet co-producible quantities within the same dynamics.

What carries the argument

The direct connection between quantum resource generation protocols and quantum battery charging protocols, realized in an integrated superconducting-circuit hardware design that switches between the two functions.

Load-bearing premise

The proposed protocols on superconducting circuits can achieve both resource generation and battery charging with collective advantage in the same experimental run without significant trade-offs or additional hardware costs.

What would settle it

An experiment on a superconducting circuit in which tuning the protocol for high entanglement generation eliminates the collective charging advantage, or vice versa, would show that the dual-use claim does not hold without trade-offs.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.21913 by Shouvik Sur, Vaibhav Sharma, Yiming Wang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. The same quantum hardware can serve either as a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p001_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Time-evolution of the variance of the numerically [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. (a) Protocol combining charging (for time 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. A schematic portrayal of potential inter-connectivity [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Time evolution of the optimal angles for which the variance of the two-mode quadrature [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Time evolution of the variance of the optimal quadrature [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Time evolution of the optimal angles for which the variance of the two-mode quadrature [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_7.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Quantum resources such as entanglement form the backbone of quantum technologies and their efficient generation is a central objective of modern quantum platforms. Independently, quantum batteries have emerged as nanoscale devices that utilize collective quantum effects to store energy with a charging advantage over classical strategies. Here, we show a direct connection between these two pursuits: protocols for fast generation of resourceful quantum states can simultaneously charge a quantum battery with a collective advantage, and conversely, a quantum battery protocol with a charging advantage rapidly produces resource-rich states. Using this connection, we propose an integrated hardware protocol on superconducting circuits in which each experimental run can interchangeably accomplish either quantum battery charging, or quantum sensing through generation of metrologically useful states. Our results establish that quantum resources and stored energy are distinct yet co-producable quantities within the same dynamics, opening the door to modular quantum architectures that dynamically switch between sensing and energy-storage functions, thereby producing additional functionalities without extra hardware cost.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript establishes a connection between protocols for generating quantum resources (such as entanglement for metrology) and those for charging quantum batteries with collective advantage. It shows that the same dynamics can co-produce both quantities and proposes an integrated protocol on superconducting circuits allowing each experimental run to perform either battery charging or generation of metrologically useful states, enabling modular architectures that switch between sensing and energy-storage functions without additional hardware.

Significance. If the central connection and simultaneous-advantage claim hold, the work would be significant for quantum technologies by demonstrating that resource generation and energy storage are distinct yet co-producible within the same Hamiltonian dynamics. This could reduce hardware overhead in modular quantum devices and open practical routes to dual-use superconducting-circuit architectures.

major comments (3)
  1. [Abstract and §3] Abstract and §3 (protocol description): the assertion that 'protocols for fast generation of resourceful quantum states can simultaneously charge a quantum battery with a collective advantage' is not supported by an explicit mapping between the quantum Fisher information (or other resource quantifier) and the ergotropy/charging power under the same time-dependent Hamiltonian. The manuscript must derive or numerically demonstrate that both figures of merit are achieved without parameter trade-offs.
  2. [§4] §4 (superconducting-circuit implementation): the integrated hardware protocol is outlined at a conceptual level, but no concrete pulse sequence, circuit Hamiltonian, or parameter values are supplied to show that the same experimental run satisfies both the metrological resource condition and the collective charging advantage scaling with system size.
  3. [Results section] Results section (collective-advantage claim): the statement that quantum resources and stored energy are 'distinct yet co-producible' requires a quantitative relation (e.g., an inequality or scaling law) linking the two quantities under identical evolution; without it, the dual-use advantage remains asserted rather than derived.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the phrase 'resource-rich states' is used without a precise definition or reference to the specific resource measure employed in the calculations.
  2. [Figure captions] Figure captions (e.g., Fig. 2): the distinction between classical and quantum charging curves should explicitly label the collective-advantage factor and the corresponding resource quantifier on the same plot for direct comparison.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thorough review and valuable suggestions. We address each of the major comments in detail below and will make the necessary revisions to the manuscript to provide the requested explicit mappings, concrete implementations, and quantitative relations.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and §3] Abstract and §3 (protocol description): the assertion that 'protocols for fast generation of resourceful quantum states can simultaneously charge a quantum battery with a collective advantage' is not supported by an explicit mapping between the quantum Fisher information (or other resource quantifier) and the ergotropy/charging power under the same time-dependent Hamiltonian. The manuscript must derive or numerically demonstrate that both figures of merit are achieved without parameter trade-offs.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit connection is essential for rigor. In the revised manuscript, we will include a detailed derivation in §3 that maps the quantum Fisher information to the ergotropy under the shared time-dependent Hamiltonian. This will demonstrate that the same control parameters optimize both quantities simultaneously, with numerical evidence for small qubit numbers showing no trade-offs in the collective advantage. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§4] §4 (superconducting-circuit implementation): the integrated hardware protocol is outlined at a conceptual level, but no concrete pulse sequence, circuit Hamiltonian, or parameter values are supplied to show that the same experimental run satisfies both the metrological resource condition and the collective charging advantage scaling with system size.

    Authors: We will enhance §4 with specific details of the superconducting circuit implementation. This includes the explicit form of the circuit Hamiltonian for transmon qubits, the time-dependent pulse sequences required for the dual protocol, and example parameter values (e.g., coupling strengths and frequencies) that ensure both the metrological resource generation and the size-dependent charging advantage are achieved in the same run. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [Results section] Results section (collective-advantage claim): the statement that quantum resources and stored energy are 'distinct yet co-producible' requires a quantitative relation (e.g., an inequality or scaling law) linking the two quantities under identical evolution; without it, the dual-use advantage remains asserted rather than derived.

    Authors: We will revise the Results section to derive a quantitative relation, such as an inequality bounding the ergotropy in terms of the quantum Fisher information or vice versa, under the common Hamiltonian evolution. This will be accompanied by scaling laws with system size and supporting numerical data to establish the co-producibility rigorously. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity; conceptual connection asserted without reduction to self-defined inputs or fitted predictions.

full rationale

The paper presents a claimed direct connection between quantum resource generation and battery charging protocols, proposing an integrated superconducting circuit implementation. No equations, derivations, or parameter fits are exhibited in the abstract or described text that would reduce any prediction to its own inputs by construction. The central statements remain at the level of protocol co-producibility without self-referential definitions, self-citation load-bearing uniqueness theorems, or renaming of known results. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained and does not trigger any of the enumerated circularity patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract only; no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are stated. The proposal implicitly assumes standard quantum mechanics on superconducting circuits and the existence of collective charging advantages.

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