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arxiv: 2604.23769 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-26 · ⚛️ physics.ins-det · nucl-ex· physics.app-ph

Recognition: unknown

Pixelated Plastic Scintillator Array Manufacturing using Fast-, Photo-Curable Resin

Chandler Moore , Juan Manfredi , Michael Febbraro , Daniel Rutstrom , Andrew Decker , Ryan Kemnitz , Thomas Ruland , Paul Hausladen
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 04:53 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.ins-det nucl-exphysics.app-ph
keywords plastic scintillatoradditive manufacturingpixelated arraypulse shape discriminationneutron imaginggamma neutron separationphotocurable resinscintillator fabrication
0
0 comments X

The pith

A new automated method using custom photocurable resin produces two-dimensional pixelated plastic scintillator arrays with per-pixel resolution and gamma-neutron discrimination.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper shows how additive manufacturing can replace slow, labor-heavy hand assembly of pixelated plastic scintillator arrays. The process uses a custom fast-curing resin to build one-dimensional layered strips at roughly four layers per hour, then cuts and stacks them into two-dimensional grids. Completed arrays up to seven by seven pixels retain the light output and optical properties needed for readout by a multi-anode photomultiplier tube. When tested, the arrays deliver clear per-pixel position signals and pulse-shape differences that separate gamma-ray and neutron events in the same detector volume. This capability matters because neutron imaging detectors often operate in mixed radiation fields where distinguishing the two particle types improves both efficiency and image quality.

Core claim

The central claim is that two-dimensional pixelated plastic scintillator arrays can be fabricated through fully autonomous production of one-dimensional layered arrays followed by semi-autonomous cutting and stacking, using a custom photocurable resin with significant non-aromatic acrylate oligomer content. Arrays up to 70 mm long are completed in about 3.5 hours with dimensional deviations below 0.5 mm. When read out by a multi-anode photomultiplier tube, these arrays exhibit per-pixel position resolution and pulse-shape discrimination that enables separation of gamma-neutron interactions.

What carries the argument

An automated assembly machine that extrudes and cures the custom fast-photo-curable resin into one-dimensional layered arrays, followed by cutting and stacking steps to form two-dimensional pixel grids.

If this is right

  • Arrays of 7 by 7 pixels can be produced in roughly 3.5 hours while holding dimensional tolerances under 0.5 mm.
  • Coupling to a multi-anode photomultiplier tube yields independent position signals from each pixel.
  • Pulse-shape differences between gamma and neutron events remain usable after manufacturing.
  • The resulting detectors support high-resolution neutron imaging in environments containing both radiation types.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same layering and stacking approach might be extended to larger grids or different pixel sizes without changing the resin chemistry.
  • If the curing speed and tolerance control hold for longer strips, the method could reduce production time for full-scale imaging planes.
  • Integration with existing multi-anode readout electronics could allow rapid prototyping of custom detector geometries for specific applications.

Load-bearing premise

The custom photocurable resin retains enough scintillation light yield, optical transparency, and pulse-shape discrimination capability after the full curing and assembly process.

What would settle it

Exposing a finished array to a mixed gamma-neutron source and observing no separable pulse-shape distributions between the two particle types would show that the resin lost its discrimination ability during fabrication.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.23769 by Andrew Decker, Chandler Moore, Daniel Rutstrom, Juan Manfredi, Michael Febbraro, Paul Hausladen, Ryan Kemnitz, Thomas Ruland.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Labeled view of the automated assembly machine. The primary curing station view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Automated assembly machine schematic for a) primary curing station and b) view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Procedure for construction of 2D-pixel arrays starting with primary curing and view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: a) Cross-sectional schematic of array holder and b) array holder setup inside a view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: 11-layer 1D scintillator array a) side profile immediately after curing and b) view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Cured 3 mm scintillator resin slabs. The purple color fades over time, with high view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Cured 1D array leaching over time. The haze intensity increased with time view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Single scintillator slab viewed from the side. Warping is visible along both the view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Measured a) width and b) length of cured 3 mm thick slabs for layer curing view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Measured layer thicknesses for the 5-layer array using layer curing times of 45, view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Measured curvature of cured 3 mm resin slabs using layer curing times of 45, view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Scintillator slab adhered to ESR foil sheet with 20 mm of overlapped bonded view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Complete 7 × 7 2D pixel array a) length view and b) pixel face view under 405 nm illumination. While the initial 2D-pixel array assessed was 70 mm long, this array was later cut into the 50 mm array shown in Figure 13a and b and a 20 mm array for further analysis of transparency and position resolution. No 23 view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: 2D Array discoloration a) 48 hours after post-curing of 1D array and sectioning, view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Array pixel face transparency. Light yellow discoloration is seen in several view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: The a) 70 mm and b) 20 mm pixel array’s XY position response when irradiated view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: The a) 70 mm and b) 20 mm pixel array’s gain variation for each pixel when view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Individual pulse integral spectra histograms for a) 70 mm and b) 20 mm pixel view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: The a) 70 mm and b) 20 mm pixel array’s XY position response when irradiated view at source ↗
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: The a) 70 mm and b) 20 mm pixel array’s XY position response when irradiated view at source ↗
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: The a) 70 mm and b) 20 mm pixel array’s individual pixel 2D PSD histogram view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Pixelated plastic scintillator arrays can serve as high efficiency and high resolution neutron imaging detectors. Manufacturing these arrays is intensive in both time and labor. This work presents a fabrication method based on additive manufacturing for two-dimensional plastic organic scintillator arrays using a custom-built automated assembly machine and a custom photocurable resin that has significant non-aromatic acrylate oligomer content. The process involves two main stages: fully autonomous production of one-dimensional layered arrays, followed by semi-autonomous cutting and stacking to form two-dimensional pixel arrays. One-dimensional arrays were manufactured at a rate of around 4 layers per hour with minimal defects and tight dimensional tolerances, while two-dimensional arrays up to 7 x 7 pixels and 70 mm in length were completed in approximately 3.5 hours. Final arrays exhibited dimensional deviations of less than 0.5 mm. Two-dimensional arrays read out by a multi-anode photomultiplier tube demonstrated per-pixel position resolution and pulse-shape discrimination, enabling gamma-neutron interaction separation in mixed radiation environments.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents an additive manufacturing method for fabricating two-dimensional pixelated plastic scintillator arrays using a custom photocurable resin with significant non-aromatic acrylate oligomer content. The process uses a custom-built automated machine for autonomous production of one-dimensional layered arrays (at ~4 layers per hour) followed by semi-autonomous cutting and stacking to form 2D arrays up to 7x7 pixels and 70 mm long. Arrays are completed in ~3.5 hours with dimensional deviations <0.5 mm. When read out by a multi-anode photomultiplier tube, the 2D arrays demonstrate per-pixel position resolution and pulse-shape discrimination, enabling gamma-neutron separation in mixed fields.

Significance. If the central claims hold, this work offers a substantial reduction in the time and labor required to produce high-resolution neutron imaging detectors compared to traditional methods. The reported build speeds, tight tolerances, and functional demonstration of position sensitivity plus PSD directly support scalability for applications in nuclear security, safeguards, and particle physics instrumentation. The experimental focus on a fully autonomous 1D stage plus semi-autonomous 2D assembly, combined with concrete fabrication metrics, represents a practical engineering advance.

major comments (2)
  1. [Results / radiation testing section] The abstract and results section claim that the fabricated 2D arrays 'demonstrated per-pixel position resolution and pulse-shape discrimination' for gamma-neutron separation. However, no quantitative performance metrics are supplied (e.g., light yield in ph/MeV, attenuation length, PSD figure-of-merit, or energy resolution). Without these values or before/after comparisons of the custom resin after full curing, UV exposure, cutting, and stacking, it is not possible to confirm that scintillation efficiency, optical transparency, and delayed-fluorescence characteristics were retained at a level sufficient to support the functional claim.
  2. [Methods and results on resin and array characterization] The manufacturing claim rests on the custom resin surviving the complete process without degradation. The text reports successful array completion and basic functionality but provides no data on post-process optical or scintillation properties (e.g., transmission spectra, light output relative to a reference scintillator, or PSD quality factor). This omission is load-bearing because the strongest claim (usable gamma-neutron separation) cannot be evaluated without evidence that the non-aromatic acrylate formulation retained adequate performance after autonomous layering and mechanical assembly.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Figures] Figure captions and axis labels should explicitly state the number of pixels, pixel pitch, and readout configuration for each presented image or spectrum to allow direct comparison with the stated 7x7 array dimensions.
  2. [Methods] The description of the custom resin composition would benefit from a table listing the exact oligomer, monomer, and dopant percentages rather than the qualitative statement 'significant non-aromatic acrylate oligomer content'.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful and constructive review of our manuscript. The comments highlight the importance of quantitative performance data to support the functional claims for the fabricated arrays, and we address each point below with plans for revision.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Results / radiation testing section] The abstract and results section claim that the fabricated 2D arrays 'demonstrated per-pixel position resolution and pulse-shape discrimination' for gamma-neutron separation. However, no quantitative performance metrics are supplied (e.g., light yield in ph/MeV, attenuation length, PSD figure-of-merit, or energy resolution). Without these values or before/after comparisons of the custom resin after full curing, UV exposure, cutting, and stacking, it is not possible to confirm that scintillation efficiency, optical transparency, and delayed-fluorescence characteristics were retained at a level sufficient to support the functional claim.

    Authors: We agree that the current manuscript presents a qualitative demonstration of per-pixel position resolution and PSD-enabled gamma-neutron separation via the multi-anode PMT readout, without supplying the specific quantitative metrics listed. This is a valid observation. In the revised version we will add a dedicated subsection to the results with measured light yield (ph/MeV), PSD figure-of-merit, energy resolution, and attenuation length for the completed 2D arrays. We will also include before/after comparisons of the resin's optical transmission and scintillation properties after the full curing, UV exposure, cutting, and stacking sequence to confirm retention of performance. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Methods and results on resin and array characterization] The manufacturing claim rests on the custom resin surviving the complete process without degradation. The text reports successful array completion and basic functionality but provides no data on post-process optical or scintillation properties (e.g., transmission spectra, light output relative to a reference scintillator, or PSD quality factor). This omission is load-bearing because the strongest claim (usable gamma-neutron separation) cannot be evaluated without evidence that the non-aromatic acrylate formulation retained adequate performance after autonomous layering and mechanical assembly.

    Authors: We concur that post-process characterization of the resin is essential to substantiate that the non-aromatic acrylate formulation retained adequate scintillation and optical properties after the complete fabrication sequence. The submitted manuscript emphasizes manufacturing success and basic functionality but does not provide the requested quantitative post-process data. We will revise the methods and results sections to include transmission spectra, relative light output compared to a reference scintillator, and PSD quality factor values measured on samples taken through the full autonomous layering, cutting, and stacking process. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental fabrication and performance demonstration

full rationale

The paper reports an additive manufacturing process for scintillator arrays using a custom resin, followed by direct experimental readout with a multi-anode PMT to show per-pixel resolution and PSD. No equations, derivations, fitted parameters, or predictions appear in the abstract or described content. Claims rest on measured outcomes (dimensional tolerances, observed separation) rather than any self-referential reduction or self-citation chain. This is a standard experimental methods paper with no load-bearing theoretical steps that could be circular.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

No mathematical axioms or free parameters; the central claim rests on the empirical performance of the fabricated arrays rather than on any derived model.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5503 in / 969 out tokens · 41660 ms · 2026-05-08T04:53:43.829702+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

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