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arxiv: 2604.24557 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-27 · ❄️ cond-mat.quant-gas · quant-ph

Entropy Signatures of Collective Modes and Vortex Dynamics in Rotating Two--Dimensional Bose--Einstein Condensates

L. A. Machado , N. D. Chavda , B. Chatterjee , M. A. Caracanhas , B. Chakrabarti , A. Gammal , R. P. Sagar This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 17:04 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.quant-gas quant-ph
keywords Bose-Einstein condensatesrotating quantum gasesgiant vorticesentropyKullback-Leibler divergencequench dynamicscollective modesmany-body correlations
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0 comments X

The pith

Giant vortices in rotating two-dimensional Bose gases develop chaotic splitting under trap quenches, marked by rapid growth in entropy and information divergences.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper examines how rotating two-dimensional Bose gases respond to sudden changes in interactions or trap shape using many-body simulations. Vortex-free condensates show regular, predictable motions such as breathing or stable oscillations after these quenches. In contrast, states containing giant vortices can break symmetry or split in irregular, chaotic ways when the trap is deformed, and these chaotic processes come with a clear rise in various entropy measures and divergences. The authors argue that these information-theoretic quantities effectively capture the increasing complexity and correlations among the atoms. This approach moves beyond looking only at density or phase to understand the dynamics in quantum gases with rotation.

Core claim

The central discovery is that multicharged giant vortices in a two-dimensional rotating Bose gas confined in an anharmonic trap exhibit extreme sensitivity to excitation protocols. Interaction quenches lead to symmetry-breaking surface excitations, while trap deformations that excite quadrupole modes cause rapid irregular splitting dynamics. These chaotic processes are accompanied by pronounced growth in marginal and joint entropies, mutual information, and Kullback-Leibler divergence, including an angular-resolved variant that detects symmetry breaking and azimuthal localization, all of which signal the buildup of many-body correlations and increasing complexity.

What carries the argument

Multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree simulations for bosons combined with information-theoretic measures such as Kullback-Leibler divergence on angular particle distributions to track symmetry breaking.

If this is right

  • Giant vortices respond with chaotic splitting specifically to trap deformations but not always to interaction quenches.
  • Vortex-free states maintain regular breathing or oscillatory dynamics under the same quenches.
  • Growth in entropy and KL divergence tracks the buildup of many-body correlations during irregular motion.
  • An angular-resolved version of the KL measure detects azimuthal localization and symmetry breaking.
  • Information-theoretic quantities offer a way to quantify complexity in rotating quantum gases beyond density and phase profiles.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same entropy-based diagnostics might reveal similar chaotic regimes in other systems containing topological defects such as vortices in superfluid helium or optical fields.
  • Choosing quench protocols carefully could help stabilize giant vortices in laboratory experiments by avoiding the chaotic regime.
  • If the entropy growth persists in larger simulations it would suggest mean-field models become insufficient for describing dynamics at high rotation rates.
  • Applying the angular KL measure at longer evolution times could test whether the chaos eventually leads to a more uniform or thermal state.

Load-bearing premise

The chosen simulation basis size accurately captures the physical many-body dynamics so that the observed entropy growth reflects real correlations rather than numerical limitations.

What would settle it

Repeating the trap quenches with a larger number of orbitals in the simulation and checking whether the entropy and KL divergence growth rates remain the same; a strong reduction would indicate the effect is not physical.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.24557 by A. Gammal, B. Chakrabarti, B. Chatterjee, L. A. Machado, M. A. Caracanhas, N. D. Chavda, R. P. Sagar.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Initial condensate states at selected rotation frequen view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Shannon information entropies and mutual informa view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Density evolution of the condensate for view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Time evolution of information-theoretic measures for view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Time evolution of the density for the view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Time evolution of angular observables along the outer view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. Time evolution of quadrupole and information view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Density snapshots at selected times for view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. One-body density snapshots at selected times for the view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. Time evolution of information-theoretic measures view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12. 3D contour plot of mutual information view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: FIG. 15. Time evolution of the natural orbital occupations view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: FIG. 16. One-body density snapshots of the condensate at view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: FIG. 17. One-body density snapshots of the condensate at view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: FIG. 18. Phase diagrams of the marginal entropies view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of a two-dimensional rotating Bose gas confined in a symmetric anharmonic trap, employing the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method for bosons (MCTDHB). We study states ranging from vortex-free configurations to multicharged (giant) vortices, prepared by tuning the rotation frequency, and analyze their response to sudden interaction and trap quenches. In vortex-free states, interaction quenches induce regular breathing--like dynamics, whereas in the presence of giant vortices they lead to symmetry-breaking surface excitations. In contrast, trap deformations that excite quadrupole-like modes produce stable oscillations in vortex-free condensates but trigger rapid, irregular, and effectively chaotic splitting dynamics in multicharged vortices. To characterize these processes beyond conventional density and phase observables, we employ information-theoretic measures, including marginal and joint entropies, mutual information, and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, supplemented by an angular-resolved KL measure that captures symmetry breaking and azimuthal localization. We find that chaotic splitting is accompanied by a pronounced growth of information-theoretic indicators, signaling the buildup of many-body correlations and increasing complexity in the system dynamics. Our results demonstrate the extreme sensitivity of giant vortices to excitation protocols and establish information-theoretic measures as a powerful framework to quantify correlations and complexity in rotating quantum gases.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript employs the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method for bosons (MCTDHB) to simulate the nonequilibrium dynamics of a two-dimensional rotating Bose gas in an anharmonic trap. It examines the response of vortex-free and multicharged (giant) vortex states to sudden interaction and trap quenches, contrasting regular breathing or quadrupole oscillations with irregular, symmetry-breaking splitting in giant vortices. Information-theoretic quantities—marginal/joint entropies, mutual information, Kullback-Leibler divergence, and an angular-resolved KL variant—are introduced to quantify the buildup of correlations and complexity beyond conventional density and phase diagnostics.

Significance. If the MCTDHB results prove converged and the entropy/KL growth is shown to be absent in the single-orbital limit, the work would establish a quantitative, information-theoretic framework for distinguishing many-body chaotic dynamics from mean-field behavior in rotating quantum gases. The angular-resolved KL measure offers a concrete tool for detecting azimuthal symmetry breaking, and the demonstrated protocol sensitivity of giant vortices is a useful observation for future experiments.

major comments (1)
  1. [Numerical methods and results sections] The central claim that entropy and KL-divergence growth signals many-body correlations and chaotic dynamics (Abstract and § on quench dynamics) rests on MCTDHB time evolution. No orbital-number convergence tables, error bars, or direct comparison to the Gross-Pitaevskii (single-orbital) limit are provided, leaving open the possibility that the reported growth is a basis-truncation artifact rather than a genuine many-body effect. A quantitative check against the mean-field limit is required to support the interpretation.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Figure captions and results] The abstract states that trap deformations produce 'stable oscillations in vortex-free condensates' but 'rapid, irregular... splitting' in multicharged vortices; the corresponding figures would benefit from side-by-side time traces of both density and the angular KL measure to make the contrast quantitative.
  2. [Methods] Notation for the angular-resolved KL divergence is introduced without an explicit formula; adding the definition (even if standard) would improve reproducibility.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for highlighting the importance of numerical convergence and mean-field comparisons. We address the major comment point by point below and commit to strengthening the manuscript accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: The central claim that entropy and KL-divergence growth signals many-body correlations and chaotic dynamics (Abstract and § on quench dynamics) rests on MCTDHB time evolution. No orbital-number convergence tables, error bars, or direct comparison to the Gross-Pitaevskii (single-orbital) limit are provided, leaving open the possibility that the reported growth is a basis-truncation artifact rather than a genuine many-body effect. A quantitative check against the mean-field limit is required to support the interpretation.

    Authors: We agree that a direct comparison to the single-orbital Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) limit and explicit orbital-number convergence checks are necessary to confirm that the reported growth in entropy and KL divergence is a genuine many-body effect. In the revised version we will add (i) new GP simulations (MCTDHB with a single orbital) showing that the information-theoretic measures remain essentially constant under the same quenches, (ii) tables documenting the dependence of marginal entropy, mutual information, and both global and angular-resolved KL divergence on the number of orbitals M, and (iii) brief error estimates obtained from runs with M and M+1. These additions will demonstrate convergence for the M values employed in the original calculations and will explicitly rule out basis-truncation artifacts. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; information measures applied directly to simulation outputs

full rationale

The paper runs MCTDHB many-body simulations for rotating 2D BECs under quenches, then computes standard marginal/joint entropies, mutual information, and KL divergences (including angular-resolved variants) on the resulting many-body wave functions and densities. These quantities are evaluated post-simulation using their textbook definitions; no parameters are fitted to the entropy/KL growth itself, no self-definitional loops appear in the equations, and no load-bearing self-citations or imported uniqueness theorems are invoked to justify the central claims. The observed growth is presented as a numerical finding, not derived by construction from the inputs. The chain is therefore self-contained and independent of the target observables.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Based solely on the abstract, the work relies on the standard assumptions of the MCTDHB method (finite orbital basis truncation) and the validity of information-theoretic measures as proxies for many-body correlations; no explicit free parameters or invented entities are stated.

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discussion (0)

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