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arxiv: 2604.24870 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-27 · 🪐 quant-ph

Demonstration of quantum random number generation using nitrogen vacancy centres

Conrad Strydom , Mark Tame This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 03:49 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph
keywords quantum random number generationnitrogen vacancy centersnanodiamondsphoton arrival timesmin-entropystatistical randomness testsfluorescent nanodiamonds
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The pith

Photon arrival times from NV centers in nanodiamonds generate random bits passing statistical tests at rates up to 4.77 Mbits/s without post-processing.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper demonstrates an experimental method that turns the arrival times of photons emitted by nitrogen-vacancy centers in fluorescent nanodiamonds into a source of random bits. Rates range from 0.173 Mbits/s with a single center up to 4.77 Mbits/s with nearly 50 centers, an order-of-magnitude gain over earlier NV approaches. The bits pass the ENT and NIST test suites directly, and theoretical calculations show the min-entropy stays close to the ideal value of one per bit across all tested regions. A sympathetic reader cares because cryptography and simulations need reliable randomness that cannot be predicted by classical means, and this source is compact enough for on-chip use.

Core claim

The arrival times of photons emitted by NV centres in nanodiamonds serve as the entropy source for quantum random number generation, producing bit strings that pass the ENT and NIST statistical test suites without post-processing while achieving a min-entropy very close to one per bit at generation rates up to 4.77 Mbits/s.

What carries the argument

The quantum-mechanical timing statistics of photon emission from the NV centers, which supply the unpredictable intervals used to extract each random bit.

If this is right

  • Random bits can be extracted directly from raw timing data without post-processing.
  • Generation rate increases with the number of NV centers present in the observed region.
  • The measured min-entropy remains near the ideal limit for both single-center and multi-center regions.
  • The approach supports compact on-chip QRNG implementations.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Combining this timing source with nanodiamond-based quantum sensors could produce devices that both measure physical quantities and generate fresh cryptographic keys on the same chip.
  • Eliminating post-processing reduces the hardware overhead needed to turn the raw timing signal into usable random numbers.
  • Repeating the experiment under controlled temperature or magnetic-field variations would test whether environmental classical noise stays negligible.
  • Arrays of nanodiamonds could be patterned to enable parallel, independent bit streams at still higher aggregate rates.

Load-bearing premise

Photon arrival times from the NV centers are governed solely by quantum mechanical processes with no significant classical noise, correlations, or detector artifacts that would reduce the true randomness below the reported min-entropy.

What would settle it

Detailed measurement of photon arrival intervals that reveals non-Poisson statistics or classical correlations would reduce the min-entropy and cause the generated bits to fail the NIST suite.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.24870 by Conrad Strydom, Mark Tame.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1: Laser-scanning confocal microscopy setup used to excite NV centres in fluorescent nanodiamonds and collect the emit view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2: Different configurations for the various types of view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4: Three-level model developed for NV centres by view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3: Fluorescence scan image of an area of the nanodia view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5: The second-order temporal correlation functions for the different regions of interest. The data points (shown in blue) view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6: The time-of-arrival scheme for QRNG. (a) Variation view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7: Theoretical analysis of QRNG based on the arrival view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8: Theoretical analysis of QRNG based on the arrival view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9: Pearson correlation coefficients for view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10: Fluorescence spectra for the different regions of interest. These fluorescence spectra are an average of 10 measurements, view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Quantum random number generation (QRNG) relies on the inherent unpredictability of quantum mechanical phenomena to efficiently generate high-quality random numbers that can be used in a wide range of cryptography and simulation applications. Here we report the experimental demonstration of QRNG from the arrival times of photons emitted by nitrogen vacancy (NV) centres in fluorescent nanodiamonds. The generation rates achieved range from 0.173 Mbits/s for a region with a single NV centre to 4.77 Mbits/s for a region with just under 50 NV centres, where the latter demonstrates an order of magnitude improvement compared to the highest generation rate previously achieved with NV centres. For all the regions investigated, the generated bits passed the ENT and NIST Statistical Test Suites without post-processing. The results are consistent with our theoretical analysis, where we show that the min-entropy is very close to the ideal value of one per bit for all the regions investigated. This work opens up new possibilities for robust QRNG in highly compact on-chip settings.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports an experimental demonstration of quantum random number generation (QRNG) using photon arrival times from nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in fluorescent nanodiamonds. Achieved bit rates range from 0.173 Mbit/s (single NV) to 4.77 Mbit/s (~50 NV centers), with generated bits passing ENT and NIST statistical test suites without post-processing. The min-entropy is reported as very close to the ideal value of 1 bit per bit across investigated regions, consistent with a theoretical model of the emission process.

Significance. If the quantum origin of the randomness is rigorously validated, the work offers a compact, on-chip QRNG platform with rates an order of magnitude higher than prior NV demonstrations. The absence of post-processing and high min-entropy would be a practical strength for cryptography and simulation applications.

major comments (1)
  1. [Theoretical analysis / min-entropy estimation] The min-entropy analysis (theoretical section) assumes photon inter-arrival times arise solely from the quantum excited-state lifetime distribution (Poisson-like process) with negligible classical contributions. No quantitative error budget, upper bounds, or experimental characterization is provided for detector timing jitter, dead time, afterpulsing, or laser intensity fluctuations. This assumption is load-bearing for the central claims that min-entropy ≈ 1 bit/bit and no post-processing is required; if classical noise is present at even moderate levels, the true extractable randomness would be lower even if statistical tests pass.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract and Results] The abstract and results section report rates and test-suite passage but do not specify the total number of bits tested, the exact NIST tests applied, or the raw data volume used for the min-entropy calculation.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their detailed and constructive review of our manuscript. Their comment highlights an important aspect of rigorously validating the quantum origin of the randomness. We address the major comment point-by-point below and outline the revisions we will make.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: The min-entropy analysis (theoretical section) assumes photon inter-arrival times arise solely from the quantum excited-state lifetime distribution (Poisson-like process) with negligible classical contributions. No quantitative error budget, upper bounds, or experimental characterization is provided for detector timing jitter, dead time, afterpulsing, or laser intensity fluctuations. This assumption is load-bearing for the central claims that min-entropy ≈ 1 bit/bit and no post-processing is required; if classical noise is present at even moderate levels, the true extractable randomness would be lower even if statistical tests pass.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit quantitative error budget would strengthen the manuscript and make the claims more robust. The theoretical model in the paper is based on the known radiative lifetime of the NV center (approximately 12 ns for the excited state), leading to an exponential inter-arrival time distribution whose min-entropy is calculated to be very close to 1 bit per bit. The experimental histograms of arrival times match this distribution closely across the investigated regions, and the generated bits pass all ENT and NIST tests without any post-processing. However, we acknowledge that manufacturer-specified timing jitter (typically <50 ps for the detectors used), dead time, afterpulsing probability, and laser intensity stability were not quantitatively propagated into the min-entropy bound in the original submission. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated subsection providing upper-bound estimates on the classical noise contribution using the detector specifications, measured count rates, and a simple model of how jitter and dead time would distort the inter-arrival distribution. We will also include a brief discussion of why these contributions remain small relative to the quantum lifetime broadening at the observed count rates (0.173–4.77 Mbit/s). This addition will not alter the central experimental results or the conclusion that post-processing is unnecessary, but it will directly address the load-bearing assumption raised by the referee. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in derivation chain

full rationale

The paper reports an experimental QRNG demonstration using measured photon arrival times from NV centers. Randomness is validated by passing independent external suites (ENT, NIST) with no post-processing, and min-entropy is computed from a first-principles quantum emission model (Poisson-like arrivals from excited-state lifetime). No equations reduce the reported min-entropy or test-passing results to fitted parameters renamed as predictions, self-citations that bear the uniqueness claim, or ansatzes smuggled via prior work. The theoretical analysis is consistent with data but not tautological; external benchmarks and statistical tests provide independent support.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the assumption that NV-center photon emission is a quantum process whose timing statistics yield near-ideal min-entropy, validated by external statistical tests.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Photon arrival times from NV centers in nanodiamonds are governed by quantum mechanics and exhibit sufficient unpredictability for QRNG.
    Invoked in the theoretical min-entropy analysis and experimental interpretation.

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