pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2604.27027 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-29 · ⚛️ physics.ins-det · nucl-ex

Recognition: unknown

Gaseous forms of ⁷⁶Ge, ⁸²Se, ⁹⁶Zr, ¹⁰⁰Mo, ¹²⁴Sn, and ¹³⁰Te: new avenues to future 0νββ time projection chambers

Aneesha Avasthi , Benjamin Monreal , Ivana Moya
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 11:39 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.ins-det nucl-ex
keywords neutrinoless double beta decaytime projection chambergaseous detectorselectron driftisotope compoundsbackground rejectionneutrino physics
0
0 comments X

The pith

Certain gaseous compounds of 76Ge, 82Se, 96Zr, 100Mo, 124Sn, and 130Te enable electron-drift TPCs for 100-ton and kiloton-scale 0νββ searches.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Neutrinoless double beta decay searches are pushing toward larger detectors, yet xenon TPCs face limits from scarce xenon supply. This paper identifies previously overlooked gaseous compounds of six other isotopes that appear electropositive enough to allow electron drift and gas gain. These compounds support established TPC readout methods that rely on gas amplification and use track topology to reject backgrounds. The authors conclude that 100 T and kiloton-scale instruments become realistic without requiring new underground infrastructure. A sympathetic reader would care because the approach removes a major scaling obstacle for a mature detector technology in neutrino physics.

Core claim

The paper identifies candidate gaseous forms of 76Ge, 82Se, 96Zr, 100Mo, 124Sn, and 130Te suitable for gas-phase electron-drift TPCs, some also potentially usable in liquid phase, and argues via a track-topology figure of merit that 100 T and kiloton-scale detectors are feasible without unprecedented infrastructure.

What carries the argument

Electropositive gaseous compounds of the target isotopes that support stable electron drift, gas gain, and track-topology background rejection in TPCs.

If this is right

  • Mature gas-gain readout electronics become directly usable for these 0νββ searches.
  • Dependence on limited atmospheric xenon supply is removed.
  • TPC hardware scaling to 100 T and kiloton masses becomes practical in existing underground facilities.
  • Track topology measurements gain emphasis as the primary background rejection tool.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Small-scale prototype chambers filled with these gases could be built quickly to test drift properties and topology resolution.
  • The same compounds might support hybrid gas-liquid TPC designs that combine advantages of both phases.
  • Cost and chemical stability data for these gases would need to be measured to confirm economic viability at large scale.

Load-bearing premise

The candidate compounds remain electropositive enough for stable electron drift and gas gain at the required pressures and purities, with track topology providing sufficient background rejection.

What would settle it

A measurement of electron attachment and drift velocity in one candidate gas, such as a germanium or selenium compound, at 5-10 bar pressure showing whether stable drift and gain are achieved.

read the original abstract

Searches for neutrinoless double beta decay are growing larger, with tonne-scale targets in several nuclides still far from exhausting the discovery space. What's beyond ton scale? Time projection chambers (TPCs) are one option for building large (100~T or kiloton-scale) instruments, but filling them with the familiar $^{136}$Xe for a $0\nu\beta\beta$ search is a problem: xenon is a scarce element whose atmospheric-extraction supply chain is small and hard to grow. If future $0\nu\beta\beta$ searches wish to exploit TPCs' known hardware scalability, we need to fill them with non-xenon target materials. Of particular value would be a TPC that can drift electrons, rather than ions, letting us use mature readout schemes which require gas gain. In this paper, we identify a set of previously-unappreciated, affordable gases which are likely to be electropositive, allowing electron drift and gain in gas-phase TPCs sensitive to $0\nu\beta\beta$ with the help of track-topology background rejection. We identify candidate $^{76}$Ge, $^{82}$Se, $^{96}$Zr, $^{100}$Mo, $^{124}$Sn, and $^{130}$Te compounds suitable for gas-phase electron-drift TPCs; some may be suitable for liquid-phase TPCs as well. Using a figure-of-merit that emphasizes the need for track topology for background rejection, we argue that 100~T and kiloton-scale gas TPCs are realistic without unprecedented underground infrastructure.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes gaseous compounds of 76Ge, 82Se, 96Zr, 100Mo, 124Sn, and 130Te (e.g., GeH4, SeF6, MoF6, TeF6) as targets for future 0νββ time projection chambers. It claims these compounds are likely electropositive, enabling stable electron drift and gas gain at high pressures, and argues that track-topology background rejection makes 100-ton and kiloton-scale gas TPCs realistic without unprecedented infrastructure, bypassing xenon scarcity.

Significance. If the candidate gases support the required electron transport properties and if topology-based rejection proves sufficient, the work could open practical pathways to scalable non-xenon TPCs for 0νββ searches, leveraging abundant isotopes and mature readout hardware. The paper correctly identifies the supply-chain limitation of xenon and highlights gaseous TPCs' hardware scalability as a potential advantage.

major comments (3)
  1. [candidate identification and abstract] The central feasibility claim rests on the assertion (in the candidate-compound discussion and abstract) that the listed gases are 'likely to be electropositive' and thus support stable electron drift and gain at multi-atm pressures. No electron-attachment coefficients, drift-velocity data, or gain curves at relevant densities are provided or referenced; this is load-bearing because the entire non-xenon TPC scalability argument collapses if attachment lengths are shorter than the drift distance.
  2. [figure-of-merit and scalability argument] The figure-of-merit that 'emphasizes the need for track topology for background rejection' is invoked to argue that 100 T and kiloton-scale detectors are realistic, yet no quantitative evaluation, simulation, or estimate of rejection power versus energy resolution is supplied. This leaves the background-rejection claim unevaluated.
  3. [scalability discussion] Purity requirements, gas-handling challenges, and underground infrastructure needs for these specific compounds (e.g., toxicity or reactivity of fluorides) are not addressed quantitatively, even though the paper claims the approach avoids 'unprecedented' infrastructure.
minor comments (2)
  1. [candidate list] Notation for the candidate compounds and their chemical forms is introduced without a dedicated table or systematic listing, making cross-reference to the isotopes cumbersome.
  2. [abstract and introduction] The abstract and introduction repeat the same qualitative statements about electropositivity; a single consolidated paragraph would improve clarity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive and detailed review of our manuscript. The comments identify key areas where the proposal requires clarification and additional context. We have revised the manuscript to address each point by adding explicit caveats, references to related work, and a new section on practical implementation challenges. Our responses below are organized point-by-point.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [candidate identification and abstract] The central feasibility claim rests on the assertion (in the candidate-compound discussion and abstract) that the listed gases are 'likely to be electropositive' and thus support stable electron drift and gain at multi-atm pressures. No electron-attachment coefficients, drift-velocity data, or gain curves at relevant densities are provided or referenced; this is load-bearing because the entire non-xenon TPC scalability argument collapses if attachment lengths are shorter than the drift distance.

    Authors: We agree that the lack of direct electron-transport measurements constitutes a genuine limitation. The phrase 'likely to be electropositive' is grounded in tabulated electronegativity values for the central atoms and chemical analogies to gases such as GeH4 and SF6 that exhibit acceptable drift properties in existing detectors. In the revised manuscript we have inserted a dedicated paragraph stating that experimental determination of attachment lengths and gain curves at multi-atmosphere pressures is an essential next step before any of these compounds can be considered technically viable. This revision reframes the work as an identification of candidates that merit targeted R&D rather than an assertion of immediate readiness. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [figure-of-merit and scalability argument] The figure-of-merit that 'emphasizes the need for track topology for background rejection' is invoked to argue that 100 T and kiloton-scale detectors are realistic, yet no quantitative evaluation, simulation, or estimate of rejection power versus energy resolution is supplied. This leaves the background-rejection claim unevaluated.

    Authors: The figure-of-merit is deliberately qualitative; its purpose is to show why topological discrimination becomes the dominant requirement once one moves from solid or liquid targets to a low-density gas. We cite existing topology-based rejection results from xenon gas TPCs (NEXT, PandaX, etc.) that have achieved factors of several hundred to a few thousand. In the revision we have added a short paragraph noting that comparable performance is expected in the proposed gases provided the drift length and readout granularity are similar, while explicitly stating that a full Monte-Carlo evaluation lies outside the scope of this candidate-identification paper. revision: partial

  3. Referee: [scalability discussion] Purity requirements, gas-handling challenges, and underground infrastructure needs for these specific compounds (e.g., toxicity or reactivity of fluorides) are not addressed quantitatively, even though the paper claims the approach avoids 'unprecedented' infrastructure.

    Authors: We have added a new subsection that qualitatively addresses these issues for each compound. For the fluorides we reference established industrial handling protocols (MoF6 and TeF6 are already used in semiconductor fabrication), note standard moisture-exclusion and scrubber techniques, and compare the required purity levels and safety infrastructure to those already implemented in large-scale noble-gas detectors. While quantitative numbers necessarily remain design-dependent, the added text demonstrates that the infrastructure demands fall within the envelope of existing or planned underground gas-detector facilities and do not constitute an unprecedented requirement. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity; proposal rests on external chemical literature and qualitative arguments

full rationale

The paper is a candidate-identification proposal rather than a derivation. It selects gaseous compounds for 0νββ TPCs by appealing to known chemical properties (e.g., electronegativity trends) drawn from external literature and general chemical intuition, then argues scalability on that basis. No equations, fitted parameters, or self-citations are used to define or predict the central suitability claim; the figure-of-merit for topology-based rejection is introduced as an emphasis rather than derived from the paper's own inputs. The argument therefore does not reduce to a self-definition or tautology and remains open to external falsification via transport measurements.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The proposal assumes standard gas-TPC physics (electron drift, gas gain, track topology discrimination) without new axioms; the figure-of-merit is introduced but not defined quantitatively in the abstract.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5618 in / 1130 out tokens · 29087 ms · 2026-05-07T11:39:08.850569+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

106 extracted references · 7 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    J. B. Albert et al.,Sensitivity and Discovery Potential of nEXO to Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay, Phys. Rev. C97(2018) 065503

    2018

  2. [2]

    Aalbers et al.,Neutrinoless double beta decay sensitivity of the XLZD rare event observatory,J

    J. Aalbers et al.,Neutrinoless double beta decay sensitivity of the XLZD rare event observatory,J. Phys. G52(2025) 045102

    2025

  3. [3]

    China Phys

    Abdusalam Abdukerim et al.,PandaX-xT—A deep underground multi-ten-tonne liquid xenon observatory,Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron.68(2025) 221011

    2025

  4. [4]

    Avasthi et al.,Kiloton-scale xenon detectors for neutrinoless double beta decay and other new physics searches,Phys

    A. Avasthi et al.,Kiloton-scale xenon detectors for neutrinoless double beta decay and other new physics searches,Phys. Rev. D104(2021) 112007

    2021

  5. [5]

    Anker, A

    A. Anker, A. Avasthi, M. Brodeur, T. Brunner, N. K. Byrnes, N. R. Catarineu et al.,Report from the Workshop on Xenon Detector 0𝜈𝛽𝛽Searches: Steps Towards the Kilotonne Scale, Apr., 2024

    2024

  6. [6]

    S. H. Kim, A. Visser, N. R. Catarineu, A. B. Bantug, S. H. Pang, A. Garenne et al.,High yield, large-scale synthesis of calcium-based microporous metal-organic framework and examination of the long-term stability for xenon adsorption applications,Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 366(2024) 112915

    2024

  7. [7]

    Pérez Maneiro et al.,Demonstration of Sub-Percent Energy Resolution in the NEXT-100 Detector, Nov., 2025

    M. Pérez Maneiro et al.,Demonstration of Sub-Percent Energy Resolution in the NEXT-100 Detector, Nov., 2025

    2025

  8. [8]

    Martín-Albo et al.,Sensitivity of NEXT-100 to Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay,JHEP05(2016) 159

    J. Martín-Albo et al.,Sensitivity of NEXT-100 to Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay,JHEP05(2016) 159

    2016

  9. [9]

    Chen et al.,PandaX-III: Searching for neutrinoless double beta decay with high pressure136Xe gas time projection chambers,Sci

    X. Chen et al.,PandaX-III: Searching for neutrinoless double beta decay with high pressure136Xe gas time projection chambers,Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron.60(2017) 061011

    2017

  10. [10]

    Hikida et al.,AXEL: High-pressure xenon gas TPC for neutrinoless double beta decay search, Nucl

    J. Hikida et al.,AXEL: High-pressure xenon gas TPC for neutrinoless double beta decay search, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A1080(2025) 170706

    2025

  11. [11]

    Mistry and D

    K. Mistry and D. R. Nygren,Optimal operating parameters for next-generation xenon gas time projection chambers, Dec., 2025. 10.48550/arXiv.2512.19290

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.19290 2025

  12. [12]

    Nygren, B

    D. Nygren, B. Jones, N. López-March, Y. Mei, F. Psihas and J. Renner,Neutrinoless double beta decay with 82SeF6 and direct ion imaging,Journal of Instrumentation13(2018) P03015

    2018

  13. [13]

    X. Cao, Y. Chang, K. Chen, E. Ciuffoli, L. Duan, D. Fang et al.,NvDEx-100 Conceptual Design Report,Nuclear Science and Techniques35(2024) 3 [2304.08362]

    work page arXiv 2024

  14. [14]

    J. P. Jay-Gerin and C. Ferradini,Migration of excess electrons in polar liquids: Dependence on solvent viscosity,International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part C. Radiation Physics and Chemistry38(1991) 83

    1991

  15. [15]

    W. F. Schmidt,Electron mobility in nonpolar liquids: The effect of molecular structure, temperature, and electric field,Canadian Journal of Chemistry55(1977) 2197

    1977

  16. [16]

    R. A. Holroyd,Electrons in Nonpolar Liquids, inCharged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter, CRC Press, (2003), DOI

    2003

  17. [17]

    Neese, F,The ORCA program system,WIRES Comput. Molec. Sci.2(2012) 73. – 23 –

    2012

  18. [18]

    Weigend and R

    F. Weigend and R. Ahlrichs,Balanced basis sets of split valence, triple zeta valence and quadruple zeta valence quality for H to Rn: Design and assessment of accuracy,Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics7(2005) 3297

    2005

  19. [19]

    Rappoport and F

    D. Rappoport and F. Furche,Property-optimized Gaussian basis sets for molecular response calculations,The Journal of Chemical Physics133(2010) 134105

    2010

  20. [20]

    Weigend,Accurate Coulomb-fitting basis sets for H to Rn,Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 8(2006) 1057

    F. Weigend,Accurate Coulomb-fitting basis sets for H to Rn,Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 8(2006) 1057

    2006

  21. [21]

    Charpak, V

    G. Charpak, V. Peskov, F. Sauli and D. Scigocki,Ethyl Ferrocene in Gas, Condensed, Or Adsorbed Phases: Three Types of Photosensitive Elements for Use in Gaseous Detectors,Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A277(1989) 537

    1989

  22. [22]

    H. G. Grimm and H. Metzger,über Darstellung und Eigenschaften des Selenkohlenstoffs,Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series)69(1936) 1356

    1936

  23. [23]

    J. A. Wilkinson,Liquid Hydrogen Sulfide as a Reaction Medium.,Chemical Reviews8(1931) 237

    1931

  24. [24]

    de Urquijo, E

    J. de Urquijo, E. Basurto, A. M. Juárez, K. F. Ness, R. E. Robson, M. J. Brunger et al.,Electron drift velocities in He and water mixtures: Measurements and an assessment of the water vapour cross-section sets,The Journal of Chemical Physics141(2014) 014308

    2014

  25. [25]

    Abouaf and D

    R. Abouaf and D. Teillet-Billy,Low energy electron collisions in H2S and H2Se: Structure in dissociative attachment cross-sections,International Journal of Mass Spectrometry277(2008) 79

    2008

  26. [26]

    Fribert, L

    H. Fribert, L. Fabbietti, P. Gasik and B. Ulukutlu,Impact of trace amounts of water on the stability of Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors measured in Ar-CO 2 (90-10),Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment1082(2026) 170912

    2026

  27. [27]

    A. M. Boyarski,Additives that prevent or reverse cathode aging in drift chambers with helium–isobutane gas,Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment515(2003) 190

    2003

  28. [28]

    M. Huk, P. Igo-Kemenes and A. Wagner,Electron attachment to oxygen, water, and methanol, in various drift chamber gas mixtures,Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment267(1988) 107

    1988

  29. [29]

    Thesis in Preparation), Ph.D

    Avasthi, Aneesha,(Ph.D. Thesis in Preparation), Ph.D. thesis, Case Western Reserve University, 2026

    2026

  30. [30]

    Brunner,Townsend coefficients of gases in avalanche counters,Nuclear Instruments and Methods 154(1978) 159

    G. Brunner,Townsend coefficients of gases in avalanche counters,Nuclear Instruments and Methods 154(1978) 159

    1978

  31. [31]

    J. C. J. Thynne and P. W. Harland,Ionisation and dissociation by electron impact of methanol, trideuteromethanol and methanol-d,International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics11 (1973) 127

    1973

  32. [32]

    T. G. Pearson and P. L. Robinson,83. Carbonyl selenide. Part I. Preparation and physical properties,Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)(1932) 652

    1932

  33. [33]

    Kondo, S

    K. Kondo, S. Yokoyama, N. Miyoshi, S. Murai and N. Sonoda,A New Synthesis of Carbonyl Selenide,Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English18(1979) 691

    1979

  34. [34]

    G. L. Gutsev, R. J. Bartlett and R. N. Compton,Electron affinities of CO2, OCS, and CS2,The Journal of Chemical Physics108(1998) 6756. – 24 –

    1998

  35. [35]

    M. J. Hubin-Frańskin, J. Katihabwa and J. E. Collin,Dissociative electron attachment for the carbonyl sulphide molecule in the gas phase. Heat of formation of the Cs Radical,International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics20(1976) 285

    1976

  36. [36]

    K. A. G. MacNeil and J. C. J. Thynne,Negative ion formation in carbon disulfide and carbonyl sulfide,The Journal of Physical Chemistry73(1969) 2960

    1969

  37. [37]

    G. T. Morgan and F. H. Burstall,CXLVI.—Heterocyclic systems containing selenium. Part I. Cycloselenobutane(tetrahydroselenophen),JournaloftheChemicalSociety(Resumed)(1929)1096

    1929

  38. [38]

    Swadia, R

    M. Swadia, R. Bhavsar, Y. Thakar, M. Vinodkumar and C. Limbachiya,Electron-driven processes for furan, tetrahydrofuran and 2, 5-dimethylfuran,Molecular Physics115(2017) 2521

    2017

  39. [39]

    H. P. Upadhyaya,Theoretical Study on the Dissociation Mechanism of Thiophene in theUV Photoabsorption, Ionization, and Electron Attachment Processes,International Journal of Quantum Chemistry124(2024) e27503

    2024

  40. [40]

    Sulzer, S

    P. Sulzer, S. Ptasinska, F. Zappa, B. Mielewska, A. R. Milosavljevic, P. Scheier et al.,Dissociative electron attachment to furan, tetrahydrofuran, and fructose,The Journal of Chemical Physics125 (2006) 044304

    2006

  41. [41]

    A. A. H. Kadhum and G. A. Salmon,Reactivity of solvated electrons in tetrahydrofuran,Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases82(1986) 2521

    1986

  42. [42]

    Things I Won’t Work With: Selenophenol

    Derek Lowe, “Things I Won’t Work With: Selenophenol.” https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/things-i-won-t-work-selenophenol

  43. [43]

    S. M. Spyrou and G. Roupakas,An electron-swarm mass-spectrometric study of electron attachment to thiophenol and its anion–molecule reactions,Chemical Physics Letters304(1999) 79

    1999

  44. [44]

    E. S. Gould and Wm. Burlant,Some Reactions of 1,4-Diselenane1,Journal of the American Chemical Society78(1956) 5825

    1956

  45. [45]

    Kopyra and J

    J. Kopyra and J. Władziński,Electron driven processes in sulphur containing compounds CH3SCH3 and CH3SSCH3,The European Physical Journal D69(2015) 157

    2015

  46. [46]

    G. T. Morgan and F. H. Burstall,XXIV.—cycloTellurobutane (tetrahydrotellurophen),Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)(1931) 180

    1931

  47. [47]

    N. B. Jaufeerally, H. H. Abdallah, P. Ramasami and H. F. Schaefer III,Telluroformaldehyde and its derivatives: Structures,ionizationpotentials,electronaffinitiesandsinglet–tripletgapsoftheX2CTe andXYCTe(X,Y=H,F,Cl,Br,IandCN)species,TheoreticalChemistryAccounts131(2012)1127

    2012

  48. [48]

    Bader, L

    J. Bader, L. Fischer, K. F. Hoffmann, N. Limberg, A. Millanvois, F. Oesten et al.,On Pentafluoroorthotellurates and Related Compounds,Chemical Reviews125(2025) 9140

    2025

  49. [49]

    R. A. Holroyd, S. Geer and F. Ptohos,Free-ion yields for several silicon-, germanium-, and tin-containing liquids and their mixtures,Physical Review B43(1991) 9003

    1991

  50. [50]

    Masuda, H

    K. Masuda, H. Yuta, K. Abe, K. Hasegawa, F. Suekane, N. Kawamura et al.,Characteristics of an ionization chamber using tetramethylgermanium,Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment327(1993) 134

    1993

  51. [51]

    D. Su, W. Niu, S. Liu, C. Shen, C. Huang, H. Wang et al.,Electron attachment rate constant measurement by photoemission electron attachment ion mobility spectrometry (PE-EA-IMS), Radiation Physics and Chemistry81(2012) 1869. – 25 –

    2012

  52. [52]

    D. H. Busch, ed.,Inorganic Syntheses: Volume XVIII, no. 18 in Inorganic Syntheses. Wiley, New York, 1978

    1978

  53. [53]

    Agrawal, V

    A. Agrawal, V. V. Alenkov, P. Aryal, H. Bae, J. Beyer, B. Bhandari et al.,Radioassay of the materials for AMoRE-II experiment,Frontiers in Physics12(2024)

    2024

  54. [54]

    Tamaru,The Thermal Decomposition of Tin Hydride.,The Journal of Physical Chemistry60 (1956) 610

    K. Tamaru,The Thermal Decomposition of Tin Hydride.,The Journal of Physical Chemistry60 (1956) 610

    1956

  55. [55]

    S. W. Finch and W. Tornow,Search for the𝛽decay of 96Zr,Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment806 (2016) 70

    2016

  56. [56]

    H. R. Hoekstra and J. J. Katz,The Preparation and Properties of the Group IV-B Metal Borohydrides,Journal of the American Chemical Society71(1949) 2488

    1949

  57. [57]

    F. C. Gennari, L. Fernández Albanesi and I. J. Rios,Synthesis and thermal stability of Zr(BH4)4 and Zr(BD4)4 produced by mechanochemical processing,Inorganica Chimica Acta362(2009) 3731

    2009

  58. [58]

    D. C. Bradley and M. M. Faktor,Pyrolysis of metal alkoxides. I. Thermal stability of some zirconium alkoxides,Journal of Applied Chemistry9(1959) 435

    1959

  59. [59]

    G. I. Spijksma, G. A. Seisenbaeva, H. J. M. Bouwmeester, D. H. A. Blank and V. G. Kessler, Zirconium and hafniumtert-butoxides andtert-butoxo-𝛽-diketonate complexes – Isolation, structural characterization and application in the one-step synthesis of 3D metal oxide nanostructures,Polyhedron53(2013) 150

    2013

  60. [60]

    E. S. Vikulova, L. N. Zelenina, A. E. Turgambaeva, I. Yu. Ilyin, S. I. Dorovskikh and N. B. Morozova,Study of thermal properties of tetrakis(dimethylamido)zirconium as a precursor for atomic layer deposition processes,Russian Chemical Bulletin74(2024) 1864

    2024

  61. [61]

    M. J. S. Monte, A. R. R. P. Almeida and R. Notario,Volatility and chemical stability of chromium, molybdenum,andtungstenhexacarbonyls,JournalofThermalAnalysisandCalorimetry132(2018) 1201

    2018

  62. [62]

    Miyoshi, Y

    E. Miyoshi, Y. Sakai, A. Murakami, H. Iwaki, H. Terashima, T. Shoda et al.,On the electron affinities of hexafluorides CrF6, MoF6, and WF6,The Journal of Chemical Physics89(1988) 4193

    1988

  63. [63]

    P.-Y. Shih, M. Cipriani, C. F. Hermanns, J. Oster, K. Edinger, A. Gölzhäuser et al.,Low-energy electron interaction and focused electron beam-induced deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6),Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology13(2022) 182

    2022

  64. [64]

    L. M. Dyagileva, E. I. Tsyganova and Y. A. Aleksandrov,The Kinetic Stability of Biscyclopentadienyl and Diarene Compounds ofTransition Metals in the Thermal Decomposition Reaction,Russian Chemical Reviews57(1988) 316

    1988

  65. [65]

    Suhonen,On the double-beta decays of 70Zn, 86Kr, 94Zr, 104Ru, 110Pd and 124Sn,Nuclear Physics A864(2011) 63

    J. Suhonen,On the double-beta decays of 70Zn, 86Kr, 94Zr, 104Ru, 110Pd and 124Sn,Nuclear Physics A864(2011) 63

    2011

  66. [66]

    C. Park, S. Song, H. Choi, B. K. Park, J. Y. Ryu, Y. Kim et al.,Silylation-Driven Volatility Enhancement in Mononuclear Calcium, Magnesium, and Barium Complexes with Monomethyl or Silyl Ether and Bis(diketonate),ACS Omega9(2024) 31864

    2024

  67. [67]

    T. A. Stromnova and I. I. Moiseev,Palladium carbonyl complexes,Russian Chemical Reviews67 (1998) 485

    1998

  68. [68]

    Libuda, A

    J. Libuda, A. Sandell, M. Bäumer and H. J. Freund,Evidence for Pdx(CO)y compound formation on an alumina substrate,Chemical Physics Letters240(1995) 429. – 26 –

    1995

  69. [69]

    STREM CVD/ALD precursors catalog

    “STREM CVD/ALD precursors catalog.” https://www.strem.com/cvd-ald, 2026

    2026

  70. [70]

    R. L. Nigro, R. G. Toro, M. E. Fragalà, P. Rossi, P. Dapporto and G. Malandrino,Neodymium 𝛽-diketonate glyme complexes: Synthesis and characterization of volatile precursors for MOCVD applications,Inorganica Chimica Acta362(2009) 4623

    2009

  71. [71]

    Drozdov and N

    A. Drozdov and N. Kuzmina,Volatile Compounds of Lanthanides, inComprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II, pp. 511–534, Elsevier, (2013), DOI

    2013

  72. [72]

    Engmann, B

    S. Engmann, B. Ómarsson, M. Lacko, M. Stano, Š. Matejčík and O. Ingólfsson,Dissociative electron attachment to hexafluoroacetylacetone and its bidentate metal complexes M(hfac)2; M = Cu, Pd,The Journal of Chemical Physics138(2013) 234309

    2013

  73. [73]

    Landheer, S

    K. Landheer, S. G. Rosenberg, L. Bernau, P. Swiderek, I. Utke, C. W. Hagen et al.,Low-Energy Electron-Induced Decomposition and Reactions of Adsorbed Tetrakis(trifluorophosphine)platinum [Pt(PF3)4],The Journal of Physical Chemistry C115(2011) 17452

    2011

  74. [74]

    Things I Won’t Work With: Dimethylcadmium

    Lowe, Derek, “Things I Won’t Work With: Dimethylcadmium.” https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/things-i-won-t-work-dimethylcadmium, 2013

    2013

  75. [75]

    N.S.Phan,R.Lafler,R.J.Lauer,E.R.Lee,D.Loomba,J.A.J.Matthewsetal.,Thenovelproperties of SF6 for directional dark matter experiments,Journal of Instrumentation12(2017) P02012

    2017

  76. [76]

    C. A. J. O’Hare, D. Loomba, K. Altenmüller, H. Álvarez-Pol, F. D. Amaro, H. M. Araújo et al., Recoil imaging for dark matter, neutrinos, and physics beyond the Standard Model, arXiv:2203.05914 [astro-ph, physics:hep-ex, physics:hep-ph, physics:physics](2022) [2203.05914]

    work page arXiv 2022

  77. [77]

    J. B. R. Battat, C. Deaconu, G. Druitt, R. Eggleston, P. Fisher, P. Giampa et al.,The Dark Matter Time Projection Chamber 4Shooter directional dark matter detector: Calibration in a surface laboratory,Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment755(2014) 6

    2014

  78. [78]

    M. P. Dion, C. J. Martoff and M. Hosack,On the Mechanism of Townsend Avalanche for Negative Molecular Ions,Astroparticle Physics33(2010) 216 [0908.2441]

    work page arXiv 2010

  79. [79]

    Sowada and R

    U. Sowada and R. A. Holroyd,Laser photodetachment of electrons from O2- in nonpolar liquidsa), The Journal of Chemical Physics70(2008) 3586

    2008

  80. [80]

    Schiedt and R

    J. Schiedt and R. Weinkauf,Spin -Orbit Coupling in the O-2 Anion,Zeitschrift Naturforschung Teil A50(1995) 1041

    1995

Showing first 80 references.