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arxiv: 2605.06353 · v2 · submitted 2026-05-07 · 💻 cs.CL

SEQUOR: A Multi-Turn Benchmark for Realistic Constraint Following

Beatriz Canaverde , Duarte M. Alves , Jos\'e Pombal , Giuseppe Attanasio , Andr\'e F. T. Martins This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-11 02:01 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CL
keywords multi-turn conversationsinstruction followingconstraint adherencelanguage model evaluationbenchmarksconversational AIlong-horizon tasks
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The pith

Models lose accuracy following instructions as conversations grow longer and more complex.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper presents SEQUOR, a benchmark that tests AI models on adhering to user constraints across extended multi-turn dialogues. It builds simulated persona-driven exchanges from constraints drawn from real conversations and measures how performance changes with length and number of rules. Results show drops exceeding 11 percent even for one constraint, over 40 percent for several at once, and more than 9 percent when rules shift mid-conversation. A reader would care because helpful assistants must keep track of evolving or added directives without forgetting earlier ones. The benchmark supplies a concrete way to quantify and address these gaps in current instruction-following ability.

Core claim

SEQUOR evaluates constraint adherence in long multi-turn conversations using simulated persona-driven interactions built with constraints extracted from real-world conversations. The results establish that instruction-following accuracy consistently decreases as the conversation grows longer, with drops exceeding 11 percent for a single constraint, over 40 percent when multiple constraints must be followed simultaneously, and more than 9 percent when constraints are added or replaced at arbitrary points.

What carries the argument

SEQUOR benchmark of simulated persona-driven interactions built from constraints extracted from real-world conversations, used to measure adherence over long horizons.

If this is right

  • Accuracy in following a single constraint falls steadily with added turns.
  • Simultaneous multiple constraints produce substantially larger performance losses.
  • Mid-conversation additions or replacements of constraints cause further measurable drops.
  • Existing short or single-turn tests miss these long-horizon failure modes.
  • The benchmark supplies a repeatable method to track progress on multi-turn instruction following.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Assistants deployed in real chat settings may frustrate users when prior instructions are lost over time.
  • Fine-tuning or training on similar extended constraint sequences could reduce the observed drops.
  • The method of pulling constraints from actual dialogues could generate tests for other conversational skills.
  • Adding contradictory or rapidly changing rules to the benchmark might expose further model weaknesses.

Load-bearing premise

The simulated persona-driven interactions built with constraints extracted from real-world conversations accurately capture the challenges of real multi-turn constraint following.

What would settle it

Running the same models on a collection of genuine long multi-turn user conversations with similar extracted constraints and finding no comparable accuracy decline.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.06353 by Andr\'e F. T. Martins, Beatriz Canaverde, Duarte M. Alves, Giuseppe Attanasio, Jos\'e Pombal.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Example snippet of a conversation from S view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Pipeline to collect constraints from real-world conversations. view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Rubrics used by LLM judges to identify non-satisfiable constraints. The complete view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: SEQUOR simulates persona-driven interactions, varying how constraints are introduced across five systematic regimes. constraint-task pairs. We then use multiple judges to independently assess whether the constraint has been followed in each response. A constraint is non-subjective if all judges agree on the binary judgment in at least 70% of the evaluated task contexts. For constraint assessment, we use th… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Per-turn accuracy across regimes. Shaded regions indicate 95% bootstrap confi view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Change in per-turn accuracy from turn 1 to turn 50 across regimes. Each gray line view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Per-turn accuracy for all models in the Everything regime. Models tend to recover their initial performance when existing constraints are replaced with new ones. This is evidenced by the sharp accuracy spikes observed in Replace 5 and Replace 10 (see view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Prompt template used to extract constraints from datasets of conversations. view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Prompt template used to identify satisfiable constraints with LM judges. view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Prompt template used to generate model responses to a task under a specified view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Prompt template used by LM judges to assess whether an answer satisfies a view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Number of constraints classified as satisfied by all three judges as a function of view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Distribution of constraints by the percentage of task contexts in which they are view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Number of constraints classified as non-trivial by all three judges as a function of view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Distribution of constraints by the percentage of task contexts in which they are view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Number of constraints classified as non-subjective by all three judges as a function view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Distribution of constraints by the percentage of task contexts in which they are view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Prompt template used to identify satisfiable tuples with LM judges. view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: Prompt template used to generate model responses to a task under a specified view at source ↗
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: Number of tuples as a function of the minimum percentage of task contexts for view at source ↗
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: Distribution of tuples by the percentage of task contexts for which we found at view at source ↗
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: Constraint category distributions for the constraint pool (left) and among tuples view at source ↗
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: Prompt template used to generate a structured daily agenda conditioned on a view at source ↗
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: Prompt template used to generate open-ended questions conditioned on a view at source ↗
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: Per-turn accuracy for all models in the Single regime. 30 view at source ↗
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: Per-turn accuracy for all models in the Tuples regime. 1 5 6 10 11 15 16 20 21 25 26 30 31 35 36 40 41 45 46 50 Turn Gemini-3.1 Qwen3-235B-A22B GPT-oss-120B Llama-3.3-70B Qwen3-30B-A3B GLM-4.7-Flash Gemma3-27B GPT-oss-20B Gemma3-12B Qwen3-4B Gemma3-4B 0.94 0.88 0.91 0.87 0.89 0.83 0.91 0.84 0.89 0.81 0.92 0.84 0.89 0.82 0.90 0.85 0.90 0.83 0.93 0.86 0.93 0.91 0.85 0.79 0.90 0.83 0.89 0.82 0.92 0.79 0.90 0… view at source ↗
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: Per-turn accuracy for all models in the Replace regime, where constraints are replaced every 5 turns. 31 view at source ↗
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: Per-turn accuracy for all models in the Replace regime, where constraints are replaced every 10 turns. 1 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 15 Turn Gemini-3.1 Qwen3-235B-A22B GPT-oss-120B Llama-3.3-70B Qwen3-30B-A3B GLM-4.7-Flash Gemma3-27B GPT-oss-20B Gemma3-12B Qwen3-4B Gemma3-4B 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.86 0.83 0.84 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.89 0.85 0.85 0.65 0.64 0.60 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.75 0.76 0.68 0.98 0.9… view at source ↗
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: Per-turn accuracy for all models in the Add regime, where new constraints are introduced every 5 turns. 32 view at source ↗
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: Per-turn accuracy for all models in the Add regime, where new constraints are introduced every 10 turns. Single Tuples Replace Add Everything Model 5 10 5 10 Gemini-3.1 34 ± 17 32 ± 15 20 ± 8 24 ± 11 33 ± 13 33 ± 14 22 ± 9 Qwen3-235B-A22B 39 ± 26 43 ± 25 22 ± 11 28 ± 15 40 ± 23 39 ± 20 26 ± 13 GPT-oss-120B 95 ± 50 68 ± 43 52 ± 21 62 ± 29 72 ± 41 76 ± 39 48 ± 20 Llama-3.3-70B 28 ± 13 33 ± 26 20 ± 6 22 ± 7 … view at source ↗
read the original abstract

In a conversation, a helpful assistant must reliably follow user directives, even as they refine, modify, or contradict earlier requests. Yet most instruction-following benchmarks focus on single-turn or short multi-turn scenarios, leaving open how well models handle long-horizon instruction-following tasks. To bridge this gap, we present SEQUOR, an automatic benchmark for evaluating constraint adherence in long multi-turn conversations. SEQUOR consists of simulated persona-driven interactions built with constraints extracted from real-world conversations. Our results show that even when following a single constraint, instruction-following accuracy consistently decreases as the conversation grows longer, with drops exceeding 11%. This decline becomes larger when models have to follow multiple constraints simultaneously, reducing their accuracy by over 40%. In scenarios where constraints are added or replaced at arbitrary points of the conversation, model accuracy decreases by more than 9%. Taken together, our results reveal that current models still struggle to follow user instructions in multi-turn conversations, and provide a way for better measuring instruction-following capabilities in assistants.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper introduces SEQUOR, an automatic benchmark for evaluating LLM constraint adherence in long multi-turn conversations. It constructs simulated persona-driven interactions by extracting constraints from real-world conversation logs and embedding them into dialogues. Empirical results claim that instruction-following accuracy drops by more than 11% as conversations lengthen even for single constraints, by over 40% when following multiple constraints simultaneously, and by more than 9% when constraints are added or replaced dynamically at arbitrary points.

Significance. If the simulation faithfully reproduces real multi-turn dynamics, SEQUOR would fill a gap in existing single-turn or short-context benchmarks by providing a scalable way to measure long-horizon instruction following under accumulating and changing constraints. The quantitative trends could guide model development toward better context retention and constraint tracking. The work's value is limited by the absence of validation that the observed degradations reflect genuine user-facing difficulties rather than artifacts of the generation process.

major comments (3)
  1. [Methods/§3] Benchmark construction (Methods/§3): No human validation, side-by-side comparison against live user sessions, or ablation on constraint extraction/insertion heuristics is reported. The headline claims (accuracy drops >11% for single constraints, >40% for multiple) are measured exclusively inside these automatically generated conversations; without such checks the results may reflect simulation artifacts (e.g., unnatural constraint density or turn-wise application rules) rather than real instruction-following difficulty.
  2. [Results/§4 and Abstract] Results and abstract: Specific quantitative drops are stated without details on the number of models evaluated, statistical tests performed, error bars, variance across runs, or exact baseline comparisons. This makes it impossible to assess whether the reported declines (e.g., >11%, >40%) are robust or sensitive to evaluation choices.
  3. [Evaluation protocol/§4] Evaluation protocol: The paper provides no analysis of how persona consistency, constraint ordering, or turn-wise application rules affect model behavior. If these design choices systematically over- or under-constrain models relative to actual users, the central empirical observations do not generalize beyond the benchmark.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Results] Clarify the exact number of constraints per conversation, the distribution of conversation lengths, and the precise metrics used to compute 'accuracy' in the results tables or figures.
  2. [Related Work] Add references to prior multi-turn instruction-following benchmarks (e.g., those evaluating dialogue consistency or constraint satisfaction) to better situate SEQUOR.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback on our manuscript introducing SEQUOR. The comments highlight key areas for improving transparency, robustness, and discussion of limitations. We address each major point below, indicating planned revisions to the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Methods/§3] Benchmark construction (Methods/§3): No human validation, side-by-side comparison against live user sessions, or ablation on constraint extraction/insertion heuristics is reported. The headline claims (accuracy drops >11% for single constraints, >40% for multiple) are measured exclusively inside these automatically generated conversations; without such checks the results may reflect simulation artifacts (e.g., unnatural constraint density or turn-wise application rules) rather than real instruction-following difficulty.

    Authors: We agree that additional validation would strengthen claims about the benchmark's fidelity to real interactions. SEQUOR prioritizes full automation and scalability by extracting constraints from real-world logs, enabling evaluation over long horizons that would be costly to replicate with live users. In revision, we will expand the Methods section with ablations on extraction and insertion heuristics (e.g., varying density and ordering using existing data) and add a dedicated Limitations subsection discussing potential artifacts such as constraint density. We will also outline plans for future human validation studies. Full side-by-side live session comparisons are not feasible in the current work due to resource constraints but remain a valuable direction for follow-up. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Results/§4 and Abstract] Results and abstract: Specific quantitative drops are stated without details on the number of models evaluated, statistical tests performed, error bars, variance across runs, or exact baseline comparisons. This makes it impossible to assess whether the reported declines (e.g., >11%, >40%) are robust or sensitive to evaluation choices.

    Authors: We apologize for insufficient detail in the presentation. The reported results cover 8 LLMs, averaged across 3 runs per setting, with paired t-tests for significance. We will revise the Results section, Abstract, and add a summary table to include error bars, standard deviations, full model names, variance across runs, and explicit baselines (e.g., single-turn vs. multi-turn). This will allow readers to better evaluate robustness. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [Evaluation protocol/§4] Evaluation protocol: The paper provides no analysis of how persona consistency, constraint ordering, or turn-wise application rules affect model behavior. If these design choices systematically over- or under-constrain models relative to actual users, the central empirical observations do not generalize beyond the benchmark.

    Authors: We acknowledge that sensitivity analysis on these protocol elements would improve generalizability claims. The current focus was on aggregate trends, but we will add a new subsection under Evaluation protocol reporting controlled variations, such as random vs. fixed constraint ordering and persona consistency checks on data subsets. These will demonstrate whether the observed accuracy drops (>11%, >40%) hold under alternative design choices. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity: purely empirical benchmark construction and measurement

full rationale

The paper introduces SEQUOR as an automatically generated benchmark for multi-turn constraint following, built by extracting constraints from real-world logs and embedding them into simulated persona-driven dialogues. All reported results (accuracy drops with conversation length, with multiple constraints, or with dynamic additions) are direct empirical measurements on this constructed test set. There are no mathematical derivations, first-principles predictions, fitted parameters, or equations that reduce to their own inputs by construction. No self-citation chains, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes are invoked to justify core claims. The benchmark construction itself is presented as a methodological choice rather than a derived result, and the quantitative findings are falsifiable measurements rather than tautological outputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper is an empirical benchmark creation and evaluation effort. The primary unverified premise is that the simulated interactions faithfully represent real-world constraint dynamics.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Simulated persona-driven interactions built with constraints extracted from real-world conversations accurately model real multi-turn instruction-following challenges
    Invoked to justify the benchmark's relevance to practical assistant use.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5496 in / 1145 out tokens · 39170 ms · 2026-05-11T02:01:58.364581+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

19 extracted references · 19 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, Matthijs Douze, H ´erve J ´egou, and Tomas Mikolov

    URLhttps://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.257/. Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, Matthijs Douze, H ´erve J ´egou, and Tomas Mikolov. FastText.zip: Compressing text classification models, 2016a. URL https: //arxiv.org/abs/1612.03651. Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, and Tomas Mikolov. Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classific...

    work page doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1357 2024

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    Linguistic Guidelines: These dictate the use of particular language structures and terms, including grammatical styles, syntax, and specific dialects, like ”Victorian English” or ”technical jargon”

    work page

  3. [3]

    Style Rules: These direct the overall tone and audience of the text, varying from formal to persuasive or sophisticated, as in writing with a ”respectful tone” or for ”a young audience”

    work page

  4. [4]

    Format Specifications: These instruct the LLM on the structural presentation of its response, such as ”write your answer as a sonnet” or ”list ideas bullet-wise”

    work page

  5. [5]

    turn”: 1, “task

    Number Limitations: These involve numeric-related instructions, like producing ”a 500-word essay” or presenting ”three arguments for your answer”. Below, you are given a sequence of user prompts taken from a conversation. Your job is to identify all tasks and constraints in the user prompts. In addition, classify all constraints into their categories. Eac...

    work page

  6. [6]

    Victorian English

    Linguistic Guidelines: These dictate the use of particular language structures and terms, including grammatical styles, syntax, and specific dialects, like “Victorian English” or “technical jargon”

    work page

  7. [7]

    respectful tone

    Style Rules: These direct the overall tone and audience of the text, varying from formal to persuasive or sophisticated, as in writing with a “respectful tone” or for “a young audience”

    work page

  8. [8]

    write your answer as a sonnet

    Format Specifications: These instruct the LLM on the structural presentation of its response, such as “write your answer as a sonnet” or “list ideas bullet-wise”

    work page

  9. [9]

    a 500-word essay

    Number Limitations: These involve numeric-related instructions, like producing “a 500-word essay” or presenting “three arguments for your answer”. Below, you are given a task and a constraint. To determine whether the constraint is relevant to the task, answer seperately each of these questions with either[[Yes]]or[[No]]:

    work page

  10. [10]

    Is the constraint actually a restriction or condition that limits how the model should generate its output to the task?

    work page

  11. [11]

    Does the constraint target a different question, topic, or domain than the task itself?

    work page

  12. [12]

    Is the constraint applicable to the type of output the task requires?

    work page

  13. [13]

    reasoning

    Does the constraint fall within one of the four defined categories above? You can first reason about the task and the constraint. Output only a valid JSON with this structure: {{ “reasoning”: “write your reasoning here”, “question 1”: “[[Yes/No]]”, “question 2”: “[[Yes/No]]”, “question 3”: “[[Yes/No]]”, “question 4”: “[[Yes/No]]” }} Task: {task} Constrain...

    work page 2086

  14. [14]

    Provide a detailed description of each activity or task

    Identify several activities or tasks that the persona might engage in throughout their day. Provide a detailed description of each activity or task

    work page

  15. [15]

    The agenda should be specific and tailored to the persona’s characteristics, interests, and lifestyle

    work page

  16. [16]

    Agenda:

    Your output should start with “Agenda: ” and list the activities in chronological order. Identify each activity in a new line with the markdown divider “###” Figure 23: Prompt template used to generate a structured daily agenda conditioned on a persona description. Question Generation Prompt Next, you are given the description of a persona and an activity...

    work page

  17. [17]

    The questions can include details such as the location where the actions take place, people involved, time of day, emotions, challenges, or other relevant aspects that make the scenario vivid and engaging

    work page

  18. [18]

    Avoid contradictions

    Ensure the questions are coherent and consistent with both the persona and the activity/task. Avoid contradictions

    work page

  19. [19]

    Write each question on a new line, preceded by the markdown divider “###” Figure 24: Prompt template used to generate open-ended questions conditioned on a persona description and a specific activity from the generated agenda. Single T uples Replace 10 Add 10 EverythingModels Gemini-3.1-Flash-Lite -10.50 -24.42 -11.50 -40.00 -9.00 Qwen3-235B-A22B-Inst -16...

    work page