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arxiv: 2605.11588 · v2 · pith:GP6KW2CCnew · submitted 2026-05-12 · 🪐 quant-ph

Telecom quantum memory over one microsecond in nanophotonic lithium niobate

Priyash Barya , Daren Chen , Ashwith Prabhu , Laura Heller , Edmond Chow , Hansol Kim , Joshua Akin , Vasileios Niaouris
show 4 more authors
Jiefei Zhang Alan M. Dibos Pengjie Wang Elizabeth A. Goldschmidt
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 18:02 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph
keywords quantum memorynanophotonicslithium niobateatomic frequency combtelecom wavelengthserbium-dopedsingle-photon storage
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The pith

Erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate stores single-photon telecom pulses for more than a microsecond.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper demonstrates storage of single-photon-level telecom-band pulses for over one microsecond inside a nanophotonic waveguide fabricated from erbium-doped lithium niobate. The approach uses an atomic frequency comb to absorb the incoming light and re-emit it later while preserving phase information and keeping noise below the single-photon level. Such durations exceed what is possible by simply letting light propagate through the device, because propagation losses would destroy the signal. A reader would care because telecom wavelengths travel efficiently through optical fiber, so an on-chip memory compatible with those wavelengths supplies a missing building block for connecting quantum processors over distance.

Core claim

We store single-photon-level telecom-band optical pulses for more than a microsecond using an atomic frequency comb in erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate, well beyond what is practically feasible via propagation in even the best nanophotonic devices due to propagation losses. We verify the quantum nature of this storage by demonstrating the phase coherence and sub-single-photon noise upon retrieval. We also show the flexibility of our platform by storing up to 20 temporal modes and demonstrating an acceptance bandwidth up to 2.2 GHz. These results establish erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate as a practical platform for on-chip quantum memory at telecom wavelengths.

What carries the argument

Atomic frequency comb in erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate, which absorbs and rephases the photons to achieve controlled storage and retrieval of quantum states.

If this is right

  • Storing up to 20 temporal modes enables multiplexed quantum information processing on the chip.
  • An acceptance bandwidth reaching 2.2 GHz supports high-speed quantum communication protocols.
  • The platform overcomes propagation losses that otherwise limit on-chip photonic quantum systems.
  • Integration with fiber-optic networks becomes feasible for distributed quantum sensing and computing.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same material platform could be combined with other nanophotonic elements such as sources or detectors to form complete quantum nodes on a single chip.
  • Longer storage times might be reachable by optimizing the erbium concentration or comb parameters, approaching requirements for quantum repeaters.
  • The demonstrated bandwidth and mode capacity suggest compatibility with time-bin or frequency-bin encoding schemes used in quantum networking experiments.
  • Reducing residual noise further could allow storage of entangled photon pairs for applications in distributed quantum computing.

Load-bearing premise

The observed phase coherence and sub-single-photon noise in the retrieved signal are assumed to prove faithful quantum storage without dominant uncharacterized decoherence, loss, or classical noise from the waveguide or material defects.

What would settle it

A retrieval measurement that shows loss of phase coherence or noise levels above the single-photon threshold after one microsecond of storage would falsify the claim of effective quantum memory.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.11588 by Alan M. Dibos, Ashwith Prabhu, Daren Chen, Edmond Chow, Elizabeth A. Goldschmidt, Hansol Kim, Jiefei Zhang, Joshua Akin, Laura Heller, Pengjie Wang, Priyash Barya, Vasileios Niaouris.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Nanophotonic quantum memory is a vital component for scalable quantum information processing for quantum computing, networking, and sensing applications. We store single-photon-level telecom-band optical pulses for more than a microsecond using an atomic frequency comb in erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate, well beyond what is practically feasible via propagation in even the best nanophotonic devices due to propagation losses. We verify the quantum nature of this storage by demonstrating the phase coherence and sub-single-photon noise upon retrieval. We also show the flexibility of our platform by storing up to 20 temporal modes and demonstrating an acceptance bandwidth up to 2.2 GHz. These results establish erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate as a practical platform for on-chip quantum memory at telecom wavelengths, a key missing element for photonic quantum computing and quantum networking.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports an experimental demonstration of telecom-band quantum memory in a nanophotonic platform: single-photon-level pulses are stored for >1 µs in an atomic frequency comb (AFC) formed in erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate waveguides. Quantum character is asserted via measured phase coherence of the retrieved field and noise below one photon; the work also shows storage of up to 20 temporal modes and acceptance bandwidths up to 2.2 GHz, positioning the platform as practical for on-chip quantum networking.

Significance. If the storage is shown to be faithful quantum memory with quantified efficiency and fidelity, the result would be a meaningful step toward integrated telecom quantum memories that exceed propagation-loss limits of nanophotonic waveguides. The combination of thin-film LiNbO3 with erbium doping offers CMOS-compatible fabrication, multi-mode capability, and GHz-scale bandwidth, addressing a recognized missing element for photonic quantum information processing.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract / Results] Abstract and main results: the claim that the retrieved signal constitutes faithful quantum storage rests on phase coherence and sub-single-photon noise, yet these metrics alone do not exclude a substantial classical component or partial decoherence arising from waveguide defects or material inhomogeneity. Input-output efficiency, the second-order correlation function g^{(2)} of the retrieved field, and a direct comparison of storage-time scaling against the waveguide loss length are not reported, leaving open the possibility that the observed signal contains a large non-quantum contribution.
  2. [Abstract] The assertion that storage exceeds what is feasible by propagation in the best nanophotonic devices is central to the significance claim, but no quantitative loss-length benchmark or propagation-loss measurement in the same device is provided to support the comparison.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Figures / Methods] Figure captions and methods should explicitly state the number of experimental runs, error bars on efficiency and noise counts, and the precise definition of 'sub-single-photon noise' (e.g., mean photon number per retrieval window).
  2. [Results] The acceptance bandwidth of 2.2 GHz is stated without showing the spectral shape of the AFC or the input pulse spectrum; a supplementary figure would clarify how the bandwidth was extracted.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive feedback on our manuscript. We address each major comment below, providing clarifications and indicating where revisions will be made to strengthen the presentation of our results.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / Results] Abstract and main results: the claim that the retrieved signal constitutes faithful quantum storage rests on phase coherence and sub-single-photon noise, yet these metrics alone do not exclude a substantial classical component or partial decoherence arising from waveguide defects or material inhomogeneity. Input-output efficiency, the second-order correlation function g^{(2)} of the retrieved field, and a direct comparison of storage-time scaling against the waveguide loss length are not reported, leaving open the possibility that the observed signal contains a large non-quantum contribution.

    Authors: We appreciate the referee's emphasis on rigorous characterization of quantum memory performance. The preservation of phase coherence over storage times >1 μs, together with retrieved noise below one photon per temporal mode, indicates that the process maintains the quantum character of the input field; a dominant classical contribution would be inconsistent with both the observed coherence and the sub-photon noise level. Nevertheless, to address the concern directly, the revised manuscript will include the measured input-output efficiency of the memory. We have also added a paragraph discussing why a direct g^{(2)} measurement was not performed in the present experiment (limited count rates preclude high-statistics antibunching data) while arguing that the existing metrics already exclude a large classical component. Finally, we have incorporated an explicit comparison of the achieved storage time against the waveguide loss length, using literature values for state-of-the-art LiNbO3 propagation loss to show that an equivalent delay by propagation would incur prohibitive attenuation. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract] The assertion that storage exceeds what is feasible by propagation in the best nanophotonic devices is central to the significance claim, but no quantitative loss-length benchmark or propagation-loss measurement in the same device is provided to support the comparison.

    Authors: We agree that a quantitative benchmark is important for the significance statement. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated paragraph in the Discussion that estimates the propagation loss length for thin-film lithium niobate waveguides at telecom wavelengths. Using a conservative loss figure of ~0.1 dB/cm, the distance corresponding to 1 μs of propagation delay would produce >100 dB of attenuation, far exceeding the observed retrieval efficiency of our memory. This calculation is now presented alongside the experimental results to support the claim that the demonstrated storage time surpasses what is practically achievable by propagation alone. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: direct experimental demonstration

full rationale

The paper reports an experimental storage of single-photon-level telecom pulses in an erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguide using an atomic frequency comb. All central claims rest on measured quantities (storage duration >1 µs, phase coherence, sub-single-photon noise, multimode capacity, and bandwidth) obtained from direct laboratory observations. No mathematical derivation chain, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations appear in the abstract or described results. The comparison to propagation losses is an external benchmark, not a self-referential reduction. The work is therefore self-contained against external experimental benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The demonstration relies on established quantum optics for atomic frequency combs and standard assumptions about material properties and device losses in lithium niobate; no new free parameters or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (2)
  • standard math Atomic frequency comb protocol enables coherent storage and retrieval of optical pulses in rare-earth doped media
    Central mechanism invoked for the storage process.
  • domain assumption Propagation losses in the nanophotonic waveguide exceed the effective storage benefit for times shorter than one microsecond
    Used to claim the storage time is practically useful.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5713 in / 1442 out tokens · 87896 ms · 2026-05-19T18:02:14.811396+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

74 extracted references · 74 canonical work pages · 1 internal anchor

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