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arxiv: 2605.19692 · v1 · pith:LMVZBSNWnew · submitted 2026-05-19 · 💻 cs.CV

WBCAtt+: Fine-Grained Pixel-Level Morphological Annotations for White Blood Cell Images

Satoshi Tsutsui , Winnie Pang , Shuting He , Bihan Wen This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-20 06:02 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CV
keywords white blood cell imagesmorphological attributespixel-level segmentationattribute recognitionmedical image datasetexplainable AIpathologycell components
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The pith

WBCAtt+ supplies 113k labels and 10k segmentation maps that detail 11 morphological attributes and five cell components in white blood cell images.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Existing datasets for white blood cell images mainly label cell categories and omit the detailed morphological traits that pathologists rely on to interpret cells. The paper introduces WBCAtt+ to close this gap by adding dense annotations of 11 attributes plus five pixel-level components across a large collection of images. Baseline models trained on the new labels improve attribute recognition, and a model that respects cell compositional structure performs even better. The annotations also support downstream tasks such as generating counterfactual explanations for model decisions.

Core claim

WBCAtt+ is the first dataset to furnish comprehensive annotations for WBC images by supplying both 113k image-level morphological attribute labels and 10k pixel-level segmentation maps of five cell components, together with baseline models for attribute recognition and semantic segmentation that incorporate compositional structure to raise recognition accuracy and enable applications such as explainable counterfactual generation.

What carries the argument

WBCAtt+ dataset of 11 morphological attributes and five pixel-level cell components that together encode the fine-grained visual traits used in pathological interpretation.

If this is right

  • Baseline attribute recognition improves when the model explicitly uses the compositional layout of cell components.
  • Semantic segmentation models can now be trained directly on the provided 10k pixel maps of nucleus, cytoplasm, and other parts.
  • Counterfactual image generation becomes feasible by editing specific morphological attributes while holding others fixed.
  • The annotations allow systematic study of which visual traits drive automated classification decisions in blood disorder screening.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Pathology education tools could use the attribute maps to highlight the exact visual cues that justify a diagnosis.
  • The same annotation scheme might transfer to other cell types or stain variations if the core components remain consistent.
  • Integration with electronic health records could link image-level attribute vectors to patient outcomes for retrospective studies.

Load-bearing premise

The chosen 11 attributes and five components match the morphological features pathologists actually use when reading WBC images.

What would settle it

A controlled comparison in which models trained only on category labels achieve equal or higher diagnostic accuracy on held-out patient data than models that also use the new attribute and segmentation labels.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.19692 by Bihan Wen, Satoshi Tsutsui, Shuting He, Winnie Pang.

Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Sample images of each morphological attribute, which plays a key role in FINAL IN MIA [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The screenshot of Label Studio, the labeling tool used to annotate the attribute of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The distribution of semantic classes in pixels. The distribution is imbalanced, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Screenshot of CVAT, the annotation tool used for annotating segmentation maps [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: We design an attribute recognition model that segments cell images into [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Qualitative Results: In [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Sample segmentation results with notable errors anno Segmentation results with notable errors annotated. ConvNeXt-Up [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Baseline model architecture to predict attributes in a multi-task manner. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: We applied the models trained on our dataset for the cell images of Covid-19 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Top five attributes contributing to the classification of a neutrophil image by a Concept Bottleneck Model (CBM), as discussed in Sec. 5.2. Covid-19 patients. We briefly inspected a small number of images reported by them. While the attributes are still applicable, we observe that the cytoplasm color, which is sensitive to staining conditions, sometimes cannot be predicted correctly due to the difference … view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: (a) As discussed in Sec. 5.2, our dataset enables training a cell type classifier [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Our dataset enables training GANs for attribute-based image editing, which [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: APL images with blue cytoplasm are significantly underrepresented compared to other categories, indicating a potential dataset bias. The figure shows the distribution of APL (positive) and Non-APL (negative) promyelocytes in the APL dataset [68], grouped by cytoplasm color predicted by our attribute prediction model. This indicates that our model can be used to find biases in the existing cell image datas… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The microscopic examination of white blood cells (WBCs) plays a fundamental role in pathology and is essential for diagnosing blood disorders such as leukemia and anemia. To support further research on WBC images, multiple datasets have been proposed. However, they mainly annotate cell categories, and lack detailed morphological characteristics that pathologists use to explain their interpretations of cells. To address this gap, we introduce WBCAtt+, a novel dataset of WBC images densely annotated with 11 morphological attributes and five pixel-level cell components. With 113k image-level labels and 10k segmentation maps, WBCAtt+ is the first to provide comprehensive annotations for WBC images. Leveraging this dataset, we provide baseline models for attribute recognition and semantic segmentation. We also design an attribute recognition model to incorporate compositional structure of cells, further improving the recognition performance. Lastly, we showcase various applications enabled by our dataset, such as explainable AI models, including counterfactual example generation. \revision{The dataset and code are publicly available\footnote{https://doi.org/10.57967/hf/8143}}.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript introduces WBCAtt+, a dataset for white blood cell (WBC) images that provides 113k image-level labels across 11 morphological attributes and 10k pixel-level segmentation maps for five cell components. It positions the dataset as the first to offer comprehensive annotations addressing gaps in prior category-only datasets, supplies baseline models for attribute recognition and semantic segmentation (including a compositional variant), and demonstrates applications such as explainable AI via counterfactual generation. The dataset and code are released publicly.

Significance. If the annotations prove reliable and clinically aligned, WBCAtt+ could meaningfully advance interpretable models for hematopathology tasks like leukemia diagnosis by linking pixel-level structure to morphological attributes used by pathologists. The public release, baseline implementations, and XAI examples represent concrete strengths that lower barriers for follow-on work. The contribution stands independently without circular modeling assumptions.

major comments (2)
  1. [§3] §3 (Dataset Construction): The central claim that the 11 morphological attributes and five components are 'comprehensive' and capture what pathologists use to interpret cells is load-bearing for the 'first comprehensive' positioning, yet the section provides no description of the attribute selection process, consultation with hematopathologists, or mapping to standard diagnostic criteria (e.g., WHO or ICSH guidelines).
  2. [§4.2] §4.2 (Annotation Protocol) and Table 2: No inter-annotator agreement metrics (e.g., Cohen's kappa or Dice scores) are reported for either the image-level attributes or the 10k segmentation maps; without these, the reliability of the 113k labels cannot be assessed and the baseline performance improvements cannot be confidently attributed to annotation quality.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Figure 3] Figure 3: The example attribute heatmaps and segmentation overlays would benefit from explicit scale bars and clearer legend for the five components to aid reproducibility.
  2. [§5.1] §5.1: The compositional model description references 'prior work' without a specific citation; adding the reference would clarify the novelty of the adaptation.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive review and the recommendation for minor revision. The comments help strengthen the presentation of the dataset's construction and reliability. We respond to each major comment below and indicate the planned revisions.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§3] §3 (Dataset Construction): The central claim that the 11 morphological attributes and five components are 'comprehensive' and capture what pathologists use to interpret cells is load-bearing for the 'first comprehensive' positioning, yet the section provides no description of the attribute selection process, consultation with hematopathologists, or mapping to standard diagnostic criteria (e.g., WHO or ICSH guidelines).

    Authors: We agree that §3 would benefit from greater transparency on attribute selection. The 11 attributes and five components were chosen to reflect the core morphological features routinely evaluated in clinical hematopathology (e.g., nuclear shape, cytoplasmic granularity, presence of vacuoles). Selection drew from established references in the field rather than new expert consultation for this release. In the revised manuscript we will expand §3 with a dedicated paragraph describing the literature basis for the attribute set and include explicit mappings to relevant sections of the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumours and ICSH guidelines on blood cell morphology reporting. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§4.2] §4.2 (Annotation Protocol) and Table 2: No inter-annotator agreement metrics (e.g., Cohen's kappa or Dice scores) are reported for either the image-level attributes or the 10k segmentation maps; without these, the reliability of the 113k labels cannot be assessed and the baseline performance improvements cannot be confidently attributed to annotation quality.

    Authors: We concur that inter-annotator agreement metrics are necessary to substantiate annotation quality. Although omitted from the initial submission, the annotation process involved multiple annotators with overlapping labels on a subset of images. We will compute and report Cohen's kappa values for the image-level attributes and average Dice scores for the segmentation maps. These statistics will be added to §4.2 and incorporated into Table 2 in the revised version. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: dataset release with independent annotations

full rationale

This is a dataset paper whose core contribution is the release of WBCAtt+ with 113k image-level labels and 10k segmentation maps. The abstract and description present the 11 morphological attributes and five pixel-level components as the authors' own annotation choices to fill a stated gap in prior datasets. No equations, predictions, or derivations are claimed; baseline models are presented as applications rather than load-bearing proofs. No self-citations, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or uniqueness theorems appear in the provided text. The 'first' and 'comprehensive' qualifiers rest on the existence of the new annotations themselves, not on any reduction to prior self-referential inputs. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained and non-circular.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

No mathematical derivations or fitted parameters appear in the abstract. The work rests on the domain assumption that fine-grained morphological and component annotations will improve downstream AI performance in pathology.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Detailed morphological attributes and pixel-level components are the characteristics pathologists use to interpret WBC images
    The paper positions the annotations as filling the gap between existing category-only datasets and clinical practice.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5721 in / 1191 out tokens · 45449 ms · 2026-05-20T06:02:23.331385+00:00 · methodology

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