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arxiv: 2605.23740 · v1 · pith:DLQ2YCCRnew · submitted 2026-05-22 · ⚛️ physics.space-ph · physics.soc-ph

Conceptualizing and Defining the Circular Space Economy

Jonas Bahlmann , Michael Saidani , Enrico Stoll , Andreas M. Hein This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 02:13 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.space-ph physics.soc-ph
keywords circular space economyspace sustainabilityorbital debris10R frameworkin-orbit servicingspace policyresource loopscelestial bodies
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The pith

A structured definition for the circular space economy is introduced along with the 10R Space Framework and three operational environments.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Space operations suffer from orbital congestion and debris because current practices like deorbiting follow a linear take-make-waste model. The circular economy developed on Earth aims to eliminate waste and keep resources in use, yet its space application has stayed informal and limited to reuse or servicing ideas. This paper examines existing circular economy definitions and earlier space proposals, then supplies the first structured definition of the circular space economy. It separates three distinct environments, clarifies how the concept relates to space sustainability, and sets out the 10R Space Framework to narrow, slow, and close resource loops. The result supplies consistent terminology so circular principles can enter mission design, policy, and system architecture.

Core claim

After reviewing established circular economy definitions and prior CSE proposals, the work conceptualizes the CSE and supplies its first structured definition. It separates three operational environments—the CE in space, the CE of the terrestrial space sector, and the CE of celestial bodies beyond Earth—while establishing the 10R Space Framework to narrow, slow, and close resource loops. The definition distinguishes Earth-space interactions and positions the CSE within the broader space sustainability debate.

What carries the argument

The 10R Space Framework, which adapts the 10R principles to space to narrow, slow, and close resource loops across the three operational environments.

If this is right

  • Circularity can be integrated into mission design using consistent terminology.
  • Policy frameworks gain a shared scope for addressing space sustainability.
  • Space system architectures can be planned around closed resource loops.
  • The three environments allow separate analysis of in-space, terrestrial-sector, and celestial-body circularity.
  • The CSE concept gains recognition inside existing space sustainability discussions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The framework may guide development of new in-orbit servicing and recycling technologies tailored to each environment.
  • International agreements on space resource use could reference the three environments when setting rules for celestial bodies.
  • Economic models for valuing orbital debris as a resource become easier to construct once the loops are formally defined.
  • Future mission concepts could be scored against the 10R principles to test whether they narrow or close loops.

Load-bearing premise

That supplying a structured definition together with the 10R framework will enable systematic integration of circularity into mission design, policy frameworks, and space system architectures.

What would settle it

Continued exclusive use of linear strategies such as deorbiting or graveyard orbits by major space agencies and operators in the years after the definition is published and circulated.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.23740 by Andreas M. Hein, Enrico Stoll, Jonas Bahlmann, Michael Saidani.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Methodological flowchart. 2.1. Literature selection The sample development was conducted in two streams: (I) established CE definitions and (II) CSE definition proposals. Both peer-reviewed articles and grey literature such as official reports and institutional websites were considered, given that the CE domain has also been substantially developed outside academia (Kirchherr et al., 2017). This applies ev… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: The three operational environments (zones) of the CSE and associated terminology. The background image is sourced from Microsoft 365 stock images; all other elements were created by the authors. 4.3. The 10R Space Framework The CSE can be operationalized through circular actions that narrow, slow, and close resource loops. In this context, narrowing refers to reducing resource inputs in the pre-use phase, … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Relationship between space sustainability, sustainable development, and the CSE, including a structured CSE definition. Core concept, beneficiaries: The circular space economy (CSE) is an economic system that operationalizes sustain￾able development in space across the life cycle of space systems, from design and production to end-of-use, for the benefit of businesses, society, and the environment. It cons… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Space faces significant sustainability issues including orbital congestion and debris accumulation. The continued growth of space operations, accelerated by advancements such as reusable launch systems, further intensifies these pressures. Current mitigation strategies, such as deorbiting spacecraft or transferring them to graveyard orbits, remain inherently linear. This "take-make-waste" approach is environmentally unsustainable and economically inefficient. On Earth, similar challenges have driven the development of the circular economy (CE), which aims to eliminate waste and pollution, circulate resources at their highest value, and decouple economic growth from finite resource consumption. While these objectives have been extensively studied across terrestrial sectors, their application to the space domain remains largely unexplored. In particular, the concept of a circular space economy (CSE) remains constrained by narratives centered on reuse, recycling, and in-orbit servicing, lacking a structured definition, consistent terminology, and a clearly defined, comprehensive scope. This lack complicates the systematic integration of circularity into mission design, policy frameworks, and space system architectures. After a detailed analysis of established CE definitions and CSE definition proposals, this work conceptualizes the CSE and introduces a structured definition for the first time. It analyzes Earth-space distinctions, clarifies the relationship between space sustainability and the CSE, establishes the 10R Space Framework to narrow, slow, and close resource loops, and distinguishes three operational environments: (I) the CE in space, (II) the CE of the terrestrial (space) sector, and (III) the CE of celestial bodies beyond Earth. Ultimately, this work enables a shared understanding and aims to strengthen the concept's recognition in the space sustainability debate.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript reviews established definitions of the circular economy (CE) and prior CSE proposals. It conceptualizes the circular space economy (CSE), introduces a structured definition, distinguishes three operational environments ((I) the CE in space, (II) the CE of the terrestrial space sector, (III) the CE of celestial bodies), clarifies the relationship between space sustainability and the CSE, and establishes the 10R Space Framework to narrow, slow, and close resource loops. The central contribution is this definitional and framework-building exercise to enable shared understanding and integration into mission design and policy.

Significance. If the result holds, the work supplies a foundational conceptual structure for applying circular-economy thinking to space sustainability challenges such as orbital debris. The explicit tripartite environmental distinction and the 10R Space Framework constitute clear strengths; the paper is a parameter-free conceptual contribution that does not rely on fitted models or self-referential equations.

minor comments (3)
  1. The abstract states that the lack of a structured definition 'complicates' integration into mission design, but the manuscript does not provide even a brief illustrative example of how the new definition or 10R framework would alter a concrete mission-design decision; adding one short example would strengthen the claim without expanding scope.
  2. [10R Space Framework section] Section introducing the 10R Space Framework: the mapping from the terrestrial 10R hierarchy to the space context is presented narratively; a compact table listing each R, its space-specific interpretation, and an example in at least one of the three environments would improve readability and verifiability.
  3. [environments section] The three operational environments are introduced with roman numerals (I)–(III); consistent use of these labels in all subsequent references and in any summary table would eliminate minor ambiguity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive summary and positive assessment of the manuscript's contributions, including the structured definition of the circular space economy, the tripartite environmental distinction, and the 10R Space Framework. The recommendation for minor revision is noted. No specific major comments were raised in the report.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The paper is a conceptual contribution that reviews prior CE and CSE definitions, then synthesizes a new structured CSE definition, 10R Space Framework, and three operational environments. No equations, fitted parameters, predictions, or deductive chains exist that could reduce to inputs by construction. The definition is explicitly positioned as derived from external analysis of established concepts rather than self-referential. Self-citations, if present, are not load-bearing for the core claim, which remains an independent synthesis. This matches the most common honest finding for non-quantitative definitional work.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The paper rests on the transferability of terrestrial circular economy concepts to space without major domain-specific contradictions; it introduces the 10R framework as a new organizing tool.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Established definitions of the circular economy on Earth provide a valid foundation that can be adapted to space operations.
    The abstract states the work begins with analysis of established CE definitions to conceptualize CSE.
invented entities (1)
  • 10R Space Framework no independent evidence
    purpose: To narrow, slow, and close resource loops in space contexts.
    New framework introduced to operationalize circularity in the space domain.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5826 in / 1185 out tokens · 54895 ms · 2026-05-25T02:13:21.957912+00:00 · methodology

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