Particle species dependence of femtoscopic source parameters in high-energy nuclear collisions

D\'aniel Kincses; L\'aszl\'o Kov\'acs; M\'at\'e Csan\'ad

arxiv: 2605.26056 · v2 · pith:6FL4KFU6new · submitted 2026-05-25 · ✦ hep-ph

Particle species dependence of femtoscopic source parameters in high-energy nuclear collisions

D\'aniel Kincses , L\'aszl\'o Kov\'acs , M\'at\'e Csan\'ad This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-29 21:23 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph

keywords femtoscopyLévy distributionsheavy-ion collisionssource parametersparticle species dependencepower-law tailsEPOS3 modelAu+Au collisions

0 comments

The pith

Simulations of Au+Au collisions show femtoscopic source scale parameters lack clear transverse mass scaling across pions, kaons and protons.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper examines the space-time source of particles in high-energy nuclear collisions by extracting femtoscopic parameters for identical pion, kaon and proton pairs. Using three-dimensional analyses in the EPOS3 model of 200 GeV Au+Au events, the authors track how source scale and shape parameters vary with particle species, collision centrality and average transverse mass. They report systematic differences in the scale parameters between species in overlapping transverse-mass regions rather than a single universal curve. The power-law exponent that sets the tail of the source distribution is compatible for pions and kaons but higher for protons and closer to the Gaussian value of two. These simulation results supply concrete predictions for upcoming experimental measurements of kaon and proton correlations.

Core claim

In three-dimensional femtoscopic analyses of EPOS3 simulations for 200 GeV Au+Au collisions, the extracted source parameters for identical pion, kaon and proton pairs exhibit no clear transverse-mass scaling across species, with systematic offsets visible in overlapping regions. The power-law exponents remain compatible between pion and kaon pairs while the proton exponent is larger and lies closer to the Gaussian limit.

What carries the argument

Lévy-stable source distributions parameterized by a scale radius and a stability index (power-law exponent) that together describe the spatial extent and long-range tail of the emitting source extracted from two-particle correlation functions.

If this is right

Source scale parameters for different particle species fail to collapse onto one curve versus transverse mass.
Pion and kaon pairs share compatible power-law exponents in their source distributions.
Proton pairs yield higher power-law exponents, producing source shapes closer to Gaussian.
Centrality and transverse-mass trends in these parameters become direct benchmarks for data-model comparisons once kaon and proton measurements exist.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Species-dependent source shapes may reflect different average numbers of hadronic rescatterings experienced by mesons versus baryons before freeze-out.
If the pattern holds in data, models of the hadronic phase could be tested by varying interaction cross sections to reproduce the observed exponent shift for protons.
The lack of universal scaling suggests that transverse-mass dependence alone is insufficient to characterize sources when multiple particle species are compared.

Load-bearing premise

The EPOS3 model accurately reproduces the hadronic scattering phase that generates the observed power-law tails in the source function.

What would settle it

New experimental measurements of identical kaon or proton correlations at the same energy that display clear transverse-mass scaling of source scales across species or proton exponents matching those of pions and kaons.

read the original abstract

High-energy nuclear physics explores the properties of strongly interacting matter created in relativistic collisions of nuclei. Femtoscopy, a subfield of high-energy physics, utilizes quantum-statistical correlations of particles to characterize the space-time geometry of the particle-emitting source. Recent measurements and phenomenological investigations indicated that the shape of the source for identical pions can be well-described by L\'evy-stable distributions. The significant power-law tail of the pion source observed both in experiment and in simulations has been shown to originate from the process of L\'evy walk during the hadronic scattering phase of the collisions. To better understand the physical processes behind the formation of such power laws, an important next step is to investigate particle species dependence, especially the source shape of identical kaon and proton pairs. As a direct continuation of our previous studies, in this Letter, we present a detailed three-dimensional investigation of the two-particle source shape in simulations of Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon pair collision energy using the EPOS3 model. We show the dependence of the extracted femtoscopic source parameters on particle species, centrality and average transverse mass. We find that the scale parameters do not show a clear transverse mass scaling between particle species, as there are systematic differences in the overlapping regions. The power-law exponents of pion and kaon pairs are compatible, while for protons it is higher, closer to the Gaussian limit. When new experimental measurements of kaon and proton correlations become available, these results will provide the basis of a data-model comparison.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This is a direct EPOS3 simulation extension to kaons and protons that reports no clear mT scaling across species and a higher Lévy exponent for protons, but the hadronic-phase modeling assumptions are not tested in the results.

read the letter

The core result here is straightforward: in EPOS3 Au+Au events at 200 GeV, the extracted Lévy scale parameters for identical kaon and proton pairs do not line up with the pion ones in overlapping mT regions, and the power-law exponent for protons sits closer to the Gaussian value of 2 while pions and kaons are compatible. That is the new piece relative to the authors' earlier pion-only runs.

The work does one thing cleanly. It supplies a consistent three-dimensional extraction across centrality classes and mT bins for three species inside the same event generator. Anyone who later measures kaon or proton correlations will have a concrete benchmark to compare against, which is useful even if the numbers are model-dependent.

The soft spot is exactly where the stress-test note flags it. The power-law tails are attributed to Lévy walks in the hadronic rescattering stage, yet the paper shows no direct test of whether EPOS3 reproduces the known experimental pion source parameters, nor any variation of hadronic cross sections or resonance properties to check how sensitive the kaon and proton results are. Without that, the reported species differences remain tied to one specific model's implementation rather than a controlled prediction.

The citation pattern is fine for a narrow continuation study; it builds on the authors' prior EPOS3 papers without obvious gaps in the immediate literature. The math is standard Lévy fitting on simulated pairs, with no internal contradictions visible from the abstract and description.

This paper is for the small group of people who run or interpret femtoscopic analyses in heavy-ion collisions and need model reference points while waiting for new kaon and proton data. It is not broad enough to interest most nuclear or particle physicists.

I would send it to peer review. The simulation is reproducible in principle, the question is well-posed for the subfield, and the limitation is clearly stated as a basis for future data comparison rather than an overclaim.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports results from EPOS3 simulations of Au+Au collisions at √s_NN = 200 GeV, extracting three-dimensional femtoscopic source parameters for identical pion, kaon, and proton pairs using Lévy-stable distributions. It examines the dependence on particle species, centrality, and transverse mass, concluding that scale parameters lack clear mT scaling across species due to systematic differences in overlapping regions, with power-law exponents α compatible between pions and kaons but higher for protons approaching the Gaussian value of 2.

Significance. If the EPOS3 model's description of the hadronic rescattering phase holds for multiple particle species, this study provides important predictions for the species dependence of source shapes, serving as a benchmark for future experimental femtoscopy measurements of kaons and protons. It builds on prior pion-focused work by extending the analysis to other hadrons.

major comments (1)

[Abstract] Abstract: The central claims regarding inter-species differences in scale parameters and α (pion/kaon compatibility vs. proton closer to Gaussian) rest on the fidelity of EPOS3 for generating Lévy tails in kaon and proton sources via hadronic rescattering; however, the manuscript provides no direct validation such as comparison of simulated source functions to experimental Lévy parameters for these species or robustness tests varying hadronic cross-sections/resonance widths.

minor comments (1)

The abstract states that results 'will provide the basis of a data-model comparison' but does not specify quantitative metrics (e.g., χ² values or parameter uncertainties) used in the source extraction.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful review and valuable feedback on our manuscript. We address the major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: The central claims regarding inter-species differences in scale parameters and α (pion/kaon compatibility vs. proton closer to Gaussian) rest on the fidelity of EPOS3 for generating Lévy tails in kaon and proton sources via hadronic rescattering; however, the manuscript provides no direct validation such as comparison of simulated source functions to experimental Lévy parameters for these species or robustness tests varying hadronic cross-sections/resonance widths.

Authors: We agree that direct experimental comparisons for kaon and proton Lévy parameters are absent, as no such measurements exist yet; this work is explicitly intended to provide EPOS3 predictions for future data. The model was validated against pion femtoscopy in our prior publications, reproducing observed Lévy parameters, and the hadronic rescattering phase (source of the tails) is implemented consistently across species. Robustness tests varying cross-sections or resonance widths were not performed due to high computational demands and the constraints of a Letter; such studies could be pursued separately. We will add a clarifying sentence in the manuscript noting the predictive nature for kaons/protons and referencing prior pion validation. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Minor self-citation to prior Lévy studies; results are direct EPOS3 simulation outputs with no internal reduction

full rationale

The paper extracts Lévy source parameters (scale, exponent α) by fitting correlation functions computed from EPOS3 events for pions, kaons, and protons. The central claims (no clear mT scaling across species; pion/kaon α compatible, proton α closer to 2) are direct numerical outputs of these fits and inter-species comparisons. The abstract references prior work showing power-law tails originate from Lévy walks in the hadronic phase, but this is background motivation rather than a load-bearing derivation step that reduces the new results to the authors' own prior fits. No equations, fitted parameters, or uniqueness theorems within the manuscript reduce one reported quantity to another by construction. Self-citation exists but is not circular per the criteria, as the present claims rest on fresh simulation data rather than re-deriving prior conclusions.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only access limits visibility into any free parameters or model internals; the central results rest on the assumption that EPOS3 correctly implements the relevant physics.

axioms (1)

domain assumption EPOS3 model correctly simulates the collision dynamics including the hadronic scattering phase responsible for Lévy walks
All reported source parameters are extracted from EPOS3 events; the abstract positions the model as the source of the power-law tails.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5822 in / 1289 out tokens · 31959 ms · 2026-06-29T21:23:56.025880+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

23 extracted references · 22 canonical work pages · 8 internal anchors

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Goldhaber, G., Goldhaber, S., Lee, W.-Y., Pais, A.: Influence of Bose-Einstein statistics on the anti-proton proton annihilation process. Phys. Rev.120, 300–312 (1960) https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRev.120.300

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Lisa, M.A., Pratt, S., Soltz, R., Wiedemann, U.: Femtoscopy in relativistic heavy ion col- lisions. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.55, 357– 402 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl. 55.090704.151533 arXiv:nucl-ex/0505014

work page doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl 2005
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Abdulameer, N.J.,et al.: Centrality dependence of L´ evy-stable two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in sNN=200 GeV Au+Au collisions. Phys. Rev. C110(6), 064909 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevC.110.064909 arXiv:2407.08586 [nucl-ex]

work page arXiv 2024
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Universe10(3), 102 (2024) https://doi.org/ 10.3390/universe10030102 arXiv:2401.11169 [nucl- ex]

Kincses, D.: Pion Interferometry with L´ evy-Stable Sources in = 200 GeV Au + Au Collisions at STAR. Universe10(3), 102 (2024) https://doi.org/ 10.3390/universe10030102 arXiv:2401.11169 [nucl- ex]

work page doi:10.3390/universe10030102 2024
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Adhikary, H.,et al.: Two-pion femtoscopic cor- relations in Be+Be collisions at √sNN = 16.84 GeV measured by the NA61/SHINE at CERN. Eur. Phys. J. C83(10), 919 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11997-8 arXiv:2302.04593 [nucl-ex]

work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11997-8 2023
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Kincses, D., Nagy, M.I., Csan´ ad, M.: L´ evy walk of pions in heavy-ion collisions. Commun. Phys.8(1), 55 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1038/ s42005-025-01973-x arXiv:2409.10373 [nucl-th]

work page arXiv 2025
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Csan´ ad, M., Kincses, D.: Investigating the excita- tion function of HBT radii for L´ evy-stable sources. J. Phys. G52(2), 025102 (2025) https://doi.org/ 10.1088/1361-6471/ada04f arXiv:2406.11435 [nucl- th]

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Nagy, M.I., Purzsa, A., Csan´ ad, M., Kincses, D.: A novel method for calculating Bose–Einstein correlation functions with Coulomb final-state interaction. Eur. Phys. J. C83(11), 1015 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12161-y arXiv:2308.10745 [nucl-th] 7

work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12161-y 2023
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K´ orodi, B., Kincses, D., Csan´ ad, M.: Event-by- event investigation of the two-particle source func- tion in sNN=2.76 TeV PbPb collisions with EPOS. Phys. Lett. B847, 138295 (2023) https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138295 arXiv:2212.02980 [nucl-th]

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Kincses, D., Nagy, M.I., Csan´ ad, M.: Coulomb and strong interactions in the final state of Hanbury- Brown–Twiss correlations for L´ evy-type source functions. Phys. Rev. C102(6), 064912 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.102.064912 arXiv:1912.01381 [hep-ph]

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.102.064912 2020
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Kincses, D.: Femtoscopic signatures of unique nuclear structures in relativistic collisions. Phys. Rev. Res.7(4), 042028 (2025) https://doi.org/10. 1103/1y5m-j966 arXiv:2506.05849 [nucl-th]

work page arXiv 2025
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Nagy, M.I., Csan´ ad, M., Kincses, D.: A self- consistent calculation of non-spherical Bose- Einstein correlation functions with Coulomb final- state interaction (2026) arXiv:2601.19626 [nucl-th]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026
[16]

Csan´ ad, M., Cs¨ org˝ o, T., Nagy, M.I.: Anoma- lous diffusion of pions at RHIC. Braz. J. Phys. 37, 1002–1013 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1590/ S0103-97332007000600018 arXiv:hep-ph/0702032

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2007
[17]

Kincses, D., ´Arp´ asi, E., Kov´ acs, L., Nagy, M.I., Csan´ ad, M.: Three-dimensional sizes and shapes of pion emission in heavy-ion collisions. Eur. Phys. J. C86(4), 333 (2026) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/ s10052-026-15526-1 arXiv:2511.01808 [nucl-ex]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1140/epjc/ 2026
[18]

Huang, Y., Moln´ ar, M., Kincses, D., Csan´ ad, M.: Excitation function of femtoscopic L´ evy source parameters of pion pairs in EPOS4. Phys. Lett. B876, 140423 (2026) https://doi.org/10.1016/j. physletb.2026.140423 arXiv:2512.02560 [nucl-th]

work page doi:10.1016/j 2026
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Cimerman, J., Tom´ aˇ sik, B., Csan´ ad, M., L¨ ok¨ os, S.: Higher-order anisotropies in the Blast-Wave Model - disentangling flow and density field anisotropies. Eur. Phys. J. A53(8), 161 (2017) https://doi. org/10.1140/epja/i2017-12349-7 arXiv:1702.01735 [nucl-th]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1140/epja/i2017-12349-7 2017
[21]

Kaon HBT radii from perfect fluid dynamics using the Buda-Lund model

Csan´ ad, M., Cs¨ org˝ o, T.: Kaon HBT radii from per- fect fluid dynamics using the Buda-Lund model. Acta Phys. Polon. Supp.1, 521–524 (2008) arXiv:0801.0800 [nucl-th]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2008
[24]

Shapoval, V.M., Braun-Munzinger, P., Karpenko, I.A., Sinyukov, Y.M.: Femtoscopy correlations of kaons in Pb+Pb collisions at LHC within hydrokinetic model. Nucl. Phys. A929, 1– 8 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2014. 05.003 arXiv:1404.4501 [hep-ph]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2014 2014
[25]

Kisiel, A., Ga la˙ zyn, M., Bo˙ zek, P.: Pion, kaon, and proton femtoscopy in Pb–Pb collisions at√sNN=2.76 TeV modeled in (3+1)D hydrodynam- ics. Phys. Rev. C90(6), 064914 (2014) https://doi. org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.064914 arXiv:1409.4571 [nucl-th]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc.90.064914 2014
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Acharya, S.,et al.: Pion-kaon femtoscopy and the lifetime of the hadronic phase in Pb−Pb colli- sions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV. Phys. Lett. B813, 136030 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb. 2020.136030 arXiv:2007.08315 [nucl-ex]

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb 2021
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Acharya, S.,et al.: Investigating the p–π ± and p–p–π ± dynamics with femtoscopy in pp collisions at √s=13TeV. Eur. Phys. J. A 61(8), 194 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/ s10050-025-01615-4 arXiv:2502.20200 [nucl-ex]

work page doi:10.1140/epja/ 2025
[28]

Kisiel, A.: Pion-kaon femtoscopy in Pb–Pb colli- sions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV modeled in (3+1)D hydrodynamics coupled to Therminator 2 and the effect of delayed kaon emission. Phys. Rev. C98(4), 044909 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC. 98.044909 arXiv:1804.06781 [nucl-th] 8

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc 2018

[1] [1]

Goldhaber, G., Fowler, W.B., Goldhaber, S., Hoang, T.F.: Pion-pion correlations in antipro- ton annihilation events. Phys. Rev. Lett.3, 181– 183 (1959) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett. 3.181

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett 1959

[2] [2]

Goldhaber, G., Goldhaber, S., Lee, W.-Y., Pais, A.: Influence of Bose-Einstein statistics on the anti-proton proton annihilation process. Phys. Rev.120, 300–312 (1960) https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRev.120.300

1960

[3] [3]

Lisa, M.A., Pratt, S., Soltz, R., Wiedemann, U.: Femtoscopy in relativistic heavy ion col- lisions. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.55, 357– 402 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl. 55.090704.151533 arXiv:nucl-ex/0505014

work page doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl 2005

[4] [4]

Abdulameer, N.J.,et al.: Centrality dependence of L´ evy-stable two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in sNN=200 GeV Au+Au collisions. Phys. Rev. C110(6), 064909 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevC.110.064909 arXiv:2407.08586 [nucl-ex]

work page arXiv 2024

[5] [5]

Universe10(3), 102 (2024) https://doi.org/ 10.3390/universe10030102 arXiv:2401.11169 [nucl- ex]

Kincses, D.: Pion Interferometry with L´ evy-Stable Sources in = 200 GeV Au + Au Collisions at STAR. Universe10(3), 102 (2024) https://doi.org/ 10.3390/universe10030102 arXiv:2401.11169 [nucl- ex]

work page doi:10.3390/universe10030102 2024

[6] [6]

Adhikary, H.,et al.: Two-pion femtoscopic cor- relations in Be+Be collisions at √sNN = 16.84 GeV measured by the NA61/SHINE at CERN. Eur. Phys. J. C83(10), 919 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11997-8 arXiv:2302.04593 [nucl-ex]

work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11997-8 2023

[7] [8]

Kincses, D., Nagy, M.I., Csan´ ad, M.: L´ evy walk of pions in heavy-ion collisions. Commun. Phys.8(1), 55 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1038/ s42005-025-01973-x arXiv:2409.10373 [nucl-th]

work page arXiv 2025

[8] [9]

Csan´ ad, M., Kincses, D.: Investigating the excita- tion function of HBT radii for L´ evy-stable sources. J. Phys. G52(2), 025102 (2025) https://doi.org/ 10.1088/1361-6471/ada04f arXiv:2406.11435 [nucl- th]

work page doi:10.1088/1361-6471/ada04f 2025

[9] [10]

Nagy, M.I., Purzsa, A., Csan´ ad, M., Kincses, D.: A novel method for calculating Bose–Einstein correlation functions with Coulomb final-state interaction. Eur. Phys. J. C83(11), 1015 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12161-y arXiv:2308.10745 [nucl-th] 7

work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12161-y 2023

[10] [11]

K´ orodi, B., Kincses, D., Csan´ ad, M.: Event-by- event investigation of the two-particle source func- tion in sNN=2.76 TeV PbPb collisions with EPOS. Phys. Lett. B847, 138295 (2023) https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138295 arXiv:2212.02980 [nucl-th]

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138295 2023

[11] [12]

Kincses, D., Nagy, M.I., Csan´ ad, M.: Coulomb and strong interactions in the final state of Hanbury- Brown–Twiss correlations for L´ evy-type source functions. Phys. Rev. C102(6), 064912 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.102.064912 arXiv:1912.01381 [hep-ph]

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.102.064912 2020

[12] [13]

Kincses, D.: Femtoscopic signatures of unique nuclear structures in relativistic collisions. Phys. Rev. Res.7(4), 042028 (2025) https://doi.org/10. 1103/1y5m-j966 arXiv:2506.05849 [nucl-th]

work page arXiv 2025

[13] [15]

Nagy, M.I., Csan´ ad, M., Kincses, D.: A self- consistent calculation of non-spherical Bose- Einstein correlation functions with Coulomb final- state interaction (2026) arXiv:2601.19626 [nucl-th]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

[14] [16]

Csan´ ad, M., Cs¨ org˝ o, T., Nagy, M.I.: Anoma- lous diffusion of pions at RHIC. Braz. J. Phys. 37, 1002–1013 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1590/ S0103-97332007000600018 arXiv:hep-ph/0702032

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2007

[15] [17]

Kincses, D., ´Arp´ asi, E., Kov´ acs, L., Nagy, M.I., Csan´ ad, M.: Three-dimensional sizes and shapes of pion emission in heavy-ion collisions. Eur. Phys. J. C86(4), 333 (2026) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/ s10052-026-15526-1 arXiv:2511.01808 [nucl-ex]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1140/epjc/ 2026

[16] [18]

Huang, Y., Moln´ ar, M., Kincses, D., Csan´ ad, M.: Excitation function of femtoscopic L´ evy source parameters of pion pairs in EPOS4. Phys. Lett. B876, 140423 (2026) https://doi.org/10.1016/j. physletb.2026.140423 arXiv:2512.02560 [nucl-th]

work page doi:10.1016/j 2026

[17] [20]

Cimerman, J., Tom´ aˇ sik, B., Csan´ ad, M., L¨ ok¨ os, S.: Higher-order anisotropies in the Blast-Wave Model - disentangling flow and density field anisotropies. Eur. Phys. J. A53(8), 161 (2017) https://doi. org/10.1140/epja/i2017-12349-7 arXiv:1702.01735 [nucl-th]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1140/epja/i2017-12349-7 2017

[18] [21]

Kaon HBT radii from perfect fluid dynamics using the Buda-Lund model

Csan´ ad, M., Cs¨ org˝ o, T.: Kaon HBT radii from per- fect fluid dynamics using the Buda-Lund model. Acta Phys. Polon. Supp.1, 521–524 (2008) arXiv:0801.0800 [nucl-th]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2008

[19] [24]

Shapoval, V.M., Braun-Munzinger, P., Karpenko, I.A., Sinyukov, Y.M.: Femtoscopy correlations of kaons in Pb+Pb collisions at LHC within hydrokinetic model. Nucl. Phys. A929, 1– 8 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2014. 05.003 arXiv:1404.4501 [hep-ph]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2014 2014

[20] [25]

Kisiel, A., Ga la˙ zyn, M., Bo˙ zek, P.: Pion, kaon, and proton femtoscopy in Pb–Pb collisions at√sNN=2.76 TeV modeled in (3+1)D hydrodynam- ics. Phys. Rev. C90(6), 064914 (2014) https://doi. org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.064914 arXiv:1409.4571 [nucl-th]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc.90.064914 2014

[21] [26]

Acharya, S.,et al.: Pion-kaon femtoscopy and the lifetime of the hadronic phase in Pb−Pb colli- sions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV. Phys. Lett. B813, 136030 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb. 2020.136030 arXiv:2007.08315 [nucl-ex]

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb 2021

[22] [27]

Acharya, S.,et al.: Investigating the p–π ± and p–p–π ± dynamics with femtoscopy in pp collisions at √s=13TeV. Eur. Phys. J. A 61(8), 194 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/ s10050-025-01615-4 arXiv:2502.20200 [nucl-ex]

work page doi:10.1140/epja/ 2025

[23] [28]

Kisiel, A.: Pion-kaon femtoscopy in Pb–Pb colli- sions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV modeled in (3+1)D hydrodynamics coupled to Therminator 2 and the effect of delayed kaon emission. Phys. Rev. C98(4), 044909 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC. 98.044909 arXiv:1804.06781 [nucl-th] 8

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevc 2018