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arxiv: 2605.27525 · v1 · pith:SYAD2RATnew · submitted 2026-05-26 · ✦ hep-ph · hep-ex· hep-lat

Hunting New Animalcula with Flavour Changing Processes

Andrzej J. Buras This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-29 16:26 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph hep-exhep-lat
keywords flavour physicsnew physicsrare decaysbranching ratioscorrelationsflavour changing processesStandard Model extensions
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The pith

Correlations among branching ratios of flavour-changing decays reveal specific new physics particles.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper argues that flavour physics can search for new particles at extremely short distance scales by identifying characteristic correlations in the rates of many different decays. Rather than relying primarily on global fits to effective operators, it highlights correlations between observables as the most direct way to test the Standard Model and distinguish particular new physics scenarios. This strategy is presented as essential because individual measurements may have large uncertainties, but patterns across multiple processes can still point to the underlying new particles. A sympathetic reader would care as it offers a targeted approach to discovering physics beyond the Standard Model using precision flavour experiments.

Core claim

The most direct tests of the SM and its extensions are correlations among different observables, like branching ratios of numerous decays, that are characteristic of particular new animalcula at work. While effective field theories such as WET and SMEFT are formulated in terms of Wilson coefficients, with correlations characteristic of the SM and of specific NP scenarios, the emphasis is on observable correlations for hunting new physics.

What carries the argument

Correlations among different observables like branching ratios of flavour-changing decays that are characteristic of particular new physics scenarios.

If this is right

  • These correlations can distinguish specific new physics models from each other and from the Standard Model.
  • This approach allows tests at distance scales shorter than those accessible at the LHC.
  • Precise measurements of a wide variety of observables are required alongside theoretical calculations.
  • It goes beyond global fits to Wilson coefficients as the primary search strategy.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Experimenters could prioritize measuring combinations of decays that best discriminate between different correlation patterns.
  • This method might help interpret anomalies in flavour data by matching them to specific scenarios.
  • It suggests that theoretical efforts should focus on predicting these multi-observable correlations accurately.

Load-bearing premise

That the characteristic correlations for specific new physics scenarios can be cleanly distinguished from Standard Model predictions and from each other given uncertainties in hadronic matrix elements.

What would settle it

Finding a set of measured branching ratios whose correlation pattern does not match predictions from the Standard Model or from any commonly considered new physics model.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.27525 by Andrzej J. Buras.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. (Wikipedia) Moreover, van Leeuvenhoek was the first human who looked at short distance scales invisible to us, discovering thereby a new underground world: microuniverse. While van Leeuvanhoek could reach the resolution down to roughly 10−6m, over the last 350 years this resolution could be improved by many orders of magnitude reaching already in 1980 the resolution of 10−15m in the… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Progress in Resolving Short Distance Scales 1676-2026. (NP). This is the main topic of this write-up. I arranged the material as follows. In Section 2 I will list the main reasons why we are sure that NP beyond the SM must exist. In Section 3 I will present Dual Picture of Short Distance Scales that I have been presenting in numerous talks since 2009 but not in print except for [1] recently. It demonstrate… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The Particles of the Standard Model [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Basic Questions for Flavour Physics. 2 Basic Questions beyond the Standard Model The Standard Model (SM) describes the data very well, but there are a number of fun￾damental questions that it cannot answer. They are well known, but let us list them 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Dual Picture of the Microuniverse (Left) and of the Nanouniverse (right) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Dual Picture of the Attouniverse (left) and of the Zeptouniverse (right). (Wikipedia) eyes or powerful telescopes. This is much harder in particle physics as with good eyes one can sense 10−4 m and using microscopes, that are more powerful, one can see the picture of nanouniverse but not really of short distance scales explored in particle physics. While preparing my talk at the EPS-2009 in Cracow [2], I g… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Old Collaboration at Work (left) and the Dictionary (right). achieve. Dual Picture of the Attouniverse Indeed, already the Attouniverse is much more impressive than the Nanouniverse. Let us assume that during the celebration of the first Max Planck Medal (1929) given to Albert Einstein and Max Planck himself, a signal has been sent from Beta Ceti (an object in the constellation Cetus, at a distance of roug… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Operator Product Expansion [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Master Formula for Weak Decay Amplitudes. should bring additional insight in these matters. Let me stress first that in the indirect search for NP with the help of weak decays, particle-antiparticle mixing observables, Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) and other ob￾8 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Basic Diagrams in FCNC Processes in the Standard Model. servables, the first very important step is to obtain SM predictions as accurate as possible. Simply because the first hints for NP in an indirect search will come from deviations from SM expectations. As the masses of the involved SM quarks and leptons, gauge bosons and of the Higgs are by now very well known and this also applies to gauge couplings… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Grand View of the RG Evolution in the SMEFT. which is very familiar to us. However, in the presence of NP there are new operators gen￾erated already at the NP scale and/or at the electroweak scale through RG running in the SMEFT and through the matching onto the low-energy theory described by this reduced symmetry. Consequently, the starting point for the RG evolution from the electroweak scale down to th… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: SMEFT and New Physics Summits. we should not give up because NP could be as beautiful as the photo in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: The Unitarity Triangle. 6 Removing |Vcb| Uncertainties As already stressed above, in order to identify the presence of NP high precision of SM prediction is crucial. This is the main goal of the strategy described now. In order to motivate this strategy in explicit terms, let us recall the values of |Vcb| extracted from inclusive and exclusive tree-level semi-leptonic b → c decays [9, 32] |Vcb|incl = (41.… view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: The dependence of the branching ratios B(K+ → π +νν¯) (left pan￾els) and B(KL → π 0 νν¯) (right panels) on |Vcb| for different values of β = 20.0 ◦ , 21.0 ◦ , 22.0 ◦ , 23.0 ◦ , 24.0 ◦ at fixed γ = 67◦ and for different values of γ = 60.0 ◦ , 65.0 ◦ , 70.0 ◦ , 75◦ at fixed β = 22.2 ◦ . The width of the bands represents the un￾certainties whose origin is not related to the γ, β and |Vcb| parameters. From [3… view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Correlations, no correlations and anti-correlation. Pi is probability representing in public colloquia the branching ratio given observable is enhanced or suppressed relative to the SM prediction or is basically unchanged. What this means requires a measure, like three σ. For these three situations one can use the following colour coding: enhancement no change suppression . (21) To this end the prediction… view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: DNA-chart of MFV models (left) and of U(2)3 models (right). Yellow means enhancement , black means suppression and white means no change . Blue arrows ⇔ indicate correlation and green arrows ⇔ indicate anti-correlation. From [56] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_16.png] view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: DNA-charts of Z ′ models with LH and RH currents. Yellow means enhancement , black means suppression and white means no change . Blue arrows ⇔ indicate correlation and green arrows ⇔ indicate anti-correlation. From [56]. the former three decays. Note that the correlation between Bs → µ +µ − and B → K∗µ +µ − does not change as both decays are sensitive only to axial-vector coupling if in the latter case th… view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Towards the Zeptouniverse in 12 Steps. state change to anti-correlations and vice versa. • On the other hand, due to SU(2)L symmetry the left-handed Z ′ couplings to muons and neutrinos are equal and this implies the relation ∆ νν¯ L (Z ′ ) = ∆ µµ¯ V (Z ′ ) − ∆ µµ¯ A (Z ′ ) 2 . (25) Therefore, once two of these couplings are determined, the third follows uniquely without the freedom mentioned in the previ… view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: DNA Tests of several theories with the last one being experimental DNA. • In ALRS NP contributions to Bs,d → µ +µ − are non-vanishing. On the other hand they are absent in the case of KL → π 0 νν¯, K+ → π +νν¯, Bd → Kµ+µ − and B → Kνν¯. • In Bd → K∗µ +µ − and B → K∗ νν¯ this rule is more complicated as already stated above, but generally the LH and RH contributions interfere destructively in LRS and const… view at source ↗
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: NP Models investigated in my group at TUM. 8 New Physics Models While the strategies for searching for NP are very important, at the end one has to construct specific models that explain possible anomalies observed in the experimental data. Numerous NP models have been developed in the literature over the last three decades4 . Many of them have been analyzed in my group at TUM, dominantly in the first two… view at source ↗
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: Illustrations of common correlations in the B(K+ → π +νν¯) versus B(KL → π 0 νν¯) plane. See text for explanations. From [60] . 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 Ε Η 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 Ε Η [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_21.png] view at source ↗
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: Hypothetical constraints on the ϵ-η-plane, assuming all four observables have been measured with infinite precision. See text for explanations. From [62]. correlations between various observables in specific models. Personally, I hope that one day a Z ′ , Leptoquarks and vector-like quarks and leptons will be discovered. 9 Correlations in various NP Scenarios In this section I show a number of correlation… view at source ↗
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: B(Bs → µ +µ −) versus the ratio B(B → Kνν¯)/B(B → Kνν¯)SM for all four β = ± √ 2 3 , ± √ 1 3 . Colours describe different values of ∆Ms/(∆Ms)SM. From [67]. • [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_23.png] view at source ↗
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: Various correlations between observables in LHS (red), RHS (blue), LRS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_24.png] view at source ↗
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: B(K+ → π +νν¯) − B(KL → π 0 νν¯)-plane for vector-current contributions with CS = 0 (top) and scalar-current contributions with CV = 0 (bottom) [66] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_25.png] view at source ↗
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: B(KL → π 0 νν¯) versus B(K+ → π +νν¯) for MZ′ = 50 TeV in the LHS (left) and for MZ′ = 500 TeV in L+R scenario. From [70]. correlated in this manner. In particular the decays governed by transitions b → sµ+µ − and b → sνν¯ are correlated in this manner and the same applies to s → dµ+µ − and s → dνν¯. Also such correlations are strong. Operator Mixing due to Gauge Interactions When RG evolution is performe… view at source ↗
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: The figure displays the B(B+ → K+ννb) − B(B → K∗ ννb)-plane (top) and B(B → K∗ L ννb) − B(B → K∗ T ννb)-plane (bottom) for different NP scenarios [66]. The SM predictions are represented by black points. The light gray region in the upper plot indicates the 2023 experimental range quoted from Belle II [52], and the dark gray regions are excluded by the experimental limit on B → K∗ ννb . The green lines sh… view at source ↗
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: Correlations between the observable R + νν¯ and various other Kaon observables in a Z ′ model. All ratios Ri = 1 in the SM. Note that for KL → π 0 νν¯ and KS → µ +µ − the ratios are divided by 10 and 25 respectively. From [71]. be performed to make these matrices diagonal at µew. This can also have an impact not only on the values of WCs but also on correlations between different observables. Matching Eff… view at source ↗
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: Left:Schematic illustration of the action of the seven observables in the |Vcb|−γ plane in the context of the SM. We set β = 22.2 ◦ and all uncertainties to zero. Right:The impact of hypothetical future measurements of the branching ratios for K+ → π +νν¯, KL → π 0 νν¯, Bd → µ +µ − and Bs → µ +µ − on the |Vcb| − γ plane. All uncertainties are included. The yellow disc represents the SM. From [109]. 2. Pre… view at source ↗
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: Coming Years. 11.3 Outlook Assuming that a least few of these entries will be realized in the coming 20 years, in particular the one on ε ′/ε, we should have then great time until 2046 and this is expressed in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p037_30.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

This year marks the 350th anniversary of the discovery of the first animalcula (little animals) by van Leeuvanhoek in 1676.Flavour physics makes it possible to search for new animalcula at distance scales far shorter than those resolved by van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 and even shorter than those directly accessible at the Large Hadron Collider and the planned colliders in this century. I summarize various strategies for achieving this goal. While precise measurements of a wide variety of observables and their precise theoretical calculations, both within the Standard Model (SM) and beyond it, are indispensable in this context, in my view it is crucial to develop strategies for the search for New Physics (NP) that go beyond the global fits that are very popular today. While effective field theories such as WET and SMEFT are formulated in terms of Wilson coefficients of the relevant operators, with correlations characteristic of the SM and of specific NP scenarios, the most direct tests of the SM and its extensions are, in my opinion, correlations among different observables, like branching ratios of numerous decays, that are characteristic of particular new animalcula at work

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript summarizes strategies for searching new physics (NP) in flavour-changing processes at short distance scales inaccessible to colliders. It argues that, while precise SM and beyond-SM calculations of observables are essential, the most direct tests of the SM and specific NP scenarios are provided by characteristic correlations among multiple observables (e.g., branching ratios of numerous decays) rather than global fits to Wilson coefficients in EFTs such as WET and SMEFT.

Significance. If the proposed emphasis on observable correlations can be shown to remain identifiable under realistic uncertainties, the perspective could usefully complement existing global-fit approaches in flavour physics. As presented, however, the manuscript offers an opinion without quantitative support, limiting its significance to stimulating discussion on search strategies.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the central claim that correlations among observables 'are, in my opinion, the most direct tests' rests on the untested premise that NP-specific patterns remain distinguishable from SM predictions and from each other after inclusion of hadronic matrix-element uncertainties; no example calculation, error propagation, or comparison at current/projected precision is supplied to substantiate this.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback. Our manuscript is a perspective piece intended to stimulate discussion on search strategies in flavour physics. We address the single major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the central claim that correlations among observables 'are, in my opinion, the most direct tests' rests on the untested premise that NP-specific patterns remain distinguishable from SM predictions and from each other after inclusion of hadronic matrix-element uncertainties; no example calculation, error propagation, or comparison at current/projected precision is supplied to substantiate this.

    Authors: We agree that the manuscript is an opinion/perspective article, as signalled by repeated use of 'in my opinion' and 'in my view'. Its goal is to argue that characteristic correlations among observables provide the most direct tests of specific NP scenarios, complementing global fits to Wilson coefficients. We do not claim to have performed the quantitative error-propagation studies needed to demonstrate distinguishability under hadronic uncertainties; such calculations lie outside the scope of this short perspective and would constitute a separate research project. The referee's observation correctly identifies an open question that this manuscript hopes to encourage others to address. revision: no

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: opinion-based discussion paper with no derivation chain or quantitative predictions

full rationale

The manuscript is a strategic discussion of flavour physics search strategies rather than a derivation or model with equations, fits, or predictions. The central statement is explicitly presented as an opinion ('in my opinion it is crucial... the most direct tests... are, in my opinion, correlations among different observables') with no load-bearing mathematical steps, self-citations invoked as uniqueness theorems, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or ansatze smuggled via prior work. No equations or quantitative claims appear that could reduce to inputs by construction. The paper is therefore self-contained as a viewpoint piece; the distinguishability assumption noted by the skeptic is a matter of empirical testability, not circularity.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is a review paper without new mathematical derivations, free parameters, axioms or postulated entities; the 'animalcula' is a rhetorical device for new particles.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5723 in / 948 out tokens · 45678 ms · 2026-06-29T16:26:13.448037+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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