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Characterising the role of final state interactions on neutrino energy estimation in the DUNE and Hyper-K era

T0 review · 1 major / 1 minor · reviewed 2026-06-29 · grok-4.3

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Pith's one-line read Plausible variations in final state interaction models create uncertainties on neutrino energy estimation proxies at or above the few-MeV precision required for DUNE and Hyper-K oscillation sensitivities.

desk verdict The paper shows FSI variations in current generators shift DUNE and Hyper-K energy proxies by amounts at or above the few-MeV target, with each experiment hit by different model pieces. read the letter →

arxiv 2605.28696 v1 pith:ITNEI34H submitted 2026-05-27 hep-ex hep-ph

Stephen Dolan , Jake McKean , Laura Munteanu This is my paper · ORCID
classification hep-exhep-ph
keywords finalstateinteractionsneutrinoenergyreconstructionDUNEHyper-Kamiokandeoscillationsintranuclearcascaderelativisticmeanfield
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper uses neutrino event generators to test how final state interactions affect the kinematic energy estimator at Hyper-K and the calorimetric estimator at DUNE. It finds that changes in the modeling of these interactions produce spreads in reconstructed energy that reach or surpass the control level needed to meet the experiments' projected sensitivities. A reader would care because energy reconstruction is central to extracting oscillation parameters from the data. The study also shows the two detectors respond to different pieces of the FSI modeling: pion absorption and non-classical nuclear effects matter more for Hyper-K, while the division of hadronic energy into visible and invisible parts matters more for DUNE.

What carries the argument

Final state interactions (FSI) modeled through semi-classical intranuclear cascades and a microscopic relativistic mean field treatment, applied to kinematic and calorimetric neutrino energy estimators.

What would settle it

A near-detector data set in which the spread of reconstructed neutrino energies across the tested FSI model variations falls clearly below the few-MeV threshold required by the oscillation analyses.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

Using state-of-the-art neutrino interaction event generators, we find that plausible variations of the FSI model introduce uncertainties on the neutrino energy estimation proxies that are at or above the precision on the energy scale control required for Hyper-K and DUNE projected neutrino oscillation sensitivities. Neutrino energy estimation at Hyper-K is most impacted by pion absorption and nuclear effects beyond the semi-classical paradigm, whilst the DUNE energy estimation is more affected by the modelling of how hadronic energy is shared between sources of visible and invisible energy in the detector.

Load-bearing premise

The specific variations explored in the intranuclear cascade and relativistic mean field treatments adequately span the range of plausible FSI modeling uncertainties relevant to the DUNE and Hyper-K detectors.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Robust near-detector constraints on neutrino interactions will require careful FSI modeling.
  • Hyper-K and DUNE each probe distinct aspects of the same FSI models.
  • Neutrino oscillation analyses must account for these FSI-driven energy uncertainties to reach projected precision.
  • Key experimental and theoretical developments are needed to bring FSI modeling uncertainties under control.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Dedicated near-detector measurements focused on pion absorption and hadronic energy partitioning could tighten the FSI uncertainties.
  • If the spread remains large after such measurements, oscillation fits may need to treat FSI parameters as nuisance parameters with data-driven priors.
  • Similar FSI-driven biases could appear in other long-baseline experiments that rely on the same interaction generators.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper uses state-of-the-art neutrino event generators to quantify the effect of final-state interaction (FSI) modeling choices on kinematic (Hyper-K) and calorimetric (DUNE) neutrino energy estimators. It reports that plausible variations within intranuclear-cascade and relativistic-mean-field treatments produce uncertainties on these estimators that reach or exceed the few-MeV scale required for the projected oscillation sensitivities of both experiments, with Hyper-K most sensitive to pion absorption and nuclear effects beyond the semi-classical picture and DUNE most sensitive to the partitioning of hadronic energy into visible and invisible components.

Significance. If the central claim holds, the result identifies FSI modeling as a leading systematic that must be controlled to realize the precision goals of DUNE and Hyper-K, and it supplies experiment-specific guidance on which aspects of FSI most affect each detector technology. The use of multiple generators and the explicit comparison of kinematic versus calorimetric reconstruction constitute concrete strengths that can inform near-detector constraint strategies.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract and section on FSI model variations] The load-bearing claim that the explored INC parameter variations and RMF treatment 'adequately span the range of plausible FSI modeling uncertainties' (Abstract and the section presenting the generator variations) is not demonstrated by direct comparison to independent microscopic approaches (e.g., quantum molecular dynamics) or to data-driven constraints from pion-nucleus and nucleon-nucleus scattering data. Without such external validation, the quoted uncertainty bands on the energy proxies may not bound the full modeling uncertainty relevant to DUNE and Hyper-K.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the two experiments are 'sensitive to different aspects of the FSI models' but does not quantify the relative size of the pion-absorption versus visible/invisible-energy contributions; a short table or figure summarizing the dominant drivers for each experiment would improve clarity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thoughtful review and for highlighting an important point regarding the scope of our FSI uncertainty estimate. We address the major comment below and propose a targeted revision to the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and section on FSI model variations] The load-bearing claim that the explored INC parameter variations and RMF treatment 'adequately span the range of plausible FSI modeling uncertainties' (Abstract and the section presenting the generator variations) is not demonstrated by direct comparison to independent microscopic approaches (e.g., quantum molecular dynamics) or to data-driven constraints from pion-nucleus and nucleon-nucleus scattering data. Without such external validation, the quoted uncertainty bands on the energy proxies may not bound the full modeling uncertainty relevant to DUNE and Hyper-K.

    Authors: We agree that the original wording in the abstract and the FSI variations section overstates the completeness of the explored range. Our study restricts itself to parameter variations and model choices within the intranuclear-cascade implementations of GENIE, NEUT and NuWro together with the RMF treatment available in NuWro; these are the frameworks currently employed by the DUNE and Hyper-K collaborations. We did not perform additional comparisons to quantum molecular dynamics or direct re-fits to pion-nucleus data within this work. To correct the claim, we will revise the abstract and the relevant section to state that the variations represent plausible choices within standard generator frameworks rather than an exhaustive bound on all possible FSI modeling uncertainties. This change will be implemented in the resubmitted version. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity; analysis relies on external generators

full rationale

The paper performs a simulation study using external state-of-the-art neutrino event generators (e.g., INC and RMF treatments) to vary FSI models and quantify effects on kinematic and calorimetric energy estimators. No equations or results reduce by construction to the paper's own fitted parameters or definitions. No load-bearing self-citations or ansatzes imported from prior author work are present in the provided text. The central claim follows directly from running the generators with different FSI configurations, which are independent inputs. This is a standard non-circular simulation-based assessment.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 1 assumptions · 0 invented entities

Assessment limited to abstract; FSI modeling rests on multiple nuclear physics assumptions whose details and variation ranges are not specified here.

assumptions (1)
  • domain assumption State-of-the-art neutrino event generators provide a representative sampling of plausible FSI model variations when both semi-classical INC and microscopic RMF treatments are considered.
    Invoked to support the claim that the explored variations bound the relevant uncertainties.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Characterising the role of final state interactions on neutrino energy estimation in the DUNE and Hyper-K era." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/ITNEI34H

@misc{pith2026260528696,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Characterising the role of final state interactions on neutrino energy estimation in the DUNE and Hyper-K era},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/ITNEI34H}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2605.28696}
}
read the original abstract

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) and Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K) will measure neutrino oscillation parameters with an unprecedented precision that requires neutrino energy estimation to be controlled at the few-MeV level. A central challenge in achieving this is the modelling of the reinteractions of hadrons produced in neutrino-nucleus scatters with the residual nuclear medium, or final-state interactions (FSI). In this work we use state-of-the-art neutrino interaction event generators to review the impact of FSI modelling on the kinematic and calorimetric neutrino energy estimators used by Hyper-K and DUNE respectively, considering both the semi-classical intranuclear cascades (INCs) that dominate current simulations and a microscopic treatment based on a relativistic mean field calculation. We find that plausible variations of the FSI model introduce uncertainties on the neutrino energy estimation proxies that are at or above the precision on the energy scale control required for Hyper-K and DUNE projected neutrino oscillation sensitivities, highlighting the importance of careful FSI modelling to allow robust near detector constraints. We further demonstrate that the two experiments are sensitive to different aspects of the FSI models. Neutrino energy estimation at Hyper-K is most impacted by pion absorption and nuclear effects beyond the semi-classical paradigm, whilst the DUNE energy estimation is more affected by the modelling of how hadronic energy is shared between sources of visible and invisible energy in the detector. We discuss the implications of these findings for neutrino oscillation analyses and outline some of the key experimental and theoretical developments needed to bring FSI modelling uncertainties under control.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.28696 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. The neutrino and antineutrino CC inclusive cross section on water and argon targets [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. The NuWro simulated rate of CC0π νµ or νe interactions on water at the Hyper-K FD using the oscillated Hyper-K flux (see [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. The NuWro simulated rate of CC inclusive [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (18 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The NuWro simulated neutrino energy estimation bias (using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The NuWro simulated neutrino energy estimation bias (using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: The NuWro simulated neutrino energy estimation bias (using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: The NuWro simulated neutrino energy estimation bias (using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: The NuWro simulated distribution of the ratio between the sum of final-state neutron [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: The NuWro simulated neutrino energy estimation bias shape (using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: The NuWro simulated neutrino energy estimation bias shape (using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: The NEUT simulated neutrino energy estimation bias (using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_11.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: The relative neutrino energy estimation bias, ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_12.png]
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: The same as Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_13.png]
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: The same as Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_14.png]
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: The NEUT simulated rate of CCQE νµ or νe interactions on water using the oscillated Hyper-K flux (see [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_15.png]
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: The NuWro simulated rate of CC0π ν¯µ or ¯νe interactions on water at the Hyper-K FD using the oscillated Hyper-K flux (see [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_16.png]
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: The NuWro simulated rate of CC inclusive ¯ν [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_17.png]
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: The ratio of NuWro simulated rate of CC0 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_18.png]
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: The ratio of NuWro simulated rate of CC inclusive [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_19.png]
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: The same as Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_20.png]
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: The same as Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_21.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

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Reviewed June 29, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.