pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.02253 · v1 · pith:DGRPALYYnew · submitted 2026-06-01 · 💻 cs.AI

CEON: Circular Economy Ontology Network

Huanyu Li , Els de Vleeschauwer , Robin Keskis\"arkk\"a , Mikael Lindecrantz , Mina Abd Nikooie Pour , Ying Li , Ben De Meester , Patrick Lambrix
show 1 more author
Eva Blomqvist
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-28 14:44 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.AI
keywords circular economyontology networksemantic interoperabilityknowledge representationproduct life cyclecross-sectorial conceptsdata documentation
0
0 comments X

The pith

A new ontology network defines cross-sector concepts to support circular economy data sharing.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper develops the Circular Economy Ontology Network to address the challenge of sharing information across industries for circular strategies like reuse and recycling. It aims to enable semantic interoperability by defining common concepts that span sectors such as construction, electronics, and textiles. If successful, this would allow better documentation and communication of data along product life cycles. A sympathetic reader would care because it could help transition to more sustainable resource use by making data machine-readable and interoperable across domains.

Core claim

The authors present CEON as an ontology network that fills gaps in circular economy knowledge representation by defining cross-sectorial concepts, enabling semantics-aware data documentation across multiple industry sectors involved in product life cycles.

What carries the argument

The Circular Economy Ontology Network (CEON), which provides a structured set of cross-sectorial concepts for semantic data documentation in circular economy applications.

If this is right

  • Cross-industry data documentation becomes possible in construction, electronics, and textile sectors.
  • Semantic interoperability is achieved for information sharing in circular strategies.
  • Product life cycle communication between sectors is facilitated through shared ontology terms.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If CEON is adopted widely, it could reduce data silos in sustainability reporting.
  • Extensions might integrate with existing standards like those in supply chain management.
  • Testing in additional sectors like automotive could validate broader applicability.

Load-bearing premise

The cross-sectorial concepts defined in CEON are sufficient to enable semantic interoperability across the product life cycle in multiple industry sectors.

What would settle it

A demonstration where CEON fails to represent or interoperate data from construction, electronics, and textile sectors would disprove its utility.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.02253 by Ben De Meester, Els de Vleeschauwer, Eva Blomqvist, Huanyu Li, Mikael Lindecrantz, Mina Abd Nikooie Pour, Patrick Lambrix, Robin Keskis\"arkk\"a, Ying Li.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Informal illustration of the core topics of the ontology network. not have the resources (i.e., ontology engineers) to allow them to continuously work in pairs. Instead, we set up a method where ontology modules were created by one ontology engineer and then reviewed by another, in line with the idea of code reviews in software engineering. Thus, ontology engineers still work in pairs, but without the requ… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Actor ODP and Actor module. across the various phases of the value network. Actors can be modeled at two levels, i.e., as actor types that can fill certain typical roles in a network, such as a “recycler” or “manufacturer”, and the concrete actors, which are usually organizations taking on those roles in a specific network instantiation (e.g., a re￾cycling or manufacturing company). Actors are also related… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: CVN and Value modules. and relates to typical value propositions and goals. We separate CVNBlueprint from the concrete CVN instance because circular value networks are first designed as templates and then instantiated with specific actors, and mixing the two would complicate data documentation. The CVN module supports modeling concrete instances of value networks, i.e., actual value networks where the role… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Process ODP, Process and Plan Modules. these at the execution and sub-execution levels, specializing the general process concept into one that can transform one situation into another, for example, by changing the state of affairs, such as the situations of actors or resources. Then each situation is designed to satisfy a plan, which has a corresponding plan execution. Each step may then also have inputs a… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Resource ODP, Material and Energy Modules [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Product Module. and the physical level, a specific product item. For instance, LEGO Star Wars - Millennium Falcon represents a product model (Product), while a Star Wars fan may purchase a specific product (Item) of that model. Furthermore, the Product module models several concepts and relationships to represent compliance and its corresponding regulations of actors, processes, or products. 4.5 Supplement… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: A recycling example of a batch of products (beginning-of-life) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: A repairing example of a set of products (middle-of-life) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: An example of handling a batch of products (end-of-life). SPARQL Query Examples. We show three SPARQL query examples correspond￾ing to the cross-industry scenarios. For the beginning-of-life scenario, Listing 1.1 queries which product batches are available for purchase and at what price and conditions, providing the information a construction company needs to com￾pare recycled versus virgin material suppli… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Increasing the circularity of resource use in our society has been recognized as a path to sustainability, i.e., transitioning into a more circular economy. There are many different circular strategies to do so, such as reusing products and components, refurbishing and remanufacturing used products, or recycling left-over or used materials. To enable these strategies, it is necessary to share information at the infrastructure level and to communicate between industry sectors along the product life cycle. Enabling semantic interoperability in this information sharing and communication is therefore a key to increasing circularity. However, knowledge representation for the circular economy (CE) domain, which involves many relevant industry sectors related to product life cycles, remains challenging. To bridge this gap, we developed the Circular Economy Ontology Network (CEON) within the Onto-DESIDE project. This ontology network aims to fill gaps in CE by defining cross-sectorial concepts and to enable semantics-aware data documentation. We demonstrate CEON through cross-industry data documentation scenarios spanning construction, electronics, and textile sectors.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper claims to develop the Circular Economy Ontology Network (CEON) within the Onto-DESIDE project to address gaps in knowledge representation for the circular economy. By defining cross-sectorial concepts, CEON is positioned to enable semantic interoperability and semantics-aware data documentation across industry sectors along product life cycles. This is demonstrated through descriptive cross-industry data documentation scenarios in the construction, electronics, and textile sectors.

Significance. If the central claim holds and the defined concepts prove sufficient for interoperability, the work would contribute a reusable ontology network artifact that supports information sharing for circular strategies such as reuse, refurbishment, and recycling. This could aid multi-sector coordination toward sustainability goals. The paper explicitly ships a new ontology network as its primary artifact.

major comments (1)
  1. [Demonstration section] Demonstration section (cross-industry scenarios): The scenarios spanning construction, electronics, and textile are purely descriptive and report no metrics such as query success rates, data fusion outcomes, or before/after comparisons to establish that the cross-sectorial concepts actually enable semantic interoperability. This directly undercuts the claim that CEON enables semantics-aware data documentation across sectors, as the weakest assumption (sufficiency of the concepts) remains untested.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that CEON 'aims to fill gaps... by defining cross-sectorial concepts' but does not list or exemplify any specific new concepts; adding a brief enumeration would improve clarity without altering the central claim.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments on our manuscript. We address the major comment below regarding the demonstration section.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Demonstration section] Demonstration section (cross-industry scenarios): The scenarios spanning construction, electronics, and textile are purely descriptive and report no metrics such as query success rates, data fusion outcomes, or before/after comparisons to establish that the cross-sectorial concepts actually enable semantic interoperability. This directly undercuts the claim that CEON enables semantics-aware data documentation across sectors, as the weakest assumption (sufficiency of the concepts) remains untested.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the scenarios are descriptive illustrations rather than quantitative evaluations. The manuscript's primary contribution is the CEON ontology network as a reusable artifact defining cross-sectorial concepts, with the scenarios serving to exemplify their application for data documentation across construction, electronics, and textile sectors. The paper does not claim or perform empirical testing of interoperability (e.g., via query success rates or data fusion), as such validation would require separate implementation work, datasets, and system benchmarks outside the scope of an ontology engineering contribution. The ontology is publicly released to enable exactly these follow-on evaluations. We have added a brief clarification in the revised manuscript on the illustrative purpose of the scenarios. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: ontology creation is self-contained artifact development

full rationale

The paper presents the development of CEON as a new ontology network to address identified gaps in circular economy knowledge representation, defining cross-sectorial concepts and demonstrating via descriptive scenarios in construction, electronics, and textile sectors. No equations, fitted parameters, predictions, or derivations are present that could reduce to inputs by construction. No self-citation load-bearing steps, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes are invoked. The result is the ontology artifact itself, created from domain needs, with no reduction of any claimed outcome to prior fitted values or self-referential definitions. This is the normal case of a non-circular descriptive paper.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The central claim rests on the domain assumption that semantic interoperability via ontologies will increase circularity, and introduces the CEON as the key entity without independent evidence of its effectiveness beyond the paper's scenarios.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Semantic interoperability is necessary for increasing circularity in resource use.
    Stated in the abstract as key to enabling strategies.
invented entities (1)
  • CEON no independent evidence
    purpose: To define cross-sectorial concepts for circular economy and enable semantics-aware data documentation.
    The ontology network is introduced as the solution to the identified gap.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5738 in / 1205 out tokens · 34234 ms · 2026-06-28T14:44:59.563554+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

34 extracted references · 21 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    In: Proceedings of the 14th Workshop on Ontology Design and Patterns (WOP 2023)

    Blomqvist, E., Li, H., Keskis¨ arkk¨ a, R., Lindecrantz, M., Abd Nikooie Pour, M., Li, Y., Lambrix, P.: Cross-domain Modelling – A Network of Core Ontologies for the Circular Economy. In: Proceedings of the 14th Workshop on Ontology Design and Patterns (WOP 2023). CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3636, pp. 1–12. CEUR-WS.org (2023),https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3...

    2023

  2. [2]

    In: Companion Proc

    Li, H., Abd Nikooie Pour, M., Li, Y., Lindecrantz, M., Blomqvist, E., Lambrix, P.: A Survey of General Ontologies for the Cross-Industry Domain of Circular Economy. In: Companion Proc. of the ACM Web Conference 2023. ACM (2023). https://doi.org/10.1145/3543873.3587613

    work page doi:10.1145/3543873.3587613 2023

  3. [3]

    Computers in Industry 178, 104465 (2026).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2026.104465

    Seddiqui, M.H., Farazi, F., Giunchiglia, F., Bagchi, M., Bocca, S., Akroyd, J., Mos- bach, S., Arifin, F., Ahmed, R., Arman, M., Di Cesare, L., Pipino, A., Hala¸ co˘ glu, U., Korkmaz, Z., Islam, T., Kiˇ zys, K., Gendvilas, D., Berkay, A., Yildiz, S., Kraft, M.: A Material Passport Ontology for a circular economy. Computers in Industry 178, 104465 (2026).h...

    work page doi:10.1016/j.compind.2026.104465 2026

  4. [4]

    In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2020: 19th Inter- national Semantic Web Conference, Athens, Greece, November 2–6, 2020, Pro- ceedings, Part II

    Bader, S., Pullmann, J., Mader, C., Tramp, S., Quix, C., M¨ uller, A.W., Aky¨ urek, H., B¨ ockmann, M., Imbusch, B.T., Lipp, J., Geisler, S., Lange, C.: The In- ternational Data Spaces Information Model – An Ontology for Sovereign Ex- change of Digital Content. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2020: 19th Inter- national Semantic Web Conference, Athens, Greece,...

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_12 2020

  5. [5]

    In: 2025 IEEE 8th International Conference on Industrial Cyber- Physical Systems (ICPS)

    Lam, A.N., Avogadro, R., Martin-Recuerda, F., Elvesæter, B., Ma, X., Nystad, E.J., Roman, D., Berre, A.J.: Towards a Toolkit for Semantic Interoperability in Data Spaces. In: 2025 IEEE 8th International Conference on Industrial Cyber- Physical Systems (ICPS). pp. 1–7 (2025).https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS65515. 2025.11087848

    work page doi:10.1109/icps65515 2025

  6. [6]

    effec- tive prior

    Rezvani, S., Asgharzadeh, F., Neumann, M.: Reincarnate D1.1 – An ontology for circular management of buildings (May 2024).https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 11354328

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo 2024

  7. [7]

    In: Life Cycle Analysis and Assessment in Civil Engineering: Towards an Integrated Vision, pp

    Sauter, E., Lemmens, R.L.G., Pauwels, P.: CEO & CAMO Ontologies: A circu- lation medium for materials in the construction industry. In: Life Cycle Analysis and Assessment in Civil Engineering: Towards an Integrated Vision, pp. 1645–

  8. [8]

    CRC Press (Taylor & Francis), London (2018).https://doi.org/10.1201/ 9781315228914

    2018

  9. [9]

    In: Proceedings of the 37th International Conference of CIB W78 (2021),https://itc.scix.net/pdfs/ w78-2021-paper-081.pdf

    Morkunaite, L., Al Naber, F., Petrova, E., Svidt, K.: An Open Data Plat- form for Early-Stage Building Circularity Assessment. In: Proceedings of the 37th International Conference of CIB W78 (2021),https://itc.scix.net/pdfs/ w78-2021-paper-081.pdf

    2021

  10. [10]

    Sustainability13(8), 4265 (2021)

    Bicchielli, C., Biancone, N., Ferri, F., Grifoni, P.: BiOnto: An Ontology for Sustainable Bioeconomy and Bioproducts. Sustainability13(8), 4265 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084265

    work page doi:10.3390/su13084265 2021

  11. [11]

    1111/jiec.13426

    Kirchherr, J., Urbinati, A., Hartley, K.: Circular economy: A new research field? Journal of Industrial Ecology27(5), 1239–1251 (2023).https://doi.org/10. 1111/jiec.13426

    2023

  12. [12]

    In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Ontology Pat- terns (WOP 2009)

    Presutti, V., Daga, E., Gangemi, A., Blomqvist, E.: eXtreme Design with Con- tent Ontology Design Patterns. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Ontology Pat- terns (WOP 2009). CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 516. CEUR-WS.org (2009), https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-516/pap21.pdf

    2009

  13. [13]

    In: Hitzler, P., Gangemi, A., Janowicz, K., Krisnadhi, A., Presutti, V

    Blomqvist, E., Hammar, K., Presutti, V.: Engineering Ontologies with Patterns – The eXtreme Design Methodology. Ontology Engineering with Ontology Design Patterns25, 23–50 (2016).https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-676-7-23

    work page doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-676-7-23 2016

  14. [14]

    Semantic Web: - Interoperability, Usability, Applicability14, 459–489 (2023).https://doi.org/ 10.3233/SW-222886

    Shimizu, C., Hammar, K., Hitzler, P.: Modular ontology modeling. Semantic Web: - Interoperability, Usability, Applicability14, 459–489 (2023).https://doi.org/ 10.3233/SW-222886

    work page doi:10.3233/sw-222886 2023

  15. [15]

    In: Proceedings of the Sev- enth International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS)

    Blomqvist, E., Sandkuhl, K.: PATTERNS IN ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING: CLASSIFICATION OF ONTOLOGY PATTERNS. In: Proceedings of the Sev- enth International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS). vol. 3, pp. 413–416. Citeseer (2005).https://doi.org/10.5220/0002518804130416

    work page doi:10.5220/0002518804130416 2005

  16. [16]

    In: Ontology Engineering in a Networked World, pp

    Presutti, V., Blomqvist, E., Daga, E., Gangemi, A.: Pattern-Based Ontology De- sign. In: Ontology Engineering in a Networked World, pp. 35–64. Springer (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24794-1_3

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24794-1_3 2012

  17. [17]

    Engi- neering Applications of Artificial Intelligence111, 104755 (2022).https://doi

    Poveda-Villal´ on, M., Fern´ andez-Izquierdo, A., Fern´ andez-L´ opez, M., Garc´ ıa- Castro, R.: LOT: An industrial oriented ontology engineering framework. Engi- neering Applications of Artificial Intelligence111, 104755 (2022).https://doi. org/10.1016/j.engappai.2022.104755

    work page doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2022.104755 2022

  18. [18]

    In: Dragoni, M., Poveda-Villal´ on, M., Jimenez-Ruiz, E

    Peroni, S.: A Simplified Agile Methodology for Ontology Development. In: Dragoni, M., Poveda-Villal´ on, M., Jimenez-Ruiz, E. (eds.) OWL: Experiences and Direc- tions – Reasoner Evaluation. pp. 55–69. Springer International Publishing (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54627-8_5

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54627-8_5 2017

  19. [19]

    Scientific Data3(1), 1–9 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18

    Wilkinson, M.D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I.J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.W., da Silva Santos, L.B., Bourne, P.E., Bouw- man, J., Brookes, A.J., Clark, T., Crosas, M., Dillo, I., Dumon, O., Edmunds, S., Evelo, C.T., Finkers, R., Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Gray, A.J., Groth, P., Goble, C., Grethe, J.S., Heringa, J., ’t Hoen, ...

    work page doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.18 2016

  20. [20]

    In: Charter, M

    Blomsma, F., Brennan, G.: Circularity Thinking: Systems Thinking for Circular Product and Business Model (Re)design — Identifying Waste Flows and Redi- recting Them for Value Creation and Capture. In: Charter, M. (ed.) Design- ing for the Circular Economy, pp. 133–147. Routledge, London (2018).https: //doi.org/10.4324/9781315113067-13

    work page doi:10.4324/9781315113067-13 2018

  21. [21]

    In: Groth, P., Vidal, M.E., Suchanek, F., Szekley, P., Kapanipathi, P., Pesquita, C., Skaf-Molli, H., Tamper, M

    Ch´ avez-Feria, S., Garc´ ıa-Castro, R., Poveda-Villal´ on, M.: Chowlk: from UML- Based Ontology Conceptualizations to OWL. In: Groth, P., Vidal, M.E., Suchanek, F., Szekley, P., Kapanipathi, P., Pesquita, C., Skaf-Molli, H., Tamper, M. (eds.) The Semantic Web. pp. 338–352. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-...

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_20 2022

  22. [22]

    In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Knowledge Graphs for Sustain- ability (KG4S2025)

    Li, H., Vataˇ sˇ cinov´ a, J., Zamazal, O., Li, Y., Lambrix, P., Blomqvist, E.: Results and Discussions from Aligning Ontologies in the Circular Economy Domain. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Knowledge Graphs for Sustain- ability (KG4S2025). CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 4002, pp. 13–24. CEUR- WS.org (2025),https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-...

    2025

  23. [23]

    In: Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discov- ery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management - KEOD

    Del Nostro, P., Friis, J., Ghedini, E., Goldbeck, G., Holtz, O., Roscioni, O., Za- ccarini, F., Toti, D.: Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology: Leveraging Perspectives via a Showcase of EMMO-Based Domain and Application Ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discov- ery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowl...

    work page doi:10.5220/0012910200003838 2024

  24. [24]

    Quantities, Units, Dimensions and Datatypes (QUDT).https://qudt.org, ac- cessed: 2026-05-04

    2026

  25. [25]

    Semantic Web: - Interoperability, Usability, Applicability3(4), 355– 370 (2012).https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-2012-0065

    Battle, R., Kolas, D.: Enabling the geospatial Semantic Web with Parliament and GeoSPARQL. Semantic Web: - Interoperability, Usability, Applicability3(4), 355– 370 (2012).https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-2012-0065

    work page doi:10.3233/sw-2012-0065 2012

  26. [26]

    In: Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management

    Blomqvist, E., Seil Sepour, A., Presutti, V.: Ontology Testing - Methodology and Tool. In: Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7603, pp. 216–226. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33876-2_20

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33876-2_20 2012

  27. [27]

    International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS)10(2), 7–34 (2014).https: //doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2014040102

    Poveda-Villal´ on, M., G´ omez-P´ erez, A., Su´ arez-Figueroa, M.C.: OOPS! (OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner!): An On-line Tool for Ontology Evaluation. International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS)10(2), 7–34 (2014).https: //doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2014040102

    work page doi:10.4018/ijswis.2014040102 2014

  28. [28]

    In: International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC) 2021: Posters, Demos, and Industry Tracks

    Garijo, D., Corcho, O., Poveda-Villal´ on, M.: FOOPS!: An Ontology Pitfall Scanner for the FAIR Principles. In: International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC) 2021: Posters, Demos, and Industry Tracks. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2980. CEUR-WS.org (2021),https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2980/paper321.pdf

    2021

  29. [29]

    In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Graphs for Sustainability (KG4S2024)

    De Mulder, G., De Vleeschauwer, E., De Meester, B., Colpaert, P., Hartig, O.: The Open Circularity Platform: a Decentralized Data Sharing Platform for Circular Value Networks. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Graphs for Sustainability (KG4S2024). CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3753. CEUR-WS.org (2024),https://ceur-ws.org/Vol...

    2024

  30. [30]

    Technical Report (2021), https://solidproject.org/TR/, accessed: 2026-05-07

    W3C Solid Community Group: Solid Technical Reports. Technical Report (2021), https://solidproject.org/TR/, accessed: 2026-05-07

    2021

  31. [31]

    IFAC-PapersOnLine59(10), 643–648 (2025).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.09.110

    Gallina, V., Lanbach, E., Ahmeti, A., Ritter, S., Revenko, A., Belova, A., Steinwen- der, A., Bachlechner, D.: Creating a Digital Product Passport Using Data Spaces and Ontologies: A Case Study at a Furniture Dealer. IFAC-PapersOnLine59(10), 643–648 (2025).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.09.110

    work page doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.09.110 2025

  32. [32]

    Available at SSRN 6447959

    Kebede, R., Blomqvist, E., Li, H.: Towards Interoperable Knowledge Representa- tion for Digital Product Passports and the Circular Economy. Available at SSRN 6447959

  33. [33]

    Bernier, C., Li, W., Kuiper, J., Stojanovic, L., Hbeich, E., Pellegrini, T., Havur, G., Ahmeti, A., David, R., Alexiev, V., Avgoustinos, H., Dimitriou, N., Berg, H., Boutillier, K., Toma, I., Plociennik, C., Nazeri, A., Danash, F., Glachs, D., Strohmeier, F., Correia, A., Konchakova, N., Klein, P., Sinha, A., Rimaz, H., Lindekrans, M., Blomqvist, E., Li, ...

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo.19885638 2026

  34. [34]

    In: Proceedings of the 4th Inter- national Workshop on Knowledge Graphs for Sustainability (KG4S2026)

    Blomqvist, E., de Leng, D., Keskis¨ arkk¨ a, R., Lindecrantz, M., Storm, O., St˚ alhandske, C., Wannerberg, K.: Ontology-based Data Documentation for the Circular Economy - The Case of Flat Glass. In: Proceedings of the 4th Inter- national Workshop on Knowledge Graphs for Sustainability (KG4S2026). CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CEUR-WS.org (2026)

    2026