Resource Letter QIE-1: Research in quantum information education
Reviewed by Pith T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 kernel 2026-06-27 22:22 UTCgrok-4.3pith:Q45EQ7ZOrecord.jsonopen to challenge →
The pith
A resource letter surveys scholarship on teaching quantum information science and engineering.
A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.
Core claim
The authors present a structured overview of the QISE education literature that identifies studies of student reasoning, research-based and research-inspired curricula at multiple levels, validated assessments, simulation and gamification tools, and materials for societal and ethical discussions, thereby mapping the field for educators and researchers.
What carries the argument
The Resource Letter, which functions as a curated index and summary of existing QISE education scholarship across the listed topic areas.
If this is right
- Educators can locate and adopt research-based curricula and assessments for QISE courses.
- DBER researchers can identify established results and open questions to guide new studies.
- Instructors can incorporate simulation tools, games, and ethical discussion modules into existing classes.
- The field gains a shared reference point that supports consistent use of evidence-based methods.
Where Pith is reading between the lines
- Periodic updates to the letter could track growth in the field after 2025.
- The compiled resources may encourage cross-fertilization between QISE education and other STEM education research areas.
- Inclusion of societal implications sections suggests quantum education can address responsible technology development.
Load-bearing premise
The papers and resources selected for inclusion accurately and comprehensively capture the current state of QISE education research.
What would settle it
A systematic search that identifies a substantial body of relevant QISE education papers, curricula, or tools omitted from the letter.
Figures
read the original abstract
In celebration of the 2025 UN International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, this Resource Letter surveys the rapidly-growing field of scholarship in quantum information science and engineering (QISE) education. It is primarily written as a guide for educators wishing to get started teaching QISE using research-based teaching methods, as well as for discipline-based education research (DBER) practitioners looking to get started in this field. Topics covered include scoping the field of QISE education, research into student reasoning in QISE, research-based and research-inspired curricular materials from the high school to graduate level, research-based assessments, simulation and gamification tools, and tools for incorporating discussion of the societal and ethical implications of quantum technologies into the classroom.
Editorial analysis
A structured set of objections, weighed in public.
Referee Report
Summary. The paper is a Resource Letter surveying scholarship in quantum information science and engineering (QISE) education. It serves as a guide for educators adopting research-based teaching methods and for DBER practitioners entering the field. Topics covered include scoping the QISE education field, research on student reasoning, curricular materials from high school through graduate levels, research-based assessments, simulation and gamification tools, and incorporation of societal/ethical implications of quantum technologies.
Significance. If the literature curation is representative, the Resource Letter would provide a timely and practical entry point for educators and researchers, especially in the context of the 2025 UN International Year of Quantum Science and Technology. It compiles disparate resources on student reasoning, curricula, assessments, and tools into a single reference that could accelerate evidence-based QISE instruction and related DBER.
major comments (2)
- [Introduction / Scoping the field of QISE education] The manuscript does not describe the literature search strategy, databases used, search terms, or inclusion/exclusion criteria for selecting references. This is load-bearing for the central claim that the letter accurately scopes the field and serves as a reliable guide, given the abstract's emphasis on the 'rapidly-growing' nature of QISE education scholarship.
- [Topics covered (as listed in abstract)] No explicit discussion of potential gaps or rapidly emerging sub-areas (e.g., specific recent assessment instruments or gamification studies post-dating the curation) is provided to bound the risk of omissions, which directly affects the utility for DBER practitioners seeking starting points.
minor comments (1)
- The abstract lists topics but the manuscript would benefit from a short table or bulleted overview mapping each topic to key references or sections for quicker navigation by readers.
Simulated Author's Rebuttal
We thank the referee for their constructive feedback and positive evaluation of the Resource Letter. We agree that the two points raised will strengthen the manuscript's transparency and utility, and we will incorporate revisions accordingly.
read point-by-point responses
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Referee: [Introduction / Scoping the field of QISE education] The manuscript does not describe the literature search strategy, databases used, search terms, or inclusion/exclusion criteria for selecting references. This is load-bearing for the central claim that the letter accurately scopes the field and serves as a reliable guide, given the abstract's emphasis on the 'rapidly-growing' nature of QISE education scholarship.
Authors: We agree that an explicit description of the literature curation process is important for establishing the Resource Letter as a reliable guide. In the revised manuscript, we will add a new subsection (likely in the Introduction) that details the search strategy, including the databases consulted (e.g., Google Scholar, Web of Science, arXiv, and education-specific repositories), the primary search terms employed (such as combinations of 'quantum information', 'QISE', 'education research', 'student reasoning'), the time period covered, and the inclusion/exclusion criteria used to select references. This addition will directly address the concern about scoping the rapidly growing field. revision: yes
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Referee: [Topics covered (as listed in abstract)] No explicit discussion of potential gaps or rapidly emerging sub-areas (e.g., specific recent assessment instruments or gamification studies post-dating the curation) is provided to bound the risk of omissions, which directly affects the utility for DBER practitioners seeking starting points.
Authors: We concur that bounding the risk of omissions through discussion of gaps and emerging areas will improve the manuscript's value for DBER practitioners. In the revision, we will add a dedicated paragraph or short subsection (possibly at the end of the scoping section or in a new 'Limitations and Future Directions' note) that acknowledges the literature cutoff date, notes the potential for rapid developments in areas such as new assessment instruments and gamification tools, and points readers toward ongoing searches or recent preprints for the most current work. This will help contextualize the survey without overclaiming completeness. revision: yes
Circularity Check
No derivations or predictions; survey curation has no circularity
full rationale
This resource letter is a literature survey and guide with no equations, fitted parameters, predictive claims, or derivations of any kind. The central content is a curated overview of QISE education research topics, and its value rests on the scope and accuracy of that curation rather than any self-referential reduction. No self-citation chains, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes are invoked to support a claimed result. The paper is self-contained against external benchmarks of literature coverage and does not reduce any output to its own inputs by construction.
Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger
Reference graph
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Keep it secret, keep it safe: Teaching quantum key distribution in high school,
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2024
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Secondary and university students’ descriptions of quantum superposition,
“Secondary and university students’ descriptions of quantum superposition,” N.B.C. Birkeland and M.V. Bøe. Phys. Teach.63, 32-34 (2025). A comparative study of Norwegian upper secondary and university students’ descriptions of quantum superposition after engaging with digital learning resources. (I)
2025
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Visualization enhances problem solving in multi- qubit systems: An eye-tracking study,
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2026
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From research to resources: Assessing student un- derstanding and skills in quantum computing,
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2025
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Framework for understanding the patterns of stu- dent difficulties in quantum mechanics,
“Framework for understanding the patterns of stu- dent difficulties in quantum mechanics,” E. Marsh- man and C. Singh. Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res.11, 020119 (2015). Presents a framework for analyzing student reasoning difficulties and the de- velopment of expertise in quantum mechanics by drawing parallels with introductory classical me- chanics. Sever...
2015
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Effect of an introductory quantum physics course using experiments with heralded photons on pre- university students’ conceptions about quantum physics,
“Effect of an introductory quantum physics course using experiments with heralded photons on pre- university students’ conceptions about quantum physics,” P. Bitzenbauer. Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.17, 020103 (2021). A quasi-controlled study demonstrating that explicit introduction of quan- tum optics in secondary school was more effective than the tradit...
2021
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Mathematical sense making of quantum phenom- ena using Dirac notation: Its effect on secondary school students’ functional thinking about pho- tons,
“Mathematical sense making of quantum phenom- ena using Dirac notation: Its effect on secondary school students’ functional thinking about pho- tons,” F. Henniget al.EPJ Quantum Technol. 11, 61 (2024). Investigates whether introducing reduced Dirac notation in teaching quantum optics can foster secondary students’ functional thinking about photons. (A) Wi...
2024
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Investigating student understanding of quantum entanglement,
“Investigating student understanding of quantum entanglement,” A. Kohnle and E. Deffebach. Proc. 2015 Phys. Educ. Res. Conf., 171-174 (2015). This study uses the QuVis Entanglement simulation to examine undergraduate understanding of quantum entanglement, highlighting some persistent miscon- ceptions. (I)
2015
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Spooky action at a distance? A two-phase study into learners’ views of quantum entanglement,
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2024
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Investigating students’ understanding of entangle- ment,
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2024
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A hands-on introduction to single photons and quantum mechanics for undergraduates,
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2010
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Implementation and goals of quantum optics ex- periments in undergraduate instructional labs,
“Implementation and goals of quantum optics ex- periments in undergraduate instructional labs,” V. Borish and H. Lewandowski. Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.19, 010117 (2023). An accessible intro- duction to the possible experiments, learning goals, and uses of single-photon experiments in upper- division undergraduate lab courses, based on a sur- vey and int...
2023
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Seeing quantum effects in experiments,
“Seeing quantum effects in experiments,” V. Bor- ish and H. Lewandowski. Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.19, 020144 (2023). Probes what it means to “see” quantum effects from instructor and student perspectives, with implications for aligning learn- ing goals with choice and framing of experiments. (I)
2023
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Student reasoning about quantum mechanics while working with physical experiments,
“Student reasoning about quantum mechanics while working with physical experiments,” V. Bor- ish and H. Lewandowski. Phys. Rev. Phys. 10 Educ. Res.20, 020135 (2024). Features think- aloud interviews with two pairs of students work- ing through single-photon quantum optics experi- ments. The same experiments elicited different sets of resources from each g...
2024
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Affordances and challenges of incorporating a remote, cloud-accessible quantum experiment into undergraduate courses,
“Affordances and challenges of incorporating a remote, cloud-accessible quantum experiment into undergraduate courses,” V. Borish and H. Lewandowski. Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.21, 010133 (2025). This study, based on Infleq- tion’s Oqtant Bose-Einstein Condensate experi- ment6, shows that while cloud-based interactive ex- periments can replicate some of t...
2025
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Exploratory factor analysis of a precollege quan- tum information science and technology survey: Exploring career aspiration formation and student interest,
“Exploratory factor analysis of a precollege quan- tum information science and technology survey: Exploring career aspiration formation and student interest,” A.M. Kellyet al.EPJ Quantum Tech- nol.12, 11 (2025). Investigates how demographics and prior coursework influence precollege students’ interest in QISE and their career aspirations, pro- viding acti...
2025
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[75]
Formation of students’ interests in quantum tech- nology across STEM majors,
“Formation of students’ interests in quantum tech- nology across STEM majors,” E. Watts and B.M. Zwickl. Proc. 2025 Phys. Educ. Res. Conf., 441-446 (2025). An accessible qualitative study featuring interviews with 22 undergraduates, and identifying crosscutting themes among high- vs. low-interest students. (E)
2025
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Science, technology, engineering, and mathemat- ics undergraduates’ knowledge and interest in quantum careers: Barriers and opportunities to building a diverse quantum workforce,
“Science, technology, engineering, and mathemat- ics undergraduates’ knowledge and interest in quantum careers: Barriers and opportunities to building a diverse quantum workforce,” J.L. Rosen- berg, N. Holincheck, and M. Colandene. Phys. 6 Infleqtion has since shut down Oqtant, but the results of this study should be generalizable to similar future produc...
2024
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Education for expanding the quantum workforce: Students’ perceptions of the quantum industry in an upper-division physics capstone course,
“Education for expanding the quantum workforce: Students’ perceptions of the quantum industry in an upper-division physics capstone course,” K.A. Oliveret al.Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.21, 010129 (2025). Examines students’ perceptions of the quantum industry through a university- industry capstone project, providing useful insights for educators and instr...
2025
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Student attitudes toward quantum information science and technology in a high school outreach program,
“Student attitudes toward quantum information science and technology in a high school outreach program,” M. Darienzoet al.Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.20, 020126 (2024). This work uses a QIST-specific attitudes survey to assess high school students’ affective outcomes from a summer QISE outreach program. It offers valuable guidance for designing effective o...
2024
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Quantum science and technologies in K-12: Sup- porting teachers to integrate quantum in STEM classrooms,
“Quantum science and technologies in K-12: Sup- porting teachers to integrate quantum in STEM classrooms,” N. Holinchecket al.Educ. Sci.14(3), 219 (2024). Identifies K-12 teachers’ perceived bar- riers to integrating quantum concepts and technolo- gies into STEM classrooms. It offers valuable in- sights for designing effective professional develop- ment a...
2024
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Quantum information science and technology pro- fessional learning for secondary science, technol- ogy, engineering, and mathematics teachers,
“Quantum information science and technology pro- fessional learning for secondary science, technol- ogy, engineering, and mathematics teachers,” A.M. Kellyet al.Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.20, 020154 (2024). Examines middle and high school STEM teachers’ self-efficacy, QISE knowledge, ped- agogical confidence, and awareness of QISE-related careers and path...
2024
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