pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.06992 · v1 · pith:NFG5464Pnew · submitted 2026-06-05 · ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Iron-catalysed on-surface synthesis of substrate-decoupled graphdiyne monolayers

Alice Cartoceti , Simona Achilli , Gianni Conti , Eliecer Pelaez-Sifonte , Alessio Orbelli Biroli , Francesco Sedona , Paolo D'Agosta , Francesco Tumino
show 3 more authors
Andrea Li Bassi Jorge Lobo-Checa Carlo S. Casari
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 21:51 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci
keywords graphdiyneon-surface synthesisiron catalysisAu(111)decoupled monolayerbandgapscanning tunneling microscopydensity functional theory
0
0 comments X

The pith

Adding minute amounts of iron during on-surface growth converts a metalated graphdiyne network into a purely covalent monolayer on gold that is decoupled with a 1.6 eV bandgap.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper demonstrates that iron atoms added to the Au(111) surface during graphdiyne synthesis bond with bromine by-products to form Fe-Br species. These species remove gold adatoms and drive the conversion from a metalated intermediate network to a fully covalent framework upon mild annealing. The resulting covalent graphdiyne monolayer shows structural and electronic decoupling from the metallic substrate. Decoupling is evidenced by a finite bandgap of about 1.6 eV set by the p_z frontier orbitals, observed via scanning tunneling spectroscopy and supported by density functional theory. This decoupling matters for creating semiconducting 2D carbon layers that avoid interference from an underlying conductor.

Core claim

Iron atoms bond with Br by-products to form Fe-Br species that promote removal of Au adatoms and drive conversion from a metalated network to a purely covalent graphdiyne framework upon mild annealing. The covalent network is structurally and electronically decoupled from the Au(111) substrate, revealing a finite bandgap of about 1.6 eV defined by the position of p_z frontier orbitals.

What carries the argument

Fe-Br species formed by iron atoms bonding with bromine by-products, which remove Au adatoms to enable the metalated-to-covalent conversion during annealing.

If this is right

  • The graphdiyne network achieves long-range covalent order without persistent metalated intermediates or reaction byproducts.
  • The monolayer remains structurally and electronically decoupled, showing no strong hybridization with the gold substrate.
  • A 1.6 eV bandgap appears from p_z orbitals, enabling semiconducting behavior in an all-carbon 2D material.
  • This protocol provides a route for atomically precise synthesis of graphdiyne monolayers that complement graphene.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same iron-assisted removal of metal adatoms could be tested on other halogen-terminated molecular precursors for different 2D carbon allotropes.
  • Decoupling might allow fabrication of graphdiyne-based devices directly on metal contacts without needing a transfer step.
  • Mild annealing conditions tuned with iron additives could extend to other on-surface reactions that suffer from persistent metal coordination.

Load-bearing premise

The conversion from metalated network to covalent framework is driven by Fe-Br species removing Au adatoms rather than another process.

What would settle it

Direct measurement showing absence of Fe-Br species yet still obtaining the covalent decoupled network with 1.6 eV gap, or presence of Fe-Br species but no conversion to covalent order.

read the original abstract

Graphdiynes constitute an emerging class of two-dimensional sp-sp2 carbon allotropes with tunable electronic properties not accessible by graphene. Although flawless monolayer growth of graphdiyne networks has been attempted by means of on-surface synthesis protocols, the experimental realization of fully covalent and structurally ordered graphdiyne networks remains challenging due to the persistence of metalated intermediates and reaction byproducts, limiting the structural self-organization required for long-range covalent order. Here, we demonstrate that adding minute amounts of Fe atoms on the surface during the growth can exceptionally improve the synthesis of a covalent 2D graphdiyne monolayer framework on Au(111). By means of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, combined with density functional theory, we unveil the atomic-scale surface dynamics of the reaction. We demonstrate the crucial role of Fe atoms that bond with Br by-products, thereby forming Fe-Br species that promote the removal of Au adatoms and drive the conversion from a metalated network to a purely covalent framework upon mild annealing conditions. Moreover, we show the covalent graphdiyne network to be structurally and electronically decoupled from the underlying metallic substrate, revealing a finite bandgap of about 1.6 eV defined by the position of p_z frontier orbitals. These results establish a viable route for the atomically precise on-surface synthesis of all-carbon graphdiynes, and open the way to semiconducting 2D carbon materials complementing graphene.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper claims that adding minute amounts of Fe during on-surface synthesis on Au(111) enables formation of Fe-Br species that remove Au adatoms, converting metalated intermediates to a purely covalent graphdiyne monolayer upon mild annealing. STM/STS and DFT are used to show the resulting network is structurally and electronically decoupled from the substrate, exhibiting a ~1.6 eV bandgap set by p_z frontier orbitals.

Significance. If the decoupling and purely covalent character hold, the work provides a practical route to ordered, semiconducting 2D sp-sp2 carbon frameworks that complement graphene and overcome persistent metalation issues in on-surface graphdiyne synthesis.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract (mechanism description) and associated STM results] The assertion that the final network is purely covalent and electronically decoupled rests on the interpretation that Fe-Br species sequester Au adatoms during annealing. This is inferred solely from time-lapse STM dynamics of adatom mobility and network reorganization; no orthogonal chemical verification (XPS, XAS, or vibrational spectroscopy) is reported to confirm Fe-Br coordination or quantify Au removal. If the dynamics instead arise from thermal effects or residual Br alone, the decoupling claim does not follow.
  2. [Abstract and STS/DFT bandgap analysis] No quantitative metrics are supplied for defect density, synthesis yield, or statistical error bars on the 1.6 eV gap value. The central claim of a 'structurally and electronically decoupled' monolayer with a well-defined bandgap therefore lacks the supporting statistics needed to establish its robustness.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states the gap is 'about 1.6 eV' without indicating whether the value is taken from STS onset, DFT band structure, or an average; explicit assignment to the p_z orbitals should be shown with the corresponding spectra or DOS plots.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 1 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading of our manuscript and the constructive comments. We address each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract (mechanism description) and associated STM results] The assertion that the final network is purely covalent and electronically decoupled rests on the interpretation that Fe-Br species sequester Au adatoms during annealing. This is inferred solely from time-lapse STM dynamics of adatom mobility and network reorganization; no orthogonal chemical verification (XPS, XAS, or vibrational spectroscopy) is reported to confirm Fe-Br coordination or quantify Au removal. If the dynamics instead arise from thermal effects or residual Br alone, the decoupling claim does not follow.

    Authors: The interpretation relies on comparative low-temperature STM experiments performed with and without Fe, which demonstrate that the observed adatom mobility, network reorganization, and final decoupling occur exclusively in the presence of Fe. These dynamics are further supported by DFT calculations modeling Fe-Br coordination and its effect on Au adatom removal. While we acknowledge that XPS or XAS would provide complementary chemical information, the atomic-scale structural evidence from STM directly visualizes the process and distinguishes it from purely thermal or Br-only scenarios. We will revise the manuscript to expand the discussion of alternative interpretations and the specificity of the Fe-dependent observations. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract and STS/DFT bandgap analysis] No quantitative metrics are supplied for defect density, synthesis yield, or statistical error bars on the 1.6 eV gap value. The central claim of a 'structurally and electronically decoupled' monolayer with a well-defined bandgap therefore lacks the supporting statistics needed to establish its robustness.

    Authors: We agree that quantitative metrics strengthen the presentation. In the revised manuscript we will add (i) defect-density statistics obtained from analysis of multiple large-area STM images, (ii) an estimate of synthesis yield based on surface coverage, and (iii) error bars on the reported bandgap derived from averaging STS spectra acquired at numerous locations across several samples. revision: yes

standing simulated objections not resolved
  • Orthogonal chemical verification (XPS, XAS, or vibrational spectroscopy) of Fe-Br coordination, as these experiments were not performed in the original study.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; experimental claims rest on direct observations and standard DFT

full rationale

The manuscript reports STM/STS imaging and spectra plus standard DFT calculations on an experimental on-surface synthesis. No derivation chain, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or self-citation load-bearing steps exist. The central claim of substrate decoupling and 1.6 eV gap is read directly from measured dI/dV spectra and orbital positions; the Fe-Br mechanism is an inference from time-lapse STM dynamics, not a mathematical reduction to prior inputs. All steps are self-contained against external benchmarks (STM resolution, standard DFT functionals) with no equations that equate output to input by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The claim rests on standard surface-science assumptions (STM contrast reflects atomic positions, DFT correctly places p_z states) plus the interpretation that Fe-Br complexes are the active agents; no new entities or fitted constants are introduced.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption STM images and dI/dV spectra faithfully report the atomic structure and electronic states of the carbon network
    Invoked when assigning the observed lattice and 1.6 eV gap to covalent graphdiyne
  • domain assumption DFT calculations accurately locate the p_z frontier orbitals relative to the Fermi level
    Used to assign the measured gap to the decoupled monolayer

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5841 in / 1279 out tokens · 15854 ms · 2026-06-27T21:51:35.666448+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

206 extracted references

  1. [1]

    2D Mater

    Graphdiynes interacting with metal surfaces: first-principles electronic and vibrational properties , author=. 2D Mater. , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  2. [2]

    Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys

    Hydrogen-dimer lines and electron waveguides in graphene , author=. Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys. , volume=. 2014 , publisher=

    2014

  3. [3]

    ACS Nano , volume=

    Intrinsically patterned two-dimensional transition metal halides , author=. ACS Nano , volume=. 2024 , publisher=

    2024

  4. [4]

    Epitaxial monolayers of the magnetic 2D semiconductor

    Hadjadj, Sebastien E and Gonz. Epitaxial monolayers of the magnetic 2D semiconductor. Chem. Mat. , volume=. 2023 , publisher=

    2023

  5. [5]

    Kerschbaumer, Samuel and Ondráček, Martin and Hadjadj, Sebastien E. and Stetsovych, Oleksandr and Pinar Solé, Andrés and Candia, Adriana Elizabet and Angulo-Portugal, Paula and Aguirre-Baños, Andrea and Corso, Martina and Serrate, David and Lobo-Checa, Jorge and Jelínek, Pavel and Ilyn, Maxim and Piaggi, Pablo M. and Rogero, Celia , title =. Adv. Sci. , volume =

  6. [6]

    Architecture of graphdiyne nanoscale films , author=. Chem. Commun. , volume=. 2010 , publisher=

    2010

  7. [7]

    Surface-catalyzed

    Fan, Qitang and Gottfried, J Michael and Zhu, Junfa , journal=. Surface-catalyzed. 2015 , publisher=

    2015

  8. [8]

    On-Surface Assembly of Hydrogen-and Halogen-Bonded Supramolecular Graphyne-Like Networks , author=. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  9. [9]

    Glaser coupling at metal surfaces , author=. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , volume=. 2013 , publisher=

    2013

  10. [10]

    Nano Lett

    Synthesis of extended graphdiyne wires by vicinal surface templating , author=. Nano Lett. , volume=. 2014 , publisher=

    2014

  11. [11]

    Small , volume=

    Functionalized graphdiyne nanowires: on-surface synthesis and assessment of band structure, flexibility, and information storage potential , author=. Small , volume=. 2018 , publisher=

    2018

  12. [12]

    Hydrogen bond guided synthesis of close-packed one-dimensional graphdiyne on the

    Chen, Zhi and Lin, Tao and Li, Haohan and Cheng, Fang and Su, Chenliang and Loh, Kian Ping , journal=. Hydrogen bond guided synthesis of close-packed one-dimensional graphdiyne on the. 2019 , publisher=

    2019

  13. [13]

    Pyridinic nitrogen modification for selective acetylenic homocoupling on

    Li, Xuechao and Niu, Kaifeng and Duan, Sai and Tang, Yanning and Hao, Zhengming and Xu, Zhichao and Ge, Haitao and Rosen, Johanna and Bjork, Jonas and Zhang, Haiming and others , journal=. Pyridinic nitrogen modification for selective acetylenic homocoupling on. 2023 , publisher=

    2023

  14. [14]

    ACS Nano , volume=

    Ullmann-Like Covalent Bond Coupling without Participation of Metal Atoms , author=. ACS Nano , volume=. 2023 , publisher=

    2023

  15. [15]

    Structure and vibrational properties of 1

    De Boni, Francesco and Pilot, Roberto and Milani, Alberto and Ivanovskaya, Viktoria V and Abraham, Raichel J and Casalini, Stefano and Pedron, Danilo and Casari, Carlo S and Sambi, Mauro and Sedona, Francesco , journal=. Structure and vibrational properties of 1. 2024 , publisher=

    2024

  16. [16]

    Direct formation of

    Sun, Qiang and Yu, Xin and Bao, Meiling and Liu, Mengxi and Pan, Jinliang and Zha, Zeqi and Cai, Liangliang and Ma, Honghong and Yuan, Chunxue and Qiu, Xiaohui and others , journal=. Direct formation of. 2018 , publisher=

    2018

  17. [17]

    Kinetic strategies for the formation of graphyne nanowires via Sonogashira coupling on

    Wang, Tao and Huang, Jianmin and Lv, Haifeng and Fan, Qitang and Feng, Lin and Tao, Zhijie and Ju, Huanxin and Wu, Xiaojun and Tait, Steven L and Zhu, Junfa , journal=. Kinetic strategies for the formation of graphyne nanowires via Sonogashira coupling on. 2018 , publisher=

    2018

  18. [18]

    Lattice-directed formation of covalent and organometallic molecular wires by terminal alkynes on

    Liu, Jing and Chen, Qiwei and Xiao, Lianghong and Shang, Jian and Zhou, Xiong and Zhang, Yajie and Wang, Yongfeng and Shao, Xiang and Li, Jianlong and Chen, Wei and others , journal=. Lattice-directed formation of covalent and organometallic molecular wires by terminal alkynes on. 2015 , publisher=

    2015

  19. [19]

    On-surface synthesis of extended linear graphyne molecular wires by protecting the alkynyl group , author=. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  20. [20]

    On-surface synthesis of carbon-based scaffolds and nanomaterials using terminal alkynes , author=. Acc. Chem. Res. , volume=. 2015 , publisher=

    2015

  21. [21]

    Chen, Zhi and Molina-Jir. 1. Ann. Phys. , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  22. [22]

    On-surface synthesis of graphyne-based nanostructures , author=. Adv. Mater. , volume=. 2019 , publisher=

    2019

  23. [23]

    Nanomaterials , volume=

    On-surface synthesis of sp-carbon nanostructures , author=. Nanomaterials , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  24. [24]

    On-Surface cross-coupling reactions , author=. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. , volume=. 2023 , publisher=

    2023

  25. [25]

    On-Surface Synthesis of One-Dimensional Carbon-Based Nanostructures via

    Kang, Faming and Xu, Wei , journal=. On-Surface Synthesis of One-Dimensional Carbon-Based Nanostructures via. 2019 , publisher=

    2019

  26. [26]

    Nanomaterials , volume=

    Reactions of Surface-Confined Terminal Alkynes Mediated by Diverse Regulation Strategies , author=. Nanomaterials , volume=. 2025 , publisher=

    2025

  27. [27]

    Recent Progress in the Fabrication of Low Dimensional Nanostructures via Surface-Assisted Transforming and Coupling , author=. J. Nanomater , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  28. [28]

    ACS Nano , volume=

    High-yield formation of graphdiyne macrocycles through on-surface assembling and coupling reaction , author=. ACS Nano , volume=. 2018 , publisher=

    2018

  29. [29]

    Terminal alkyne coupling on a corrugated noble metal surface: From controlled precursor alignment to selective reactions , author=. Chem. Eur. J. , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  30. [30]

    Adsorbed rare-gas layers on

    Andreev, Thomas and Barke, Ingo and H. Adsorbed rare-gas layers on. Phys. Rev. B , volume=. 2004 , publisher=

    2004

  31. [31]

    Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy Investigation of Au-bis-acetylide Networks on

    Li, Xuechao and Ge, Haitao and Gao, Yixuan and Yang, Fangyu and Kang, Faming and Xue, Renjie and Yan, Linghao and Du, Shixuan and Xu, Wei and Zhang, Haiming and others , journal=. Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy Investigation of Au-bis-acetylide Networks on. 2024 , publisher=

    2024

  32. [32]

    On-surface synthesis of rylene-type graphene nanoribbons , author=. J. Am. Chem. Soc. , volume=. 2015 , publisher=

    2015

  33. [33]

    In situ scanning tunneling microscopy study of iodine and bromine adsorption on gold (111) under potential control , author=. J. Phys. Chem. , volume=. 1992 , publisher=

    1992

  34. [34]

    Surface-assisted

    Lackinger, Markus , journal=. Surface-assisted. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  35. [35]

    Two-Dimensional Iron Oxide on Au (111): Growth Mechanism and Interfacial Properties , author=. J. Phys. Chem. C , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  36. [36]

    Surface and Interface Analysis , volume=

    A self-consistent multiple-peak structure of the photoemission spectra of metallic Fe 2p as a function of film thickness , author=. Surface and Interface Analysis , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  37. [37]

    ACS Appl

    Templating effect of different low-miller-index gold surfaces on the bottom-up growth of graphene nanoribbons , author=. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  38. [38]

    Applied Surface Science , volume=

    A consistent method for quantitative XPS peak analysis of thin oxide films on clean polycrystalline iron surfaces , author=. Applied Surface Science , volume=. 1997 , publisher=

    1997

  39. [39]

    Applied Surface Science , volume=

    Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni , author=. Applied Surface Science , volume=. 2011 , publisher=

    2011

  40. [40]

    Reaction selectivity of homochiral versus heterochiral intermolecular reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes on surfaces , author=. Nat. Commun. , volume=. 2019 , publisher=

    2019

  41. [41]

    Homo-coupling of terminal alkynes on a noble metal surface , author=. Nat. Commun. , volume=. 2012 , publisher=

    2012

  42. [42]

    Controlling a chemical coupling reaction on a surface: tools and strategies for on-surface synthesis , author=. Chem. Rev. , volume=. 2019 , publisher=

    2019

  43. [44]

    -Bond Dissociation Energies: C--C, C--N, and C--O , author=. J. Org. Chem. , volume=. 2024 , doi=

    2024

  44. [45]

    , author=

    Density-functional method for nonequilibrium electron transport. , author=. Phys. Rev. B , volume=. 2002 , publisher=

    2002

  45. [46]

    Probing the mechanism for graphene nanoribbon formation on gold surfaces through X-ray spectroscopy , author=. Chem. Sci. , volume=. 2014 , publisher=

    2014

  46. [47]

    Surface science , volume=

    Controllable restructuring of a metal substrate: Tuning the surface morphology of gold , author=. Surface science , volume=. 2012 , publisher=

    2012

  47. [48]

    Surface science , volume=

    LEED and STM investigations of organic--organic heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy , author=. Surface science , volume=. 2001 , publisher=

    2001

  48. [49]

    Unraveling the Band Structure and Orbital Character of a -Conjugated 2

    D'Agosta, Paolo and Achilli, Simona and Tumino, Francesco and Orbelli Biroli, Alessio and Di Santo, Giovanni and Petaccia, Luca and Onida, Giovanni and Li Bassi, Andrea and Lobo-Checa, Jorge and Casari, Carlo S , journal=. Unraveling the Band Structure and Orbital Character of a -Conjugated 2. 2025 , publisher=

    2025

  49. [50]

    Dehalogenative homocoupling of terminal alkynyl bromides on

    Sun, Qiang and Cai, Liangliang and Ma, Honghong and Yuan, Chunxue and Xu, Wei , journal=. Dehalogenative homocoupling of terminal alkynyl bromides on. 2016 , publisher=

    2016

  50. [51]

    Science Advances , volume=

    Self-assembly of electronically abrupt borophene/organic lateral heterostructures , author=. Science Advances , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  51. [52]

    Nanoscale , year=

    Surface Dependent Organometallic to Covalent Transition in Graphdiyne Molecular Wires , author=. Nanoscale , year=

  52. [53]

    Tables of bond lengths determined by X-ray and neutron diffraction. Part 1. Bond lengths in organic compounds , author=. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 , number=. 1987 , publisher=

    1987

  53. [54]

    Mechanisms of halogen-based covalent self-assembly on metal surfaces , author=. J. Am. Chem. Soc. , volume=. 2013 , publisher=

    2013

  54. [55]

    Reaction mechanisms for on-surface synthesis of covalent nanostructures , author=. J. Phys: Condens. Matter , volume=. 2016 , publisher=

    2016

  55. [56]

    On-surface synthesis approach to preparing one-dimensional organometallic and poly-p-phenylene chains , author=. Mat. Chem. Front. , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  56. [57]

    Theoretical Investigation on the Initial Reaction Mechanism of Hexaethynylbenzene on

    Li, Hailong and Wang, Yuying and Yang, Biao and Zhang, Haiming and Xie, Miao and Chi, Lifeng , journal=. Theoretical Investigation on the Initial Reaction Mechanism of Hexaethynylbenzene on. 2024 , publisher=

    2024

  57. [58]

    Universal inter-molecular radical transfer reactions on metal surfaces , author=. Nat. Commun. , volume=. 2024 , publisher=

    2024

  58. [59]

    Atomic-scale visualization of stepwise growth mechanism of metal-alkynyl networks on surfaces , author=. J. Am. Chem. Soc. , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  59. [60]

    Scanning tunneling microscopy and

    Rabia, Andi and Tumino, Francesco and Milani, Alberto and Russo, Valeria and Bassi, Andrea Li and Achilli, Simona and Fratesi, Guido and Onida, Giovanni and Manini, Nicola and Sun, Qiang and others , journal=. Scanning tunneling microscopy and. 2019 , publisher=

    2019

  60. [61]

    Gwyddion: an open-source software for

    Ne. Gwyddion: an open-source software for. Open Phys. , volume=. 2012 , publisher=

    2012

  61. [62]

    ACS Nano , volume=

    On-surface synthesis with atomic hydrogen , author=. ACS Nano , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  62. [63]

    Reviews of modern physics , volume=

    Nobel Lecture: Quasielectric fields and band offsets: teaching electrons new tricks , author=. Reviews of modern physics , volume=. 2001 , publisher=

    2001

  63. [64]

    Reviews of modern physics , volume=

    Nobel Lecture: The double heterostructure concept and its applications in physics, electronics, and technology , author=. Reviews of modern physics , volume=. 2001 , publisher=

    2001

  64. [65]

    Nature materials , volume=

    Vertical and in-plane heterostructures from WS 2/MoS 2 monolayers , author=. Nature materials , volume=. 2014 , publisher=

    2014

  65. [66]

    Lateral built-in potential of monolayer MoS2--WS2 in-plane heterostructures by a shortcut growth strategy , author=. Adv. Mater. , volume=

  66. [67]

    Ultrahigh-gain photodetectors based on atomically thin graphene-MoS2 heterostructures , author=. Sci. Rep. , volume=. 2014 , publisher=

    2014

  67. [68]

    ACS Nano , volume=

    Field-effect transistors built from all two-dimensional material components , author=. ACS Nano , volume=. 2014 , publisher=

    2014

  68. [69]

    Nano-micro letters , volume=

    Recent progress in the fabrication, properties, and devices of heterostructures based on 2D materials , author=. Nano-micro letters , volume=. 2019 , publisher=

    2019

  69. [70]

    Applied Materials Today , volume=

    Van der Waals heterostructures for optoelectronics: Progress and prospects , author=. Applied Materials Today , volume=. 2019 , publisher=

    2019

  70. [71]

    Small Structures , volume=

    Structure, preparation, and applications of 2D material-based metal--semiconductor heterostructures , author=. Small Structures , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  71. [72]

    Carbon-nanotube-confined vertical heterostructures with asymmetric contacts , author=. Adv. Mater. , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  72. [73]

    Nature nanotechnology , volume=

    Graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions , author=. Nature nanotechnology , volume=. 2014 , publisher=

    2014

  73. [74]

    ACS Nano , volume=

    Engineering edge states of graphene nanoribbons for narrow-band photoluminescence , author=. ACS Nano , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  74. [75]

    Nature Chemistry , volume=

    Porphyrin-fused graphene nanoribbons , author=. Nature Chemistry , volume=. 2024 , publisher=

    2024

  75. [76]

    Tunneling current modulation in atomically precise graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions , author=. Nat. Commun. , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  76. [77]

    Short-channel field-effect transistors with 9-atom and 13-atom wide graphene nanoribbons , author=. Nat. Commun. , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  77. [78]

    On-surface synthesis and characterization of triply fused porphyrin--graphene nanoribbon hybrids , author=. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  78. [79]

    Superlattices and Microstructures , volume=

    Graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors analysis and applications , author=. Superlattices and Microstructures , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  79. [80]

    Reviews of modern physics , volume=

    The electronic properties of graphene , author=. Reviews of modern physics , volume=. 2009 , publisher=

    2009

  80. [81]

    Nature nanotechnology , volume=

    Graphene transistors , author=. Nature nanotechnology , volume=. 2010 , publisher=

    2010

Showing first 80 references.