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arxiv: 2606.20194 · v1 · pith:IA7OJAFMnew · submitted 2026-06-18 · 🌌 astro-ph.IM

MOSAIC at ELT: Design and First Performance Results of Novel Robotic Optical-Relay Positioners

Maxime Rombach , Markus Thurneysen , Lucas Ortolani , Jurgen Schmoll , Diane Chapuis , Malak Galal , Sebastien Pernecker , Cassio Berni
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Ojonugwa Adukwu Fabio Fialho Michaela Hirschmann Jean-Paul Kneib
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Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 15:41 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.IM
keywords ELTMOSAICrobotic positionersoptical relayADCmulti-object spectrographfocal plane
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The pith

Novel robotic positioners use optical relays and individual ADCs to overcome ELT focal plane challenges for MOSAIC.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper describes the initial design of robotic positioners for the MOSAIC multi-object spectrograph on the ELT. The design incorporates relay mirrors to reimage light from the focal surface onto fiber bundles located 600 mm behind the plane, since direct focusing is not possible. It also requires each positioner to point accurately toward the ELT pupil 37.868 m away and to include its own atmospheric dispersion corrector. These features matter because they allow the instrument to select and observe hundreds of targets across the enormous focal field of the world's largest telescope.

Core claim

The paper claims that a new class of robotic optical-relay positioners can solve the three core problems of ELT-scale MOS: unfocusable beams via relay mirrors to distant fiber bundles, local telecentricity via precise pointing to the 37.868 m pupil, and field-wide dispersion correction via per-positioner ADCs, with prototypes built to validate the approach ahead of mass production.

What carries the argument

The robotic optical-relay positioner, which uses movable relay mirrors and an integrated ADC to patrol the focal plane and deliver corrected light to fixed fiber bundles.

Load-bearing premise

The initial prototypes will perform adequately when scaled to mass manufacturing and installed across the full ELT focal surface.

What would settle it

Tests showing that the positioners cannot achieve the required pointing precision to the pupil at 37.868 meters or that dispersion correction per unit is insufficient for the required spectroscopic resolution.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.20194 by Cassio Berni, Diane Chapuis, Fabio Fialho, Jean-Paul Kneib, Jurgen Schmoll, Lucas Ortolani, Malak Galal, Markus Thurneysen, Maxime Rombach, Michaela Hirschmann, Ojonugwa Adukwu, Sebastien Pernecker.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Artist’s impression of the ELT instruments (2021); Instruments [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Preliminary CAD views of the overall location of the positioners [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: MOSAIC Front-End Optical Model schemtics. Credit: Diane Chapuis - EPFL The presented work will focus on the mechanical implementation of the MOSAIC positioner. Its optical design is detailed in Schmoll, et al.(2026).6 2. POS DESIGN 2.1 POS overview The MOSAIC positioner is decoupled into two sub-assemblies namely: POS SCARA and POS ADC. They are bolted together on the positioner’s hexagonal base, in light … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: 3D model of the preliminary design of the MOSAIC positioner: POS SCARA and POS ADC [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Cut view of the positioner highlighting the optical elements [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Schematics of the MOSAIC positioner patrol area [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: (Top left) Ideal case of a telecentric telescope where aligning apertures with the curved focal surface [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Schematics of the POS internal axes required angles to always point at the pupil center regardless of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: POS SCARA mechanics overview [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Cut view of the ADC insides; highlighting the two counter-rotating prisms [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: POS inserted into FIT overview 7 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Cut view from the back of the POS/FIT assembly [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: POS Control Board V1: 3D model 3. POS FIRST PROTOTYPING The first stage of prototyping of the MOSAIC positioner aims to fabricate a SCARA V1 and an ADC V1 to validate mechanical manufacturability and assembly [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: MOSAIC POS V1 prototype ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledges the mechanical workshop of the EPFL Insitute of Physics for their manufacturing of the ADC V1 and the workshop of HEPIA for the realization of the SCARA V1. REFERENCES [1] Schallig, E., “MOSAIC at the ELT: focal plane architecture and initial design | SPIE Astronomical Tele￾scopes + Instrumentation,” (2026). 9 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) is, to date, the most ambitious ground-based telescope under construction. MOSAIC is a multi-objects spectrograph (MOS) that aims to make full use of the largest telescope in the world. At its heart, about 300 robotic positioners will pick-off skylight from the focal surface of the ELT to feed it to its Near Infrared (NIR) and visible (VIS) spectrographs. The gigantic scale of the ELT presents three main challenges for MOSAIC positioners: (1) the light beams on the focal surface cannot be focused in a single fiber, similarly to other MOS instruments, involving a design with relay mirrors patrolling the field of view, and reimaging the sub-field on 2 fixed fiber bundles located 600 mm behind the ELT focal plane (2) The positioner needs to adapt to the local telecentricity, which means it has to point at the ELT pupil center located 37.868 m away from the focal plane (3) The Atmospheric Dispersion Corrector (ADC) needed to cover the whole focal surface of the ELT is impossible to build to this scale; hence each positioner needs its own ADC. EPFL is responsible for designing and supervising the mass manufacturing of the positioners. This paper aims to present its initial design and prototypes.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents the design and first performance results of novel robotic optical-relay positioners for the MOSAIC multi-object spectrograph on the ELT. It addresses three main challenges: (1) relay mirrors to reimage sub-fields onto fixed fiber bundles located 600 mm behind the focal plane for unfocusable beams, (2) adaptation to local telecentricity by pointing at the ELT pupil center 37.868 m away, and (3) individual ADCs per positioner since a single large ADC is infeasible. EPFL leads the design and mass-manufacturing supervision of ~300 units.

Significance. If the prototype results demonstrate the required sub-arcsecond pointing stability and ADC performance, and the design proves scalable, this would be an enabling technology for MOSAIC, allowing efficient pick-off of skylight across the ELT's large focal surface for NIR and VIS spectroscopy. The work provides concrete design solutions to ELT-specific problems that could inform future large-telescope instrumentation.

major comments (1)
  1. [Prototype results and discussion of mass manufacturing] The central claim that the positioners solve the three ELT challenges and are ready for the instrument rests on the untested extrapolation from initial prototypes to mass-manufactured units installed across the full curved focal surface. The manuscript lacks quantitative discussion of manufacturing tolerances, installation repeatability, long-term stability, and environmental factors that would be needed to support this step (see the section on prototype results and any scaling analysis).
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the paper presents 'initial design and prototypes' but does not include any numerical performance values (e.g., achieved pointing accuracy or ADC correction range); adding one or two key metrics would strengthen the summary.
  2. [Design description] Notation for the pupil distance (37.868 m) and fiber-bundle offset (600 mm) is given without reference to the ELT optical prescription or a diagram; a short table or figure caption cross-reference would improve clarity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of the work's significance and for the constructive major comment. We address it point by point below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Prototype results and discussion of mass manufacturing] The central claim that the positioners solve the three ELT challenges and are ready for the instrument rests on the untested extrapolation from initial prototypes to mass-manufactured units installed across the full curved focal surface. The manuscript lacks quantitative discussion of manufacturing tolerances, installation repeatability, long-term stability, and environmental factors that would be needed to support this step (see the section on prototype results and any scaling analysis).

    Authors: We agree that the manuscript would be strengthened by additional quantitative discussion of manufacturing tolerances, installation repeatability, long-term stability, and environmental factors to better support the transition from prototypes to the full ~300-unit instrument. The current text focuses on the design solutions for the three ELT-specific challenges and the initial prototype performance results, as stated in the abstract and introduction. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated subsection (likely within or following the prototype results section) that quantifies: (i) mechanical tolerances from the relay mirror and ADC assemblies as verified on the prototypes, (ii) expected installation repeatability on the curved focal surface based on the positioner mounting interface design, (iii) preliminary long-term stability estimates from repeated prototype tests, and (iv) environmental considerations (temperature, vibration) drawn from ELT site requirements and the positioner thermal/mechanical design. This addition will clarify the basis for scalability without overstating the current prototype data. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; engineering design paper with prototype data.

full rationale

The paper describes the design of robotic optical-relay positioners for MOSAIC at ELT and reports first prototype performance results. No equations, fitted parameters, derivations, or predictions appear in the provided text. The central claims rest on engineering specifications and empirical measurements from prototypes rather than any self-referential reduction or self-citation chain. This is a standard non-circular outcome for an instrumentation design manuscript.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract contains no equations, numerical fits, or technical derivations; therefore the ledger is empty.

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