Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 52 references

A strontium cold-atom beam can be fully characterised with fluorescence and time-of-flight, yielding a capturable flux of about 1.5–1.7×10^8 atoms/s at optimal push intensity.

Reviewed by Pith at T0; open to challenge. T0 means a machine referee read the full paper against a public rubric. the ladder, T0–T4 →

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

T0 review · grok-4.5

2026-07-13 01:47 UTC pith:5SF2QRTC

load-bearing objection Solid, usable characterisation of a Sr 2D-MOT beam with a clear operating point; absolute flux scale is soft because g is held fixed while cloud size changes, but relative trends and the uni/counter-prop comparison are real. the 3 major comments →

arxiv 2607.09604 v1 pith:5SF2QRTC submitted 2026-07-10 physics.atom-ph

Characterisation of a strontium cold atom source using fluorescence spectroscopy and time-of-flight

Kamran Hussain , Hamza Labiad , Anna L. Marchant , Jonathan N. Tinsley , Tristan Valenzuela , Jonathon Coleman , David Newbold , Mark G. Bason This is my paper
classification physics.atom-ph
keywords strontium2D magneto-optical trapcold atomic beamtime-of-flightfluorescence spectroscopyatomic fluxatom interferometry
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Cold-atom sensors and interferometers need high, well-characterised fluxes of slow atoms. This paper shows how to measure the full velocity structure of a strontium beam that leaves a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap and is pushed into a second chamber. By combining transverse fluorescence spectroscopy with time-of-flight decay, the authors extract transverse and longitudinal velocity spreads, beam divergence, cloud size, and the flux that can still be captured by a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap. They also show that a single probe beam distorts the spectrum through radiation pressure, while a counter-propagating pair restores a clean lineshape; a simulation-derived correction then lets the two methods agree. The practical result is an operating point (push saturation of 0.45) that maximises the usable flux for the next cooling stage. The same toolkit can be used to optimise any similar cold-atom source.

Core claim

At a push-beam saturation of 0.45, integrating the measured flux-per-velocity distributions up to an estimated three-dimensional-MOT capture velocity of 30 m s^{-1} yields a delivered capturable flux of (1.7 ± 0.4)×10^8 atoms/s (scaled unidirectional probe) and (1.5 ± 0.4)×10^8 atoms/s (counter-propagating probe).

What carries the argument

Time-of-flight fluorescence decay converted to flux-per-longitudinal-velocity distributions, together with a simulation-derived scattering-rate correction factor (η_ToF ≈ 2.3) that places unidirectional and counter-propagating probe data on a common absolute scale.

Load-bearing premise

The conversion from photovoltage to absolute atom number rests on a fixed spatial-overlap factor between the probe beam and the atomic cloud that is never measured directly for the actual cloud size.

What would settle it

Direct absorption imaging of the same atomic beam that independently measures both cloud diameter and absolute atom number at the probe location; if the absorption-derived flux differs systematically from the fluorescence-derived values after the reported uncertainty, the conversion factor is wrong.

Watch this falsifier — get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents a characterisation of a strontium cold atomic beam produced by a 2D MOT and delivered by a resonant push beam, using transverse fluorescence spectroscopy and time-of-flight (ToF). The authors quantify radiation-pressure distortions from a unidirectional probe, show that a counter-propagating (retro-reflected) probe restores a Voigt lineshape, and extract flux-per-longitudinal-velocity distributions versus push saturation s_push. After applying a simulation-derived scaling factor to the unidirectional data, they integrate the distributions up to an estimated 3D-MOT capture velocity of 30 m/s and report a capturable flux of (1.7±0.4)×10^8 atoms/s (scaled unidirectional) and (1.5±0.4)×10^8 atoms/s (counter-propagating) at s_push=0.45, together with most-probable velocities, divergence, and cloud diameter. The work is framed as a practical methodology for optimising sources for 3D MOT loading and atom interferometry.

Significance. Reliable characterisation of high-flux Sr sources is directly relevant to long-baseline atom interferometers (AION, MAGIS and related efforts). The paper’s main strengths are (i) a clear experimental demonstration that unidirectional-probe radiation pressure produces intensity-dependent blue shifts and asymmetry, (ii) a Monte-Carlo treatment that reproduces the relative peak-fluorescence trend, and (iii) a side-by-side comparison of unidirectional and counter-propagating probes that places both datasets on a common scattering-rate basis. The relative trends with s_push (velocity shift, flux maximum near 0.45, divergence reduction) are internally consistent and useful for source optimisation. Absolute flux numbers remain the headline quantitative claim and will be cited; their robustness therefore matters for the paper’s impact.

major comments (3)
  1. Appendix A4, Eqs. (A6)–(A8): the absolute flux scale is set by a fixed spatial-overlap factor g≈0.12 that is never measured for the actual cloud. Figure 5(c) inset shows the estimated cloud diameter at the probe plane changing from ~50 mm to ~20 mm across the same s_push range used for the flux curves, while the probe 1/e² diameter is only 7.2 mm. A factor-of-two change in cloud size changes the overlap integral g by tens of percent. That variation is not re-evaluated, nor is any uncertainty on g included in the reported ±0.4×10^8 error bars (which contain only C_PD systematics from Eq. A5 and the three-repeat statistical spread). Because the strongest claim is the absolute capturable flux at s_push=0.45, either (i) recompute g(s_push) from the measured cloud diameters and probe profile, (ii) measure the overlap directly (e.g. by imaging), or (iii) enlarge the systematic uncertainty and
  2. Section III.C and Eq. (B15): the capturable flux is obtained by integrating the ToF distributions only up to an “estimated” 3D-MOT capture velocity v_c=30 m s^{-1}. No calculation or reference is given for how this number is obtained for the authors’ 3D-MOT parameters (beam diameter 18.4 mm is mentioned later, but not the intensity, detuning or magnetic gradient that set v_c). Because the reported optimum and the absolute flux both depend on this cut-off, the manuscript should either derive v_c from the intended 3D-MOT parameters or show the integrated flux as a function of cut-off so that readers can rescale to their own capture velocity.
  3. Appendix B2 and Fig. 3(b): the unidirectional ToF distributions are multiplied by a single constant η_ToF≈2.3 evaluated at ⟨s_probe⟩=0.72. Figure 5(a) shows that this constant overestimates the flux at the two lowest s_push points relative to the counter-propagating data, which the text attributes to “more scattering events at lower s_push/longitudinal velocities.” A velocity- or intensity-dependent correction (or an explicit statement that the scaling is reliable only for s_push≳0.45) is needed if the scaled unidirectional numbers are to be treated as equivalent to the counter-propagating results across the full range.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: flux and velocity results are direct experimental conversions, not forced by construction or self-citation chains.

full rationale

The paper reports measured fluorescence spectra and ToF decay traces that are converted to transverse/longitudinal velocities and flux-per-velocity distributions via the standard two-level scattering rate (Eq. 1), geometric solid-angle and dipole factors (Eqs. A2–A4), and the ToF formula (Eq. A6). The only simulation-derived quantity is a constant multiplicative correction η_ToF ≈ 2.3 applied solely to the unidirectional-probe data set; it is obtained from an independent Monte-Carlo radiation-pressure model (methodology of Ref. [33]) that is validated against the observed spectral asymmetry and peak shifts (Fig. 2), not fitted to the flux values themselves. Gaussian fits to the resulting distributions extract most-probable velocities and allow analytic integration up to an externally estimated capture velocity of 30 m s^{-1}; none of these steps redefine the target quantity in terms of itself. Self-citations ([31] for apparatus layout, [33] for simulation method) supply experimental context and are not load-bearing for the numerical claims. Absolute-scale systematics (fixed overlap g ≈ 0.12) affect uncertainty but do not render the derivation circular. The work is therefore a self-contained experimental characterisation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

3 free parameters · 3 axioms · 0 invented entities

The absolute flux claim rests on a small set of geometric and spectroscopic conversion constants plus one simulation-derived scale factor. No new physical entities are postulated; the axioms are standard atomic-physics assumptions plus a few apparatus-specific numerical choices.

free parameters (3)
  • spatial overlap factor g = ≈ 0.12
    Taken as a constant ≈ 0.12 in Eq. A7; never measured for the actual cloud–probe geometry and therefore free to rescale all absolute fluxes.
  • unidirectional-probe scaling factor η_ToF = ≈ 2.3
    Ratio of two-level scattering rate to simulated unidirectional peak response, evaluated at ⟨s_probe⟩ = 0.72 and applied uniformly to all unidirectional ToF distributions.
  • 3D-MOT capture velocity cut-off = 30 m s^{-1}
    Integration limit used to define ‘capturable’ flux; stated as an estimate for the authors’ apparatus rather than a measured quantity.
axioms (3)
  • domain assumption Two-level scattering-rate formula (Eq. 1) adequately describes the 1S0–1P1 transition for the probe intensities and transit times used.
    Invoked throughout the conversion of photovoltage to atom number and flux; losses to 1D2 are argued to be negligible.
  • domain assumption Atoms travel at constant longitudinal velocity after leaving the differential aperture (v_∥ = ℓ/t).
    Central to the ToF-to-velocity conversion (Appendix B3).
  • ad hoc to paper Monte-Carlo radiation-pressure simulation correctly predicts the relative peak fluorescence of unidirectional versus counter-propagating probes.
    Used to justify the single constant η_ToF that places the two probe schemes on a common flux scale.

pith-pipeline@v1.1.0-grok45 · 20308 in / 2678 out tokens · 25627 ms · 2026-07-13T01:47:17.909546+00:00 · methodology

0 comments
read the original abstract

We demonstrate a characterisation methodology for a strontium atomic beam, produced by a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap and delivered via a resonant push beam, using fluorescence spectroscopy and time-of-flight (ToF). This provides insight into the beam characteristics of a cold atom source, allowing for direct measurement of the transverse velocity spread, longitudinal velocity distributions, divergence, and the capturable flux for further cooling. From the ToF measurements, we derive a series of flux-per-longitudinal-velocity distributions at varying push saturation parameters ($s_{\mathrm{push}}$) using both a unidirectional and counter-propagating resonant probe beam. A simulation-derived factor is applied to the unidirectional probe longitudinal velocity distribution to account for differences in the scattering rate scaling. The distributions are integrated up to an estimated 3D-MOT capture velocity of \SI{30}{\meter\per\second}. For our system, we find that at $s_{\mathrm{push}} = 0.45$, we obtain a flux of $(1.7 \pm 0.4)\times10^{8}$ atoms/s and $(1.5 \pm 0.4)\times10^{8}$ atoms/s, using a unidirectional probe beam and counter-propagating probe, respectively. These measurements provide a framework for characterising cold atomic sources for applications such as 3D MOT loading and atom interferometers.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.09604 by Anna L. Marchant, David Newbold, Hamza Labiad, Jonathan N. Tinsley, Jonathon Coleman, Kamran Hussain, Mark G. Bason, Tristan Valenzuela.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. (a) CAD model of the two-chamber vacuum system. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Transverse fluorescence spectroscopy profile of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Transverse spectroscopy profile comparison between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. The fluorescence decay from the time-of-flight signal (figure 7) is converted into units of atoms/s/m [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. (a) The longitudinal atomic flux, by integrating the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Measured fluorescence intensity as a function of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Experimental data monitoring the fluorescence decay observed in chamber 2 by switching the 2D MOT beams off using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_7.png] view at source ↗

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

52 extracted references · 7 linked inside Pith

  1. [1]

    and the Matter-wave Atomic Gradiometer Interfer- ometric Sensor (MAGIS) [1] are projects that aim to employ strontium-atom interferometry for gravitational wave detection in the mid-band frequency regime (0.1 - 10 Hz) [17] and for probing the nature of dark matter, particularly ultralight dark matter (ULDM) searches in the mass range between 10 −17 - 10 −...

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  2. [2]

    Dipole emission 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 Polarisation angle [ ] 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16Peak signal intensity [V] fit function data FIG. 6. Measured fluorescence intensity as a function of the probe-beam linear polarisation angle adjusted using a half- wave plate along the probe axis. The data is fitted to the angular dipole emission distributio...

  3. [3]

    Solid angle and dipole emission weighting factor The first collection lens (f 1 = 150 mm) has a clear aperture of 50.8 mm giving an effective radiusR= 25.4 mm, and is positioned a distanceD= 150 mm from the chamber centre. This gives a solid angle expressed as: ΩPD = R2 4D2 .(A2) We define a dimensionless dipole-emission weight- ing (F DE) [41] to scale t...

  4. [4]

    Table I summarises the values used in the conversion factor

    Photovoltage-to-atom number conversion The atom number (N) is related to the photovoltage (VPD) through a conversion factor (C PD) [41] expressed as: N=V PD CPD, C PD = Γsc,avg ℏωΩ PD FDE R G T −1 (A4) where Γsc,avg is the scattering rate defined by equation 1, taking into account the saturation parameter, which is redefined using the average beam intensi...

  5. [5]

    Appendix B: Data processing method

    Flux-per-longitudinal velocity conversion The ToF fluorescence decay signal (figure 7) is con- verted into a distribution of flux per longitudinal velocity class (figure 4) using the following equation [39]: ϕ(v∥) = CPD dexc ·g ℓ v∥ − dVPD dt ,(A6) 9 whered exc is the diameter of the probe beam,ℓis the propagation distance from the differential aperture e...

  6. [6]

    A single sequence performs two laser frequency sweeps

    Spectroscopy processing pipeline The raw fluorescence trace, probe beam piezo input voltage, and a TTL trigger are recorded simultaneously on an oscilloscope, with the beat-note frequency recorded on a separate frequency counter (Keysight 53220A), syn- chronised to the same TTL. A single sequence performs two laser frequency sweeps. The raw fluorescence t...

  7. [7]

    To correct the unidirectional probe ToF-derived flux distributions, a simulation-derived weighting factor is applied

    Unidirectional probe scaling A unidirectional transverse probe beam deviates from the simple two-level scattering-rate scaling used in the conversion factor. To correct the unidirectional probe ToF-derived flux distributions, a simulation-derived weighting factor is applied. Using Monte Carlo simula- tion outputs, the peak-detected fluorescence is extract...

  8. [8]

    Time-of-flight processing pipeline The fluorescence decay trace is synchronised to the rising edge of a TTL trigger for switching off the AOM coupled to the 2D MOT beams. The raw trace is then passed through a Butterworth low-pass filter (300 Hz cut off), to suppress high-frequency noise which allows for a clear derivative signal −dV PD/dt to be obtained....

  9. [9]

    Abeet al., Matter-wave Atomic Gradiometer Inter- ferometric Sensor (MAGIS-100), Quantum Science and Technology6, 044003 (2021), arXiv:2104.02835

    M. Abeet al., Matter-wave Atomic Gradiometer Inter- ferometric Sensor (MAGIS-100), Quantum Science and Technology6, 044003 (2021), arXiv:2104.02835

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2021

  10. [10]

    Canuelet al., ELGAR—a European Laboratory for Gravitation and Atom-interferometric Research, Classi- cal and Quantum Gravity37, 225017 (2020)

    B. Canuelet al., ELGAR—a European Laboratory for Gravitation and Atom-interferometric Research, Classi- cal and Quantum Gravity37, 225017 (2020)

    2020

  11. [11]

    Zhanet al., ZAIGA: Zhaoshan Long-baseline Atom Interferometer Gravitation Antenna, International Journal of Modern Physics D29, 1940005 (2020), arXiv:1903.09288

    M.-S. Zhanet al., ZAIGA: Zhaoshan Long-baseline Atom Interferometer Gravitation Antenna, International Journal of Modern Physics D29, 1940005 (2020), arXiv:1903.09288

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2020

  12. [12]

    Y. Zhou, R. Ranson, M. Panagiotou, and C. Overstreet, Ytterbium atom interferometry for dark matter searches, Physical Review A110, 033313 (2024)

    2024

  13. [13]

    Y. Du, C. Murgui, K. Pardo, Y. Wang, and K. M. Zurek, Atom Interferometer Tests of Dark Matter, Physical Re- view D106, 095041 (2022), arXiv:2205.13546

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2022

  14. [14]

    Asenbaum, C

    P. Asenbaum, C. Overstreet, M. Kim, J. Curti, and M. A. Kasevich, Atom-Interferometric Test of the Equivalence Principle at the 10 −12 Level, Physical Review Letters 125, 191101 (2020)

    2020

  15. [15]

    D. N. Aguileraet al., STE-QUEST—test of the univer- sality of free fall using cold atom interferometry, Classical and Quantum Gravity31, 115010 (2014)

    2014

  16. [16]

    Gaaloul, H

    N. Gaaloul, H. Ahlers, T. Schulze, Y. Singh, S. Seidel, W. Herr, W. Ertmer, and E. Rasel, Quantum tests of the equivalence principle with atom interferometry, Acta Astronautica67, 1059 (2010)

    2010

  17. [17]

    R. H. Parker, C. Yu, W. Zhong, B. Estey, and H. M¨ uller, Measurement of the fine-structure constant as a test of the Standard Model, Science360, 191 (2018)

    2018

  18. [18]

    Morel, Z

    L. Morel, Z. Yao, P. Clad´ e, and S. Guellati-Kh´ elifa, De- termination of the fine-structure constant with an accu- racy of 81 parts per trillion, Nature588, 61 (2020)

    2020

  19. [19]

    Geiger, A

    R. Geiger, A. Landragin, S. Merlet, and F. Pereira Dos Santos, High-accuracy inertial measurements with cold-atom sensors, AVS Quantum Science2, 024702 (2020)

    2020

  20. [20]

    Strayet al., Quantum sensing for gravity cartography, Nature602, 590 (2022)

    B. Strayet al., Quantum sensing for gravity cartography, Nature602, 590 (2022)

    2022

  21. [21]

    Meisteret al., Space magnetometry with a dif- ferential atom interferometer (2025), arXiv:2505.23532 [physics.atom-ph]

    M. Meisteret al., Space magnetometry with a dif- ferential atom interferometer (2025), arXiv:2505.23532 [physics.atom-ph]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  22. [22]

    L. Hu, E. Wang, L. Salvi, J. N. Tinsley, G. M. Tino, and N. Poli, Sr atom interferometry with the optical clock transition as a gravimeter and a gravity gradiometer, Classical and Quantum Gravity37, 014001 (2020)

    2020

  23. [23]

    C. F. A. Baynhamet al., A prototype differential atom interferometer for fundamental physics, Nature654, 622 (2026)

    2026

  24. [24]

    Badurinaet al., AION: an atom interferometer obser- vatory and network, Journal of Cosmology and Astropar- ticle Physics2020(05), 011

    L. Badurinaet al., AION: an atom interferometer obser- vatory and network, Journal of Cosmology and Astropar- ticle Physics2020(05), 011

  25. [25]

    P. W. Graham, J. M. Hogan, M. A. Kasevich, and S. Ra- jendran, New method for gravitational wave detection 12 with atomic sensors, Phys. Rev. Lett.110, 171102 (2013)

    2013

  26. [26]

    P. W. Graham, D. E. Kaplan, J. Mardon, S. Rajendran, and W. A. Terrano, Dark matter direct detection with accelerometers, Phys. Rev. D93, 075029 (2016)

    2016

  27. [27]

    Y. A. El-Neajet al., AEDGE: Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration in Space, EPJ Quantum Technology7, 6 (2020)

    2020

  28. [28]

    Abendet al., Terrestrial very-long-baseline atom inter- ferometry: Workshop summary, AVS Quantum Science 6, 024701 (2024)

    S. Abendet al., Terrestrial very-long-baseline atom inter- ferometry: Workshop summary, AVS Quantum Science 6, 024701 (2024)

    2024

  29. [29]

    Ellis and V

    J. Ellis and V. Vaskonen, Probes of gravitational waves with atom interferometers, Phys. Rev. D101, 124013 (2020)

    2020

  30. [30]

    DeRose, T

    K. DeRose, T. Deshpande, Y. Wang, and T. Kovachy, High-power, low-phase-noise, frequency-agile laser sys- tem for delivering fiber-noise-cancelled pulses for Stron- tium clock atom interferometry, Optics Letters48, 3893 (2023), arXiv:2212.06298

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2023

  31. [31]

    Rudolph, T

    J. Rudolph, T. Wilkason, M. Nantel, H. Swan, C. M. Hol- land, Y. Jiang, B. E. Garber, S. P. Carman, and J. M. Hogan, Large Momentum Transfer Clock Atom Interfer- ometry on the 689 nm Intercombination Line of Stron- tium, Physical Review Letters124, 083604 (2020)

    2020

  32. [32]

    J. M. Hoganet al., An atomic gravitational wave inter- ferometric sensor in low earth orbit (agis-leo), General Relativity and Gravitation43, 1953 (2011)

    1953

  33. [33]

    Ammann and N

    H. Ammann and N. Christensen, Delta Kick Cooling: A New Method for Cooling Atoms, Physical Review Letters 78, 2088 (1997)

    2088

  34. [34]

    Salvi, N

    L. Salvi, N. Poli, V. Vuleti´ c, and G. M. Tino, Squeezing on Momentum States for Atom Interferometry, Physical Review Letters120, 033601 (2018)

    2018

  35. [35]

    J. Li, G. R. Da Silva, S. Kain, J. Bonacum, D. D. Smith, T. Kovachy, and S. M. Shahriar, Spin-squeezing- enhanced dual-species atom interferometric accelerom- eter employing large momentum transfer for precision test of the equivalence principle, Physical Review D108, 024011 (2023)

    2023

  36. [36]

    L. A. Fuderer, J. J. Hope, and S. A. Haine, Hybrid method of generating spin-squeezed states for quantum- enhanced atom interferometry, Physical Review A108, 043722 (2023)

    2023

  37. [37]

    Hensel, S

    T. Hensel, S. Loriani, C. Schubert, F. Fitzek, S. Abend, H. Ahlers, J. Siemß, K. Hammerer, E. Rasel, and N. Gaaloul, Inertial sensing with quantum gases: a com- parative performance study of condensed versus thermal sources for atom interferometry, The European Physical Journal D75, 108 (2021)

    2021

  38. [38]

    Badurina, D

    L. Badurina, D. Blas, and C. McCabe, Refined ultra- light scalar dark matter searches with compact atom gra- diometers, Physical Review D105, 023006 (2022)

    2022

  39. [39]

    B. Strayet al., Centralized design and production of the ultra-high vacuum and laser-stabilization systems for the AION ultra-cold strontium laboratories, AVS Quantum Science6, 014409 (2024)

    2024

  40. [40]

    Shimada, Y

    Y. Shimada, Y. Chida, N. Ohtsubo, T. Aoki, M. Takeuchi, T. Kuga, and Y. Torii, A simplified 461- nm laser system using blue laser diodes and a hollow cathode lamp for laser cooling of Sr, Review of Scientific Instruments84, 063101 (2013)

    2013

  41. [41]

    Bandarupally, J

    S. Bandarupally, J. N. Tinsley, M. Chiarotti, and N. Poli, Design and simulation of a source of cold cadmium for atom interferometry, Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics56, 185301 (2023)

    2023

  42. [42]

    R. K. Hanley, P. Huillery, N. C. Keegan, A. D. Bounds, D. Boddy, R. Faoro, and M. P. A. Jones, Quantitative simulation of a magneto-optical trap operating near the photon recoil limit, Journal of Modern Optics65, 667 (2018)

    2018

  43. [43]

    Z. T. Lu, K. L. Corwin, M. J. Renn, M. H. Anderson, E. A. Cornell, and C. E. Wieman, Low-velocity intense source of atoms from a magneto-optical trap, Phys. Rev. Lett.77, 3331 (1996)

    1996

  44. [44]

    Dieckmann, R

    K. Dieckmann, R. J. C. Spreeuw, M. Weidem¨ uller, and J. T. M. Walraven, Two-dimensional magneto-optical trap as a source of slow atoms, Phys. Rev. A58, 3891 (1998)

    1998

  45. [45]

    Schoser, A

    J. Schoser, A. Bat¨ ar, R. L¨ ow, V. Schweikhard, A. Grabowski, Y. B. Ovchinnikov, and T. Pfau, Intense source of cold Rb atoms from a pure two-dimensional magneto-optical trap, Phys. Rev. A66, 023410 (2002)

    2002

  46. [46]

    T. G. Tiecke, S. D. Gensemer, A. Ludewig, and J. T. M. Walraven, A high-flux 2D MOT source for cold lithium atoms, Physical Review A80, 013409 (2009), arXiv:0905.1063

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  47. [47]

    Nosske, L

    I. Nosske, L. Couturier, F. Hu, C. Tan, C. Qiao, J. Blume, Y. H. Jiang, P. Chen, and M. Weidem¨ uller, Two-dimensional magneto-optical trap as a source for cold strontium atoms, Physical Review A96, 053415 (2017)

    2017

  48. [48]

    Barbiero, M

    M. Barbiero, M. G. Tarallo, D. Calonico, F. Levi, G. Lamporesi, and G. Ferrari, Sideband-enhanced cold atomic source for optical clocks, Phys. Rev. Appl.13, 014013 (2020)

    2020

  49. [49]

    Nosske,Cooling and trapping of strontium atoms for quantum simulation using Rydberg states, Ph.D

    I. Nosske,Cooling and trapping of strontium atoms for quantum simulation using Rydberg states, Ph.D. thesis, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai, China (2018)

    2018

  50. [50]

    J. D. Jackson,Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed. (Wiley, 1998)

    1998

  51. [51]

    D. J. Griffiths,Introduction to Electrodynamics, 4th ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2017)

    2017

  52. [52]

    Hughes and T

    I. Hughes and T. P. A. Hase,Measurements and Their Uncertainties: A Practical Guide to Modern Error Anal- ysis(Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2010)

    2010