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REVIEW 3 major objections 4 minor 280 references

A single wide-area spectroscopic survey has produced the largest uniform census of galaxy pairs with two active supermassive black holes—7,125 dual AGN candidates out to redshift 3.6—and connects them to the mergers that LISA could detect.

Reviewed by Pith at T0; open to challenge. T0 means a machine referee read the full paper against a public rubric. the ladder, T0–T4 →

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2026-08-01 08:14 UTC pith:3WFAESKP

load-bearing objection A large, carefully built dual-AGN candidate catalog that will be a reference for the field, but the demographic and LISA claims are shakier than the census itself. the 3 major comments →

arxiv 2607.27390 v1 pith:3WFAESKP submitted 2026-07-29 astro-ph.GA astro-ph.HE

Cosmic Pairs: A DESI Census of Dual and Offset AGN as Precursors to Massive Black Hole Binaries

Ekaterine Dadiani , Antonella Palmese , Yihao Zhou , Nianyi Chen , Tiziana Di Matteo , Alejandro Er\'ostegui , Mar Mezcua , Jessica Nicole Aguilar
show 47 more authors
Steven Ahlen Stephen Bailey Florian Beutler Davide Bianchi David Brooks Todd Claybaugh Axel de la Macorra Arjun Dey Biprateep Dey Peter Doel Victoria A. Fawcett Benjamin Floyd Andreu Font-Ribera Jaime E. Forero-Romero Enrique Gazta\~naga Satya Gontcho A Gontcho Gaston Gutierrez Mustapha Ishak Robert Kehoe Anthony Kremin Ofer Lahav Andrew Lambert Martin Landriau Laurent Le Guillou Marc Manera Aaron Meisner Ramon Miquel John Moustakas Seshadri Nadathur Enrique Paillas Will J. Percival Francisco Prada Ignasi P\'erez-R\`afols Ragadeepika Pucha Corentin Ravoux Graziano Rossi Rossana Ruggeri Eusebio Sanchez Christoph Saulder David Schlegel Michael Schubnell Hee-Jong Seo Joseph Harry Silber Ma{\l}gorzata Siudek Gregory Tarl\'e Benjamin Alan Weaver DESI Collaboration
This is my paper
classification astro-ph.GA astro-ph.HE
keywords dual active galactic nucleigalaxy mergerssupermassive black holesgalaxy pairsgravitational wave sourcesdwarf galaxiesLISADESI
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper claims that a single wide-area spectroscopic survey can deliver a uniformly selected, statistically powerful census of galaxy pairs in which both galaxies host an actively accreting supermassive black hole—an outcome that had previously required stitching together hundreds of heterogeneous, small-scale studies. From the survey's first data release it identifies 7,125 candidate 'dual AGN' and 27,345 pairs with a single active nucleus across 0

Core claim

The central discovery is a catalog: 7,125 dual AGN candidates and 27,345 one-AGN pairs, selected from a uniformly processed spectroscopic dataset with projected separations below 50 kpc and line-of-sight velocity differences below 600 km/s (2000 km/s for high-redshift quasar pairs). AGN identification combines optical emission-line diagnostics (BPT, WHAN, MEx, KEx, He II, [Ne V]) with WISE mid-infrared colors, and pair statistics are corrected for fiber-assignment incompleteness using pairwise inverse-probability weighting. The catalog establishes that dual AGN are preferentially found at separations of 5-12 kpc, that the secondary hosts are ~0.3 dex above matched controls in star-formation

What carries the argument

The load-bearing machinery is the pair-catalog construction: a wide-field fiber-fed spectroscopic survey whose 1.6-arcsec fiber diameter sets the resolution floor; a pair selection cut of 50 kpc and 600 km/s; AGN classification from optical emission-line diagrams plus WISE mid-infrared colors; and pairwise inverse-probability weighting that corrects for fiber collisions and restores close-pair statistics. The second component is a large cosmological hydrodynamical simulation (ASTRID) matched to the survey's tracer selection, which is used to forward-model the observed duals, track their black holes to merger, and compute LISA signal-to-noise ratios.

Load-bearing premise

The entire sample stands on the assumption that objects separated by at least 1.6 arcseconds are truly two distinct galaxies with two genuinely active nuclei, not fragments of one galaxy or light from a single AGN leaking into a companion's spectrum.

What would settle it

Take a random subset of a few hundred candidates in the 1.6-2.0 arcsecond separation bin and image them with sub-arcsecond resolution; if most resolve into a single galaxy or a shredded source rather than two distinct nuclear regions, the census's close-pair counts and all demographic conclusions would be substantially revised. Likewise, if the dual-to-single AGN fraction does not decline with redshift after applying the simulation-based angular-resolution correction, the claimed separation trend would be falsified.

Watch this falsifier — get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

If this is right

  • The known population of kpc-scale active black hole pairs grows from about 1,754 spatially resolved systems to 7,125 candidates, with the largest gains at 0.2<z<0.4 (~70x) and at z>2 (~3x).
  • Dual AGN cluster at projected separations of 5-12 kpc, supporting merger-driven triggering of simultaneous black hole accretion.
  • The lower-mass member of a dual pair is ~0.3 dex above matched inactive and one-AGN companions in main-sequence offset, indicating a real but modest star-formation enhancement in the secondary.
  • Simulation-matched predictions say the merger fraction of DESI duals rises with redshift to ~76% at z~2, while the LISA-detectable fraction peaks at ~37% near z~0.9; most of the integrated dual-merger rate comes from z<=0.3.
  • The ~50 dwarf dual AGN candidates and 121 high-redshift (z>2) candidates open regimes where only a handful of systems were known before.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the closest pairs (1.6-2.0 arcsec, where ~80% have FRACFLUX>0.5) turn out to be mostly blends or shredded galaxies, the true dual fraction could be lower; a sub-arcsecond imaging campaign on a few hundred such pairs would calibrate this contamination and could revise the headline sample size.
  • Because the survey selection is uniform, the catalog can be used to design follow-up targeting: one testable prediction is that the dual fraction measured by high-resolution imaging will decline with redshift as the 1.6-arcsec floor excludes an increasing fraction of close physical pairs.
  • The asymmetric star-formation response (secondary enhanced, primary flat) suggests that comparisons of resolved gas kinematics in paired galaxies will show the starburst concentrated in the lower-mass companion; spatially resolved IFU observations could confirm this.
  • If the dwarf dual AGN candidates are confirmed with X-ray or radio follow-up, they would put the occupation fraction of central black holes in dwarf pairs on firmer ground and sharpen LISA event-rate estimates from low-mass hosts.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper constructs a spectroscopic census of kpc-scale dual and offset AGN candidates from DESI DR1, combining galaxy/QSO pair selection (projected separation <50 kpc, velocity window <600 km/s, or <2000 km/s for high-redshift QSOs) with optical emission-line, broad-line, and WISE mid-infrared AGN diagnostics. It reports 7,125 dual AGN, 27,345 one-AGN pairs, and 50,866 inactive pairs over 0<z<3.6, claiming a factor ~4 increase over 1,754 spatially resolved literature systems and a factor ~70 increase at 0.2<z<0.4. The central demographic results are that dual AGN are preferentially found at small separations and that dual secondaries lie ~0.3 dex above matched inactive and one-AGN companions in main-sequence offset. Using an ASTRID-based mock matched to the DESI selection, the paper further predicts merger fractions and LISA-detectable merger fractions as a function of redshift.

Significance. If the demographic claims are robust, this would be an important advance: it provides the largest uniformly selected spectroscopic sample of dual/offset AGN, fills a previously sparse intermediate-redshift interval, and connects observed AGN pairs to predicted massive black hole mergers accessible to LISA. The paper is notable for its detailed attention to selection systematics: PIP+U(theta) fiber-assignment corrections, WISE-blending exclusion, visual shredding checks, explicit caveats on CIGALE SFRs, and a conservative high-purity subset defined by multiple independent AGN diagnostics. At the same time, the two headline demographic results—small-separation preference and the secondary Delta_MS excess—are exactly the quantities most sensitive to false close pairs, and the manuscript does not yet provide the quantitative contamination control needed to make those results load-bearing.

major comments (3)
  1. [§3.3, Figs. 5 and 9] Contamination from WISE blending and photometric shredding is acknowledged but not quantified, and it directly affects the two headline demographic results. The text states that WISE-only duals with Δθ<6″ are excluded, yet a pair with one optical AGN and one WISE-only companion at Δθ<6″ remains classified as dual; with ~25% of AGN classifications coming from WISE (Fig. 2), such mixed pairs may be a non-negligible source of false secondaries. Separately, §3.1 reports that ~5.2% of the sample at 1.6″–2.0″ has FRACFLUX>0.5 in all grz bands for at least one component. Both classes are preferentially close, so the 41%/32%/30% small-separation excess in Fig. 5 and the ~0.3 dex secondary ΔMS excess in Fig. 9 may be inflated by false pairs. I request a quantitative false-positive estimate or, at minimum, a demonstration that both trends persist in the conservative subset with multiple independen
  2. [§3.2, Fig. 5] Completeness corrections are applied only when comparing with theory, but the small-separation statistics underlying the main demographic claims are raw. The paper states that raw counts are used for descriptive statistics, and Fig. 5's normalized separation distributions and the 41% vs 32% vs 30% numbers are not PIP+U-weighted. Because fiber-assignment incompleteness is tracer- and separation-dependent (ELG close pairs ~35% complete, QSO ~88%), the relative shapes of dual, one-AGN, and inactive pair distributions can be biased. The central claim that dual AGN are preferentially found at small separations should be demonstrated with the same PIP+U weights used in Fig. 12, or the authors should justify that the bias cannot change the ordering.
  3. [§4.5.1, Fig. 12] The correction for the 1.6″ angular-separation floor is a model output, not a direct measurement. The gray shaded region multiplies the observed dual fraction by f_corr from ASTRID, reaching factors 4.7–5.6 at z~0.5–0.8. Since the companion ASTRID mock (Chen et al. 2025) is validated by matching the observed DESI dual fraction and separation distribution, using the same mock to correct those measurements for resolution incompleteness is partly circular and relies on sub-1.6″ pair statistics that have not been independently verified. The gray band should be labeled clearly as a model-dependent systematic, and the conclusion that the dual fraction declines with redshift should be based on the observed (cut) values as well. The LISA predictions in §4.5.2 inherit this dependence.
minor comments (4)
  1. [§4.1 vs §5] The one-AGN pair count is given as 27,345 in §4.1 and 27,347 in §5; reconcile.
  2. [Fig. 2] The KS/AD tests are quoted only through D_KS effect sizes; report p-values and sample sizes for all diagnostics, not only for He II.
  3. [Data availability] The manuscript does not state where the final dual/one-AGN/inactive catalogs will be released; specify a data-access statement.
  4. [§4.5.2] Clarify the denominator of the 'LISA-detectable fraction' (all duals vs mergers) to avoid confusion with Fig. 13's upper-left panel.

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged

Observational census is independent, but the LISA/merger predictions rest on a companion ASTRID mock by overlapping authors that is validated on the very DESI observables it is then used to interpret.

specific steps
  1. self citation load bearing [Section 1 (Introduction); used in Section 4.5.2]
    "is used to construct a DESI-like mock dual AGN catalog by applying the same selection functions and observational constraints as used here (Chen et al. 2025). The mock sample reproduces the observed dual fraction, separation distribution, and host galaxy and AGN properties, validating ASTRID as a reliable forward-modeling tool for the observed population."

    The LISA/merger predictions are not derived from DESI data in this paper; they are imported from Chen et al. (2025), a companion paper with overlapping authorship (Chen, Zhou, Dadiani, Di Matteo). The credibility of that mock is established here by stating that it reproduces the observed dual fraction, separation distribution, and host properties — i.e., it is calibrated/validated against the very DESI observables it is then used to interpret. The predicted 'fraction of DESI dual AGN whose central black holes will merge' is therefore a property of a simulation already matched to the input sample, not an independent first-principles prediction. This is a self-citation chain rather than an equation-level equivalence: the census itself is not circular, but the theoretical predictions reduce t

full rationale

The central observational census — 7,125 dual AGN and 27,345 one-AGN pairs from DESI DR1 — is built from public DESI spectroscopy, WISE photometry, and external value-added catalogs, and is benchmarked against literature compilations; that part is self-contained and not circular. The main circularity concern is confined to the theoretical forward-modeling section: the ASTRID-based merger/LISA predictions are justified by a companion paper (Chen et al. 2025) whose authors overlap substantially with the present work, and the mock is validated by reproducing the observed dual fraction and separation distribution before being used to predict merger fractions and LISA detectability. The predicted merger fraction is not literally equal to the fitted dual fraction, so this is not a pure fit-renamed-as-prediction, but the load-bearing support for the theoretical claims is a self-citation chain that uses the same DESI observables as its anchor. The paper also uses the same mock to correct the observed dual fraction for the 1.6 arcsecond angular-separation cut, further coupling the 'observed' corrected trend to the model. I therefore score 4: some self-citation, with the central observational claim still having independent content.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

4 free parameters · 5 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces no new physical entities. Its free parameters are mostly explicit survey-selection thresholds and the LISA SNR cut. The heavy load is carried by assumptions inherited from public DESI VACs and from the ASTRID companion mock, whose validation is partially self-referential.

free parameters (4)
  • Projected separation limit Δr < 50 kpc = 50 kpc
    Defines the pair sample; literature sometimes adopts 100 kpc, and the census count and separation trends depend on this boundary.
  • Line-of-sight velocity window Δv < 600 km/s (2000 km/s for QSOs at z>0.5) = 600 / 2000 km/s
    Chosen by hand to remove chance superpositions; directly sets which pairs enter the census and therefore all sample sizes and fractions.
  • Minimum angular separation 1.6 arcsec = 1.6 arcsec
    Instrumental resolution floor; excluding closer pairs removes the sub-kpc/fiber-blended regime and changes the high-z census.
  • LISA detection SNR threshold = 10
    A merger is labeled LISA-detectable if SNR>10 summed over the final 4 years; the reported peak fraction ~37% is sensitive to this arbitrary threshold.
axioms (5)
  • domain assumption DESI DR1 redshifts and Redrock/QSO classifications are accurate enough for pair selection, including the relaxed 2000 km/s window for high-z QSOs.
    Used throughout Section 3; if redshift errors create false pairs, all counts inflate.
  • domain assumption CIGALE SED fits provide unbiased stellar masses and SFRs for paired galaxies, including low-mass secondaries and AGN hosts.
    Host-galaxy mass and sSFR claims in Section 4.3 rest on CIGALE; the paper itself notes a ~1.4 dex sSFR discrepancy vs FastSpecFit for dwarfs (Appendix A).
  • domain assumption ASTRID's Tremmel et al. (2017) dynamical-friction subgrid model correctly describes MBH sinking and merging in galaxy mergers.
    The merger-fraction and LISA predictions in Section 4.5.2 inherit this model from Chen et al. 2025.
  • domain assumption The Speagle et al. (2014) star-forming main-sequence calibration is valid over the sample's mass/redshift range.
    Used to define ΔMS in eq. (4); if the calibration is wrong, the '0.3 dex above main sequence' claim shifts.
  • ad hoc to paper The Chen et al. (2025) DESI-mock reproduces the DESI selection function and observed dual fraction.
    The mock is validated against this same observed sample before being used to predict merger outcomes (Sections 4.5.1-4.5.2).

pith-pipeline@v1.3.0-daily-deepseek · 48707 in / 14361 out tokens · 149740 ms · 2026-08-01T08:14:28.059728+00:00 · methodology

0 comments
read the original abstract

We present a systematic census of dual and offset active galactic nuclei (AGN) using spectroscopic data from the first data release (DR1) of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). After correcting for observational systematics, our final sample contains $>7,000$ dual AGN and 27,000 galaxy pairs containing one AGN over the redshift range $0 \lesssim z \lesssim 3.6$. This sample expands the known dual AGN sample by $\sim 1-2$ orders of magnitude at $0.2 \lesssim z \lesssim 0.4$, includes $\sim 50$ dwarf dual AGN candidates in a regime where only a handful were previously known, and triples the census at $z>2$. Dual AGN are preferentially found at small separations, consistent with merger-driven triggering of AGN activity. The two members of a pair differ in their star formation response: the more massive (primary) host changes little with separation, while the less massive (secondary) lies $\sim 0.3$ dex above matched inactive and one-AGN companions at the same projected separation in main-sequence offset. Using ASTRID simulations, we predict that the fraction of DESI dual AGN whose central black holes will merge by $z \sim 0$ increases with redshift, reaching $\sim 76\%$ by $z \sim 2$, while the fraction producing LISA-detectable mergers peaks at $\sim 37\%$ near $z \sim 0.9$. These results provide the largest uniformly selected spectroscopic sample of kpc-scale dual and offset AGN candidates from a single survey, connecting their host-galaxy and AGN demographics to the progenitor population of massive black hole mergers detectable by LISA.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.27390 by Aaron Meisner, Alejandro Er\'ostegui, Andreu Font-Ribera, Andrew Lambert, Anthony Kremin, Antonella Palmese, Arjun Dey, Axel de la Macorra, Benjamin Alan Weaver, Benjamin Floyd, Biprateep Dey, Christoph Saulder, Corentin Ravoux, David Brooks, Davide Bianchi, David Schlegel, DESI Collaboration, Ekaterine Dadiani, Enrique Gazta\~naga, Enrique Paillas, Eusebio Sanchez, Florian Beutler, Francisco Prada, Gaston Gutierrez, Graziano Rossi, Gregory Tarl\'e, Hee-Jong Seo, Ignasi P\'erez-R\`afols, Jaime E. Forero-Romero, Jessica Nicole Aguilar, John Moustakas, Joseph Harry Silber, Laurent Le Guillou, Ma{\l}gorzata Siudek, Marc Manera, Mar Mezcua, Martin Landriau, Michael Schubnell, Mustapha Ishak, Nianyi Chen, Ofer Lahav, Peter Doel, Ragadeepika Pucha, Ramon Miquel, Robert Kehoe, Rossana Ruggeri, Satya Gontcho A Gontcho, Seshadri Nadathur, Stephen Bailey, Steven Ahlen, Tiziana Di Matteo, Todd Claybaugh, Victoria A. Fawcett, Will J. Percival, Yihao Zhou.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of the pair-inverse-probability (PIP) weights, w PIP, for dual AGN candidate pairs, shown separately for the different tracers. sample corresponds to all photometric targets of a given DESI tracer class satisfying the survey selection crite￾ria, regardless of whether they were spectroscopically observed. U(θ) is computed following: U(θ) = DD(full)(θ)/pfull DD(obs)(θ… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Left: Distribution of AGN selection methods across the sample of candidate dual AGN systems, categorized by their DESI target class. The top panel shows the total number of spectroscopic fibers (primary and secondary combined) that satisfy each AGN selection criterion, with percentage labels indicating each method’s contribution to the full AGN sample. Bar colors denote the original DESI target class. The … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Projected physical separation as a function of redshift for the dual AGN candidate sample. The red shaded regions represent the Kernel Density Estimates of the DESI-selected candidates, with contours indicating the 50%, 80%, 95%, and 99% enclosed-probability levels. The gray lines indicate fixed angular separations of 0.5 ′′, 1′′, and 1.6 ′′; the latter corresponds to the DESI fiber diameter and marks the … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Examples of candidate dual AGN systems identified in the sample. Background images are from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys. The red and blue circles indicate the positions of the spectroscopic fibers for the primary and secondary targets, respectively. The inset text in each panel lists the spectroscopic redshifts of the two sources (z1, z2), the projected physical separation (dr), and the stellar masses … view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Top: Normalized histogram of projected sepa￾rations (∆rproj) for three populations: dual AGN (red), one￾AGN (blue), and inactive (black) galaxy pairs. Percentages indicate the relative fraction of each class in the full sample. Bottom: Redshift-dependent fractional distribution of the same three populations shown in the top panel, displayed as a stacked area plot. Each bin sums to unity. The dashed vertica… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Decomposition of the dual AGN sample by DESI target class. Left and Middle Panels: The fractional distribution of target types for the primary (left) and secondary (middle) components as a function of redshift. Right Panel: Matrix showing the distribution of pairing combinations across the entire sample. The y-axis represents the target class of the primary object, and the x-axis represents the secondary. … view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Host galaxy properties of the dual AGN sample compared to the isolated AGN population. Top Row: The distribution of specific star formation rate versus stellar mass for the primary (left) and secondary (center) hosts in dual systems, and the isolated AGN comparison sample (right). Colored contours represent each DESI tracer class. KDE contours mark iso-density levels at 20%, 45%, 70%, and 90% of the peak d… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Redshift evolution of host galaxy properties (stellar mass in the top row and specific star-formation rate in the bottom row) for dual AGNs, one-AGN pairs, and the isolated AGN control population. Left: distributions in five redshift bins. Right: Median evolution with redshift. Shaded regions mark the 16th–84th percentile range. In COSMOS/CANDELS pair samples, for example, the SFR excess in major pairs dec… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Median host stellar mass (top), specific star￾formation rate (middle), and offset from the star-forming main sequence, ∆MS (bottom), as a function of projected separation. Dual AGN primaries and secondaries are shown in red and orange, respectively; one-AGN pairs are separated into the AGN host and inactive companion, shown in dark blue and light blue, respectively; inactive pairs are separated into the mo… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Merger mass ratios for the dual AGN sample. The main panel shows qM = M⋆,2/M⋆,1 versus projected separation, ∆rproj, with points colored by merger class: ma￾jor (qM ≥ 0.25), minor (0.10 ≤ qM < 0.25), and very minor (qM < 0.10). Horizontal lines mark the class boundaries, and black contours show the 50, 68, 80, and 90 percent KDE levels. The top panel shows the merger-class fractions as a function of ∆rpro… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Redshift evolution of the dual AGN fraction, defined as Ndual/Nsingle, for the DESI sample. Hollow black triangles show the full dual AGN population measured with PIP+U(θ) weighting, while colored points indicate the same￾tracer subsamples. Error bars show Poisson uncertainties propagated with the applied weights. The gray shaded re￾gion shows the ASTRID-based correction when removing the 1.6 ′′ minimum a… view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Left: Redshift evolution of the merger fraction for DESI-selected dual AGN in the ASTRID mock (blue solid line) and for the subset expected to be detectable by LISA with SNRLISA > 10 (red dashed line). The lower panel shows the corresponding merger rate, dN/dzdt, for all intrinsic mergers in ASTRID (gray), for mergers associated with the DESI-like one-AGN pair sample (brown solid), for the LISA-detectable… view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Left panels: Distribution of sSFR (Top) and Lbol (Bottom) as a function of stellar mass for the full high-z (z > 2.5) AGN population, shown as shaded contours. Red and blue stars indicate the primary and secondary components of high-redshift dual AGN systems, respectively. Numbers label selected systems highlighted in the right panels. Right panels: Legacy Survey image cutouts of the numbered systems. Col… view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Comparison of host galaxy properties derived from CIGALE and FastSpecFit for the dwarf dual AGN subsample. The top and bottom panels show log(M⋆/M⊙) and log(sSFR/yr−1 ), respectively, with primaries and secondaries shown as red and blue points. Error bars indicate the reported uncertainties from each pipeline, and the dashed black line denotes the one-to-one relation. Only components with reliable CIGALE … view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Stellar mass as a function of redshift for dual￾AGN members, separated by DESI tracer class. Points show individual dual-AGN host galaxies, and solid curves show the 5th-percentile stellar-mass envelope of the dual AGN mem￾bers in redshift bins. Dashed curves show the correspond￾ing 5th-percentile envelope for the isolated AGN comparison sample. The horizontal dotted line marks log(M⋆/M⊙) = 9. Vertical da… view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Examples from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_18.png] view at source ↗

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Reference graph

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