Bulk Ising superconductivity in an intercalated TaSe2 bilayer structure

Anqi Wang; Fanming Qu; Guang-han Cao; Guangtong Liu; Guoan Li; Jie Shen; Jin-Ke Bao; LiHong Hu; Li Lu; Peiling Li

REVIEW 3 major objections 6 minor 54 references

Bulk Ising superconductivity in an intercalated TaSe2 bilayer structure

T0 review · 3 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-06 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read The paper claims that InBr(TaSe₂)₂ is a bulk Ising superconductor: its in-plane upper critical field reaches about 3.56 times the Pauli limit at 1.15 K, backed by band-structure spin splitting, thickness trends, and a diode effect.

desk verdict A solid new bulk Ising superconductor candidate with careful transport work, but the microscopic case leans on an idealized DFT cell that the authors admit may not match the real disordered intercalant layer. read the letter →

arxiv 2608.01209 v1 pith:66KM2ACO submitted 2026-08-02 cond-mat.supr-con

Yupeng Li , Zhaopeng Guo , Lihong Hu , Guoan Li , Siqi Wu , Xinyi Zheng , Xiao Deng , Zhiyuan Zhang

show 12 more authors

Anqi Wang Xingchen Guo Ziwei Dou Peiling Li Yuke Li Fanming Qu Guangtong Liu Jin-Ke Bao Guang-Han Cao Li Lu Jie Shen Zhu-An Xu

This is my paper · ORCID

classification cond-mat.supr-con PACS 74.25.-q74.70.-b74.78.-w

keywords Isingsuperconductivityspin-orbitcouplinguppercriticalfieldPaulilimitTaSe2intercalationsuperconductingdiodeeffectnoncentrosymmetricsuperconductor

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper aims to establish that Ising superconductivity — the out-of-plane spin-orbit locking that shields Cooper pairs from in-plane magnetic fields — can exist in a bulk, three-dimensional crystal rather than only in monolayers. The material is InBr(TaSe$_2$)$_2$, a noncentrosymmetric rhombohedral stack in which InBr double layers separate superconducting 2Hb-TaSe$_2$ bilayers; its in-plane upper critical field reaches $B_{c2}^{\parallel}/B_p \approx 3.56$ at 1.15 K, far above the Pauli limit $B_p = 1.86\,T_c$. Because such a large ratio can also arise from spin-orbit scattering in the dirty limit, the authors marshal four converging lines of evidence for Ising coupling: anisotropic critical fields, calculated band splitting with out-of-plane spin polarization, an upper-critical-field ratio that stays roughly flat while disorder grows as films thin, and a superconducting diode effect that spin-orbit scattering cannot produce. If the identification holds, intercalated bilayer transition-metal dichalcogenides become a practical route to engineering Ising spin-orbit coupling in bulk materials.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the 2Hb-TaSe$_2$ bilayer acting as an Ising spin-orbit motif: broken in-plane inversion symmetry combined with strong spin-orbit coupling generates Zeeman-type out-of-plane spin polarization at the K point, locking the two members of a Cooper pair in opposite out-of-plane orientations. An in-plane magnetic field then couples only weakly to these spins, pushing the effective paramagnetic limit far beyond $B_p = 1.86\,T_c$. The intercalated InBr double layer supplies the noncentrosymmetry and separates the superconducting bilayers so the two-dimensional motif survives inside a bulk crystal; the single-unit-cell band structure already resembles the bulk, indicating we

What would settle it

Measure the K-point electronic structure of bulk InBr(TaSe$_2$)$_2$ with spin- and angle-resolved photoemission: if the predicted out-of-plane spin polarization ($S_z$) is absent, the Ising mechanism is not operative and the large $B_{c2}^{\parallel}/B_p$ must be re-attributed to scattering. In parallel, grow a deliberately Br-free (or randomly occupied) In-intercalated TaSe$_2$ control and compare its $B_{c2}^{\parallel}/B_p$: an enhancement near 3.5 without the ordered noncentrosymmetric spacer would show the claimed structure is not what protects the superconductivity.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On its own terms, the paper's central claim is that bulk InBr(TaSe$_2$)$_2$ is an Ising superconductor. The $R3m$ structure lacks inversion symmetry, and the band-structure calculation shows the K-point bands splitting into out-of-plane-polarized branches ($S_z>0$ and $S_z<0$), the signature of Ising-type spin-orbit coupling: Cooper-pair spins lock perpendicular to the layers, so an in-plane field cannot easily depair them. The measured in-plane upper critical field reaches $B_{c2}^{\parallel}/B_p \approx 3.56$ at 1.15 K in bulk sample S15 and exceeds 4 in flakes below 5 unit cells. The authors stress that the dirty limit (total scattering time $\tau \approx 0.9$ fs against a spin-orbit scat

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is the ordered InBr double layer assumed in the band-structure calculation: the real intercalant layer shows mixed atomic occupations, and even a Br-free model refines to similar quality (Section 2.1), so the local inversion breaking on which the Ising spin splitting rests may be weaker or inhomogeneous in the actual crystal — a gap the paper itself flags by calling the Ising-versus-scattering split 'an open challenge.'

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Bulk intercalation becomes a materials route to three-dimensional Ising superconductivity: stacking an InBr spacer into 2Hb-TaSe$_2$ preserves the spin-valley locking that had been confined to atomically thin crystals.
The in-plane upper critical field reaches $B_{c2}^{\parallel}/B_p \approx 3.56$ in the bulk (sample S15 at 1.15 K) and exceeds 4 below 5 unit cells, well beyond the Pauli limit $B_p = 1.86\,T_c$.
Because the critical-field ratio stays flat while disorder grows in thinner flakes, spin-orbit scattering cannot be the dominant enhancer; the paper identifies 3D Ising spin-orbit coupling as the primary mechanism while conceding the exact split 'remains an open challenge.'
The superconducting diode effect persists from 1 unit cell up to about 12 unit cells (~69 nm) and vanishes above 20, so Ising-controlled nonreciprocal transport survives into the bulk-like thickness range.
The contrast with InBr-intercalated monolayer TaSe$_2$, which does not show the large ratio, indicates the 2Hb-TaSe$_2$ bilayer unit — not the spacer alone — is the structural ingredient that stabilizes the enhancement in bulk.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

A testable extension: intercalating other 2H-phase TMD bilayers (for instance 2H-NbSe$_2$ or 2H-TaS$_2$) with the same InBr spacer should also give $B_{c2}^{\parallel}/B_p \gg 1$ in bulk if the bilayer motif is the operative ingredient; a null result would single out what is special about 2Hb-TaSe$_2$.
The sharp loss of the diode effect between 12 and 20 unit cells while band calculations still predict spin splitting implicates a second, longer length scale — plausibly stacking faults or weakened splitting — that kills nonreciprocity before the bulk critical-field enhancement is lost; thickness-resolved defect studies across 12–20 unit cells would test this.
Because the structural refinement tolerates a Br-free model, the noncentrosymmetry may be local rather than global; deliberately varying In/Br occupancy during growth and re-measuring $B_{c2}^{\parallel}/B_p$ would show whether the Ising enhancement requires the ordered double layer.
The paper leaves the Ising-SOC versus spin-orbit-scattering decomposition open; spin-resolved photoemission of the bulk K-point bands would settle it by observing the out-of-plane polarization directly, independent of transport modeling.

Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

You should know this paper is worth reading: it reports a new intercalated compound, InBr(TaSe2)2, with bulk noncentrosymmetric structure, Tc ~2.26 K, and in-plane upper critical field reaching Bc2||/Bp ~3.56. The transport is careful and multi-pronged: thickness-dependent Bc2||/Bp stays roughly constant below 5 UC while disorder increases, and a superconducting diode effect persists up to ~12 UC. They also show that a simple intercalated monolayer TaSe2 does not give the large ratio, so the 2Hb bilayer motif seems to matter. That is a genuinely new data set with real device work.

What the paper does well: it directly confronts the spin-orbit-scattering alternative, uses SDE as a complementary probe, and is refreshingly honest about limits. They explicitly say the analysis is semi-quantitative, that separating Ising SOC from SOS remains an open challenge, and that the crystal structure used in DFT is an idealized fully ordered In/Br model. That self-awareness is a credit.

The soft spots are real, though not disqualifying. The biggest one is exactly the stress-test concern: the SXRD refinement shows mixed In/Br occupations and even a Br-free model fits comparably, yet the DFT band structure in Fig. 1(g) is computed on the ordered model. If the real intercalant layer is locally centrosymmetric or heavily disordered, the calculated out-of-plane spin splitting near K may not survive, and that DFT is the only direct microscopic evidence. The transport and SDE are indirect. The SDE also vanishes by 20 UC without a fully satisfying explanation, though they offer plausible stacking-fault and orbital-limiting arguments. And I wish they had released the raw data; 'available upon reasonable request' is weak for claims like this.

Still, the thickness-invariance of Bc2/Bp below 5 UC is a strong piece of evidence that does not depend on the DFT, and the paper earns credit for not overclaiming. This deserves a serious referee: the experiment is carefully executed, the literature is properly cited, and the central claim is plausible if not yet proven. I would encourage the editor to send it, with the explicit ask that the referees push on disorder modeling and, ideally, demand spin-resolved ARPES or equivalent before accepting the Ising assignment as definitive.

Referee Report

3 major / 6 minor

Summary. The paper reports the synthesis and characterization of InBr(TaSe2)2, an intercalated compound with bilayers of 2Hb-TaSe2 separated by InBr layers, in a noncentrosymmetric R3m structure. Transport measurements show superconductivity at Tc ~ 2.26 K with a strongly anisotropic upper critical field: Bc2||/Bp reaches ~3.56 at 1.15 K. DFT band structure calculations exhibit spin-split bands with out-of-plane spin polarization near the K point, interpreted as Ising SOC. Thickness-dependent measurements on exfoliated flakes show that Bc2||/Bp remains above ~4 below 5 unit cells and then decreases, and a superconducting diode effect is observed in flakes up to ~12 UC. The authors argue that these multiple lines of evidence point to bulk Ising superconductivity, distinguishing it from spin-orbit scattering effects.

Significance. If established, InBr(TaSe2)2 would be a bulk Ising superconductor with a high in-plane critical field, and the intercalated-bilayer motif could serve as a design principle for other bulk Ising systems. The paper's strength is its multimethod approach: transport anisotropy, thickness scaling, diode effect, and first-principles calculations. However, the key microscopic evidence—the DFT spin splitting—is computed on an idealized ordered model despite known disorder, and the separation of Ising SOC from spin-orbit scattering remains semi-quantitative. These gaps currently limit the certainty of the central claim but do not invalidate the phenomenological observations.

major comments (3)

[2.1, Fig. 1(g)] The DFT band structure that provides the direct microscopic evidence for Ising SOC is calculated using a fully ordered In/Br model, while the text in Section 2.1 states that the actual InBr double layer exhibits randomness in mixed atomic occupations and that a model without Br yields similar refinement quality. This internal inconsistency is load-bearing: if the real disorder destroys local inversion breaking, the predicted out-of-plane spin polarization may not exist. The authors should explicitly address this by computing band structures for realistic disordered configurations (e.g., supercells with partial occupancies or Br vacancies) or by providing experimental confirmation of the spin splitting (e.g., ARPES). As written, the central bulk-Ising claim rests on an idealized model that the manuscript itself calls into question.
[2.3] The argument separating Ising SOC from spin-orbit scattering (SOS) is semi-quantitative. The claim that Bc2||/Bp is approximately thickness-invariant below 5 UC while disorder (and hence SOS) increases is based on a qualitative trend comparison. The KLB fitting yields tau_so ~29.7 fs and tau ~0.9 fs, but the fits are not shown in the main text and both the KLB and 2D GL models describe the Bc2(T) data, making the extracted tau_so non-unique. The authors themselves acknowledge in Section 2.3 that quantifying the respective contributions 'remains an open challenge.' Since the paper's title states 'Bulk Ising superconductivity,' the bulk sample's large Bc2|| must be more directly tied to Ising SOC rather than SOS; the thickness-invariance evidence is indirect and demonstrated only for thin flakes, not for the bulk crystal.
[Conclusion] The conclusion claims that first-principles band structure calculations confirm Ising SOC 'in both bulk and thin-film limits.' However, the main text only presents DFT results for bulk InBr(TaSe2)2; the supplementary comparison (Fig. S3) is for 2Hb-TaSe2 polytypes, not for thin-film InBr(TaSe2)2. This overreach should be corrected, or the thin-film calculation should be added. This matters because the thickness-dependent interpretation (items iii and iv in the conclusion) relies on the same spin-splitting mechanism being active in thin flakes.

minor comments (6)

[Conclusion] The sentence 'This conclusion is supported by multiple lines of evidence:' is duplicated verbatim in the first paragraph of the Conclusion.
[2.2] The text says 'Hall measurements [Fig. 2(e) and Fig. S2]' but Fig. 2(e) is the thickness dependence of Tc; the carrier density plot is Fig. 2(f). Please correct the cross-reference.
[2.1] The inset of Fig. 2(a) is described in the text as showing better agreement with the 3D AGL model, but the inset is not clearly labeled in the caption. Please add a label or refer to it explicitly.
[2.2] The KLB and 2D GL fits are shown in the main text only for the 1-UC device. Since these fits are used to extract tau_so and tau, representative fits for other thicknesses should be displayed (e.g., in the Supplementary) with residuals to demonstrate the quality of the fits.
[2.4] The superconducting diode efficiency eta is plotted but the numerical maximum values are not stated in the text. Please give the maximum eta (with error bars) for at least the 2-UC and 5-UC devices.
[2.1] The notation for upper critical field varies between 'Bc2||' and 'Bc2^||' in the text; please standardize, e.g., B_{c2}^{\parallel}.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: measured Bc2/SDE and independent DFT drive the claim; structural-disorder caveat is a modeling assumption, not a circular step.

full rationale

The paper's central claim—that InBr(TaSe2)2 exhibits bulk Ising superconductivity—rests on measured transport quantities (large Bc2|| exceeding the Pauli limit, thickness-dependent ratios, superconducting diode effect) and on independent DFT band-structure calculations. No fitted parameter is defined in terms of the target conclusion. The KLB/2D GL fits are empirical descriptions of Bc2(T), and the argument that Ising SOC rather than spin-orbit scattering dominates uses a comparison of trends (nearly thickness-independent Bc2/Bp below 5 UC versus monotonic disorder enhancement), not a quantity that is circularly constructed. The DFT calculation is first-principles and not fitted to superconductivity data. The main caveat—that the DFT model assumes fully ordered In and Br atoms while the real structure shows disorder and even a Br-free model refines similarly (Section 2.1)—is a genuine correctness and modeling risk, but it is not circularity: the calculation is not equivalent to its inputs by construction. Self-citations (e.g., refs. 14, 37, 46) are used for synthesis background, device fabrication, or mechanical exclusion of alternative SDE mechanisms, and are not load-bearing in a way that reduces the derivation to those citations. I find no circular step requiring a score above 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 4 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on measured Bc2 values, DFT calculations, and a series of modeling assumptions about disorder, the KLB model, and the interpretation of the SDE. The key fitted parameters are scattering times extracted from transport models. No new physical entities are postulated.

free parameters (4)

tau_so (spin-orbit scattering time) = 29.7 fs (1-UC flake S2)
Extracted from KLB model fitting of in-plane upper critical field; used to argue the system is dirty-limit with tau_so > tau.
tau (total scattering time) = ~0.9 fs
Estimated from Hall carrier density and Drude model; used to classify the system as dirty-limit.
n_h (hole carrier density) = thickness-dependent, ~10^19-10^20 m^-2
Obtained from Hall measurements; used to estimate scattering times and disorder trends.
Quantum Griffiths scaling parameters = zv = 0.2298*(Bc*-B)^-0.6, Bc* = 1.7476 T
Fitted to magnetoresistance scaling data for 1-UC flakes; peripheral to the main claim but a fitted quantity.

assumptions (5)

ad hoc to paper DFT with PBE-GGA and the idealized fully ordered InBr model accurately describes the electronic structure and spin polarization of the real InBr(TaSe2)2 crystal
Section 2.1 and 4.5. The real InBr double layer has mixed atomic occupations and disorder, yet the band structure is computed on the ordered model.
domain assumption The KLB model correctly describes the upper critical field of this layered superconductor and allows separation of spin-orbit scattering from intrinsic Ising SOC
Section 2.2 and 2.3; the spin-orbit scattering time is extracted from KLB fitting and used to argue against SOS as the main contributor.
domain assumption Spin-orbit scattering cannot produce a superconducting diode effect
Section 2.4 states this without citation; it is load-bearing for attributing the observed SDE to Ising SOC.
standard math The Pauli paramagnetic limit is Bp = 1.86 Tc for this material
Used in Section 2.1 to compute Bc2||/Bp; standard formula.
domain assumption Other SDE mechanisms (Meissner screening, vortex effects, finite-momentum pairing, etc.) are adequately ruled out
Section 2.4; relies on indirect arguments and comparisons rather than direct measurements of each mechanism.

how reviews work

0 comments

Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Bulk Ising superconductivity in an intercalated TaSe2 bilayer structure." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/66KM2ACO

@misc{pith2026260801209,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Bulk Ising superconductivity in an intercalated TaSe2 bilayer structure},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/66KM2ACO}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2608.01209}
}

abstract

Ising spin-orbit coupling in bulk systems has drawn considerable interest for its ability to conveniently construct spin-orbit environments and enable exotic quantum phenomena. In this work, we synthesize intercalated 2Hb-TaSe$_2$ bilayers with noncentrosymmetric structure and, through multifaceted analysis, present multiple lines of evidence for the emergence of bulk Ising superconductivity. Resistivity measurements reveal anisotropic superconducting behavior, with a remarkably large in-plane upper critical field $B_{c2}^{\|}$ that exceeds the Pauli limit $B_{p}$. Band structure calculations further show band splitting accompanied by out-of-plane spin polarization. Collectively, these observations point to the presence of Ising superconductivity. Additional measurements of the thickness-dependent ratio $B_{c2}^{\|}$/$B_{p}$ and the superconducting diode effect not only further support the Ising superconducting nature of this material, but also reveal additional features of bulk Ising superconductivity evolving with thickness. Our findings provide valuable insights that may contribute to the search for bulk Ising superconductors.

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

54 extracted references · 15 canonical work pages

[1]

M.et al.Evidence for two-dimensional Ising su- perconductivity in gated MoS 2.Science350, 1353–1357 (2015)

Lu, J. M.et al.Evidence for two-dimensional Ising su- perconductivity in gated MoS 2.Science350, 1353–1357 (2015)

2015
[2]

Phys.12, 144–149 (2016)

Saito, Y.et al.Superconductivity protected by spin–valley locking in ion-gated MoS 2.Nat. Phys.12, 144–149 (2016)

2016
[3]

Phys.12, 139–143 (2016)

Xi, X.et al.Ising pairing in superconducting NbSe 2 atomic layers.Nat. Phys.12, 139–143 (2016)

2016
[4]

Wan, P.et al.Orbital Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state in an Ising superconductor.Nature619, 46–51 (2023)

2023
[5]

Bauriedl, L.et al.Supercurrent diode effect and magne- tochiral anisotropy in few-layer NbSe 2.Nat. Common. 13, 4266 (2022)

2022
[6]

T., Yuan, N

Zhou, B. T., Yuan, N. F. Q., Jiang, H.-L. & Law, K. T. Ising superconductivity and Majorana fermions in transition-metal dichalcogenides.Phys. Rev. B93, 180501 (2016)

2016
[7]

Hsu, Y.-T., Vaezi, A., Fischer, M. H. & Kim, E.-A. Topo- logical superconductivity in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides.Nat. Commun.8, 14985 (2017)

2017
[8]

& Ojanen, T

G lodzik, S. & Ojanen, T. Engineering nodal topological phases in Ising superconductors by magnetic superstruc- tures.New J. Phys.22, 013022 (2020)

2020

Show all 54 references

[9]

& Iwasa, Y

Saito, Y., Nojima, T. & Iwasa, Y. Highly crystalline 2D superconductors.Nat. Rev. Mater.2, 16094 (2017)

2017
[10]

Phys.8, 887–895 (2012)

Das, A.et al.Zero-bias peaks and splitting in an Al- InAs nanowire topological superconductor as a signature of Majorana fermions.Nat. Phys.8, 887–895 (2012)

2012
[11]

& Xu, Z.-A

Li, Y. & Xu, Z.-A. Exploring topological superconduc- tivity in topological materials.Adv. Quantum Technol. 2, 1800112 (2019)

2019
[12]

Mater.21, 1008–1013 (2022)

Jeon, K.-R.et al.Zero-field polarity-reversible Josephson supercurrent diodes enabled by a proximity-magnetized Pt barrier.Nat. Mater.21, 1008–1013 (2022)

2022
[13]

& Fukuyama, H

Yokota, K.-I., Kurata, G., Matsui, T. & Fukuyama, H. Superconductivity in the quasi-two-dimensional conduc- tor 2H-TaSe2.Physica B284-288, 551–552 (2000)

2000
[14]

Li, Y.et al.Anisotropic gapping of topological Weyl rings in the charge-density-wave superconductor In xTaSe2. Sci. Bull.66, 243–249 (2021)

2021
[15]

Li, Y.et al.Enhanced anisotropic superconductivity in the topological nodal-line semimetal InxTaS2.Phys. Rev. B102, 224503 (2020)

2020
[16]

Yang, X.et al.Superconductivity in a misfit compound (PbSe)1.12(TaSe2).Supercond. Sci. Technol.31, 125010 (2018)

2018
[17]

R., DiSalvo, F

Gamble, F. R., DiSalvo, F. J., Klemm, R. A. & Geballe, T. H. Superconductivity in layered structure organometallic crystals.Science168, 568–570 (1970)

1970
[18]

E., Schwall, R

Prober, D. E., Schwall, R. E. & Beasley, M. R. Upper critical fields and reduced dimensionality of the supercon- ducting layered compounds.Phys. Rev. B21, 2717–2733 (1980)

1980
[19]

V., Eiserman, G

Coleman, R. V., Eiserman, G. K., Hillenius, S. J., Mitchell, A. T. & Vicent, J. L. Dimensional crossover in the superconducting intercalated layer compound 2H- TaS2.Phys. Rev. B27, 125–139 (1983)

1983
[20]

Phys.18, 1425–1430 (2022)

Zhang, H.et al.Tailored Ising superconductivity in in- tercalated bulk NbSe2.Nat. Phys.18, 1425–1430 (2022)

2022
[21]

Devarakonda, A.et al.Clean 2D superconductivity in a bulk van der Waals superlattice.Science370, 231–236 (2020)

2020
[22]

Meng, F.et al.Extreme orbitalab-plane upper critical fields far beyond the Pauli limit in 4H b-Ta(S,Se)2 bulk crystals.Phys. Rev. B109, 134510 (2024)

2024
[23]

Z.et al.Signature of magnetoelectric coupling driven finite momentum pairing in 3D Ising superconduc- tor.Nat

Yang, F. Z.et al.Signature of magnetoelectric coupling driven finite momentum pairing in 3D Ising superconduc- tor.Nat. Commun.16, 6626 (2025)

2025
[24]

Volavka, D.et al.Ising superconductivity in noncen- trosymmetric bulk NbSe 2.Phys. Rev. Lett.136, 016002 (2026)

2026
[25]

Patra, C.et al.Ising Superconductivity in Bulk Layered Noncentrosymmetric 4H-NbSe 2.Phys. Rev. Lett.135, 216002 (2025)

2025
[26]

Xie, Z.et al.Ising superconductivity and signatures of or- bital FFLO state in non-centrosymmetric 3R-TaSe2 thin flakes.Adv. Funct. Mater.35, 2501453 (2025)

2025
[27]

A., Luther, A

Klemm, R. A., Luther, A. & Beasley, M. R. Theory of the upper critical field in layered superconductors.Phys. Rev. B12, 877–891 (1975)

1975
[28]

& Depmeier, W

Katzke, H., Tol´ edano, P. & Depmeier, W. Phase tran- sitions between polytypes and intralayer superstructures in transition metal dichalcogenides.Phys. Rev. B69, 134111 (2004)

2004
[29]

C.et al.Tuning Ising superconductiv- ity with layer and spin-orbit coupling in two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides.Nat

de la Barrera, S. C.et al.Tuning Ising superconductiv- ity with layer and spin-orbit coupling in two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides.Nat. Commun.9, 1427 (2018)

2018
[30]

Commun.10, 2044 (2019)

Cui, J.et al.Transport evidence of asymmetric spin-orbit 8 coupling in few-layer superconducting 1T d-MoTe2.Nat. Commun.10, 2044 (2019)
[31]

& Morpurgo, A

Costanzo, D., Jo, S., Berger, H. & Morpurgo, A. F. Gate- induced superconductivity in atomically thin MoS 2 crys- tals.Nat. Nanotechnol.11, 339–344 (2016)

2016
[32]

Tanaka, Y.et al.Superconducting 3R-Ta 1+xSe2 with Giant In-Plane Upper Critical Fields.Nano Lett.20, 1725–1730 (2020)

2020
[33]

Bull.66, 1830–1838 (2021)

Huang, C.et al.Observation of thickness-tuned univer- sality class in superconductingβ- W thin films.Sci. Bull.66, 1830–1838 (2021)

2021
[34]

& Shimahara, H

Matsuda, Y. & Shimahara, H. Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin- Ovchinnikov State in Heavy Fermion Superconductors. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.76, 051005 (2007)

2007
[35]

Hellerstedt, J.et al.Thickness and growth-condition de- pendence of in-situ mobility and carrier density of epi- taxial thin-film Bi 2Se3.Appl. Phys. Lett.105, 173506 (2014)

2014
[36]

Xing, Y.et al.Quantum Griffiths singularity of superconductor-metal transition in Ga thin films.Sci- ence350, 542–545 (2015)

2015
[37]

Com- mun.15, 9031 (2024)

Li, Y.et al.Interfering Josephson diode effect in Ta2Pd3Te5 asymmetric edge interferometer.Nat. Com- mun.15, 9031 (2024)

2024
[38]

Nanotechnol.17, 823–828 (2022)

Narita, H.et al.Field-free superconducting diode ef- fect in noncentrosymmetric superconductor/ferromagnet multilayers.Nat. Nanotechnol.17, 823–828 (2022)

2022
[39]

Le, T.et al.Superconducting diode effect and interfer- ence patterns in kagome CsV 3Sb5.Nature630, 64–69 (2024)

2024
[40]

Ando, F.et al.Observation of superconducting diode effect.Nature584, 373–376 (2020)

2020
[41]

Phys.18, 1228–1233 (2022)

Pal, B.et al.Josephson diode effect from Cooper pair momentum in a topological semimetal.Nat. Phys.18, 1228–1233 (2022)

2022
[42]

Hou, Y.et al.Ubiquitous superconducting diode effect in superconductor thin films.Phys. Rev. Lett.131, 027001 (2023)

2023
[43]

Tan, T.et al.Enhancement of lower critical field by reducing the thickness of epitaxial and polycrystalline MgB2 thin films.APL Mater.3, 041101 (2015)

2015
[44]

Stejic, G.et al.Effect of geometry on the critical currents of thin films.Phys. Rev. B49, 1274–1288 (1994)

1994
[45]

Electron.8, 411–416 (2025)

Ingla-Ayn´ es, J.et al.Efficient superconducting diodes and rectifiers for quantum circuitry.Nat. Electron.8, 411–416 (2025)

2025
[46]

Commun.14, 7647 (2023)

Wang, A.et al.A robust and tunable Luttinger liquid in correlated edge of transition-metal second-order topo- logical insulator Ta 2Pd3Te5.Nat. Commun.14, 7647 (2023)

2023
[47]

Sheldrick, G. M. A short history of SHELX.Acta Crys- tallogr. A64, 112–122 (2008)

2008
[48]

& Furthmuller, J

Kresse, G. & Furthmuller, J. Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set.Comp. Mater. Sci.6, 15 (1996)

1996
[49]

& Furthmuller, J

Kresse, G. & Furthmuller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set.Phys. Rev. B54, 11169 (1996)

1996
[50]

Blochl, P. E. Projector augmented-wave method.Phys. Rev. B50, 17953 (1994)

1994
[51]

& Joubert, D

Kresse, G. & Joubert, D. From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method.Phys. Rev. B 59, 1758 (1999)

1999
[52]

P., Burke, K

Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. & Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple.Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)

1996
[53]

Herath, U.et al.PyProcar: A Python library for electronic structure pre/post-processing.Comput. Phys. Commun.251, 107080 (2020)

2020
[54]

Lang, L.et al.Expanding PyProcar for new features, maintainability, and reliability.Comput. Phys. Commun. 297, 109063 (2024)

2024

Pith tools

Reviewed August 6, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

M.et al.Evidence for two-dimensional Ising su- perconductivity in gated MoS 2.Science350, 1353–1357 (2015)

Lu, J. M.et al.Evidence for two-dimensional Ising su- perconductivity in gated MoS 2.Science350, 1353–1357 (2015)

2015

[2] [2]

Phys.12, 144–149 (2016)

Saito, Y.et al.Superconductivity protected by spin–valley locking in ion-gated MoS 2.Nat. Phys.12, 144–149 (2016)

2016

[3] [3]

Phys.12, 139–143 (2016)

Xi, X.et al.Ising pairing in superconducting NbSe 2 atomic layers.Nat. Phys.12, 139–143 (2016)

2016

[4] [4]

Wan, P.et al.Orbital Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state in an Ising superconductor.Nature619, 46–51 (2023)

2023

[5] [5]

Bauriedl, L.et al.Supercurrent diode effect and magne- tochiral anisotropy in few-layer NbSe 2.Nat. Common. 13, 4266 (2022)

2022

[6] [6]

T., Yuan, N

Zhou, B. T., Yuan, N. F. Q., Jiang, H.-L. & Law, K. T. Ising superconductivity and Majorana fermions in transition-metal dichalcogenides.Phys. Rev. B93, 180501 (2016)

2016

[7] [7]

Hsu, Y.-T., Vaezi, A., Fischer, M. H. & Kim, E.-A. Topo- logical superconductivity in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides.Nat. Commun.8, 14985 (2017)

2017

[8] [8]

& Ojanen, T

G lodzik, S. & Ojanen, T. Engineering nodal topological phases in Ising superconductors by magnetic superstruc- tures.New J. Phys.22, 013022 (2020)

2020