VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus | Paper Citation Record

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This paper cites Qwen3-VL Technical Report.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Qwen3-VL Technical Report

Reference 1

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This paper cites geb.2014.06.00456, 57, 58.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus geb.2014.06.00456, 57, 58

Reference 2

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This paper cites In: The Thirty-ninth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (2025),https:// openreview.net/forum?id=ZyiBk1ZinG4, 10.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: The Thirty-ninth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (2025),https:// openreview.net/forum?id=ZyiBk1ZinG4, 10

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This paper cites Are We on the Right Way for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Models?.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Are We on the Right Way for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Models?

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This paper cites M$^3$CoT: A Novel Benchmark for Multi-Domain Multi-step Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus M$^3$CoT: A Novel Benchmark for Multi-Domain Multi-step Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought

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This paper cites In: ICML 2024 Workshop on In-Context Learning (2024),https://openreview.net/ forum?id=LjsjHF7nAN23.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: ICML 2024 Workshop on In-Context Learning (2024),https://openreview.net/ forum?id=LjsjHF7nAN23

Reference 6

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Observation f1470eed-db9f-4eaa-9eaf-94b03a20c8f3 · outbound

This paper cites Reward Model Ensembles Help Mitigate Overoptimization.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Reward Model Ensembles Help Mitigate Overoptimization

Reference 7

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This paper cites Journal of the American Statistical Asso- ciation69(345), 118–121 (1974) 56.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Journal of the American Statistical Asso- ciation69(345), 118–121 (1974) 56

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:56:03.497072Z

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VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

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This paper cites MM-PRM: Enhancing Multimodal Mathematical Reasoning with Scalable Step-Level Supervision.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus MM-PRM: Enhancing Multimodal Mathematical Reasoning with Scalable Step-Level Supervision

Reference 10

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This paper cites Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate

Reference 11

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This paper cites Helping or Herding? Reward Model Ensembles Mitigate but do not Eliminate Reward Hacking.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Helping or Herding? Reward Model Ensembles Mitigate but do not Eliminate Reward Hacking

Reference 12

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This paper cites Journal of Mathemat- ical Sociology15(3–4), 193–205 (1990) 56.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Journal of Mathemat- ical Sociology15(3–4), 193–205 (1990) 56

Reference 13

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This paper cites In: Advances in Group Processes, vol.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: Advances in Group Processes, vol

Reference 14

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This paper cites BLINK: Multimodal Large Language Models Can See but Not Perceive.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus BLINK: Multimodal Large Language Models Can See but Not Perceive

Reference 15

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This paper cites Statistical Science1(1), 114–135 (1986) 56.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Statistical Science1(1), 114–135 (1986) 56

Reference 16

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VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

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This paper cites In: The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (2026),https://openreview.net/forum?id=rClkte0ZTp23.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (2026),https://openreview.net/forum?id=rClkte0ZTp23

Reference 18

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This paper cites A Diagram Is Worth A Dozen Images.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus A Diagram Is Worth A Dozen Images

Reference 19

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This paper cites In: Guyon, I., Luxburg, U.V., Bengio, S., Wallach, H., Fergus, R., Vishwanathan, S., Garnett, R.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: Guyon, I., Luxburg, U.V., Bengio, S., Wallach, H., Fergus, R., Vishwanathan, S., Garnett, R

Reference 20

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VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

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This paper cites In: Forty-second Interna- tional Conference on Machine Learning (2025),https://openreview.net/forum? id=mMgSxbO4H023.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: Forty-second Interna- tional Conference on Machine Learning (2025),https://openreview.net/forum? id=mMgSxbO4H023

Reference 22

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This paper cites Evaluating Object Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Evaluating Object Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models

Reference 23

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This paper cites Self-Rewarding Vision-Language Model via Reasoning Decomposition.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Self-Rewarding Vision-Language Model via Reasoning Decomposition

Reference 24

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This paper cites In: NeurIPS (2023) 2, 4.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: NeurIPS (2023) 2, 4

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:56:03.297715Z

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This paper cites A Survey on Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus A Survey on Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models

Reference 26

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This paper cites In: Oh, A., Naumann, T., Globerson, A., Saenko, K., Hardt, M., Levine, S.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: Oh, A., Naumann, T., Globerson, A., Saenko, K., Hardt, M., Levine, S

Reference 27

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This paper cites Improve Mathematical Reasoning in Language Models by Automated Process Supervision.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Improve Mathematical Reasoning in Language Models by Automated Process Supervision

Reference 28

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VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

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This paper cites In: Ad- vances in Neural Information Processing Systems.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: Ad- vances in Neural Information Processing Systems

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:56:03.244012Z

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This paper cites Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences36(1), 48–49 (1950) 3 VERDICT - Training-Free Step-Wise Verification 69.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences36(1), 48–49 (1950) 3 VERDICT - Training-Free Step-Wise Verification 69

Reference 31

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This paper cites Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society pp.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society pp

Reference 32

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This paper cites Cambridge Uni- versity Press (2016) 5.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Cambridge Uni- versity Press (2016) 5

Reference 33

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This paper cites In: The Thirty-ninth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (2025),https://openreview.net/forum?id=dRjt4vlYVQ2, 4, 15.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: The Thirty-ninth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (2025),https://openreview.net/forum?id=dRjt4vlYVQ2, 4, 15

Reference 34

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This paper cites Multi-modal Preference Alignment Remedies Degradation of Visual Instruction Tuning on Language Models.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Multi-modal Preference Alignment Remedies Degradation of Visual Instruction Tuning on Language Models

Reference 35

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This paper cites Annals of Mathematical Statistics32(4), 1339–1342 (1961) 56.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Annals of Mathematical Statistics32(4), 1339–1342 (1961) 56

Reference 36

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This paper cites MM-Verify: Enhancing Multimodal Reasoning with Chain-of-Thought Verification.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus MM-Verify: Enhancing Multimodal Reasoning with Chain-of-Thought Verification

Reference 37

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This paper cites Gemma 3 Technical Report.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Gemma 3 Technical Report

Reference 38

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VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

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This paper cites Cambrian-1: A Fully Open, Vision-Centric Exploration of Multimodal LLMs.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Cambrian-1: A Fully Open, Vision-Centric Exploration of Multimodal LLMs

Reference 40

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VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: ACL (2023) 2, 4

Reference 41

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Observation 5ce53e7a-bc91-4e82-bff1-b1cb67184b2e · outbound

This paper cites In: Ku, L.W., Martins, A., Srikumar, V.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: Ku, L.W., Martins, A., Srikumar, V

Reference 42

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This paper cites Learning to Refine: Self-Refinement of Parallel Reasoning in LLMs.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Learning to Refine: Self-Refinement of Parallel Reasoning in LLMs

Reference 43

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This paper cites VisualPRM: An Effective Process Reward Model for Multimodal Reasoning.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus VisualPRM: An Effective Process Reward Model for Multimodal Reasoning

Reference 45

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This paper cites LLaVA-Critic-R1: Your Critic Model is Secretly a Strong Policy Model.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus LLaVA-Critic-R1: Your Critic Model is Secretly a Strong Policy Model

Reference 46

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Observation ffef96eb-d23c-416c-b01d-783bdbdc01d4 · outbound

This paper cites Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:56:01.959437Z

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This paper cites Critic-V: VLM Critics Help Catch VLM Errors in Multimodal Reasoning.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Critic-V: VLM Critics Help Catch VLM Errors in Multimodal Reasoning

Reference 49

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This paper cites In: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) (2024) 2, 6, 11.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus In: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) (2024) 2, 6, 11

Reference 50

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:56:03.051160Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation 5f77f0ed-90bf-4c62-991d-0a11b2134804 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

VERDICT: Training-Free Step-Wise Verification of Multimodal Reasoning via Disagreement-Aware Consensus Unresolved cited work

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:56:03.022190Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

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