Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence

As of 23 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 33 of 33 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.23908.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.23908 v1

Coverage vector

measured 33 of 33 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:16.409858Z

measured 35 of 35 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-06-29T04:33:18.794505Z

measured 1 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Reference resolution

33 of 33 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy10
unresolved22
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

0
arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Outbound references

Observation 85050522-a5aa-4bc6-a3ea-beac3206ee71 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:18.011104Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation a85f9b5e-70ef-4f3a-b6f2-2de5f5ba3c75 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek LLM: Scaling Open-Source Language Models with Longtermism.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence DeepSeek LLM: Scaling Open-Source Language Models with Longtermism

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.344990Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fb0c35db-2310-40c2-89dc-572de0067c3b · outbound

This paper cites Gemma 3 Technical Report.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Gemma 3 Technical Report

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.460606Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1a5977ab-850e-47a9-a56b-04d2e089196a · outbound

This paper cites Easy problems that LLMs get wrong.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Easy problems that LLMs get wrong

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:19.272491Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation f45156bb-8770-45bd-b900-7fdd60e1459b · outbound

This paper cites Instruction fine-tuning: Does prompt loss matter? InProceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 22771–22795,.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Instruction fine-tuning: Does prompt loss matter? InProceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 22771–22795,

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:19.079729Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation bb1d0225-b325-45fe-a1f0-d950c3075556 · outbound

This paper cites A Peek into Token Bias: Large Language Models Are Not Yet Genuine Reasoners.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence A Peek into Token Bias: Large Language Models Are Not Yet Genuine Reasoners

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.778308Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ed2a3a6a-a501-44b7-a845-c04af28943f9 · outbound

This paper cites Efficient PRM Training Data Synthesis via Formal Verification.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Efficient PRM Training Data Synthesis via Formal Verification

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.850765Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4f97b948-365c-47aa-838c-b5e10a4163a8 · outbound

This paper cites Goedel-Prover: A Frontier Model for Open-Source Automated Theorem Proving.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Goedel-Prover: A Frontier Model for Open-Source Automated Theorem Proving

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:15.037282Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8d2ca64d-c594-40fa-a42a-1837d391f241 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:15.085283Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2dd51bc1-51da-4951-a2c5-44d7adb060dd · outbound

This paper cites When a language model is optimized for reasoning, does it still show embers of autoregression? An analysis of OpenAI o1.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence When a language model is optimized for reasoning, does it still show embers of autoregression? An analysis of OpenAI o1

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:15.224943Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0b1a7d6d-2835-46cf-9ba1-f1bad85add1d · outbound

This paper cites Alice in Wonderland: Simple Tasks Showing Complete Reasoning Breakdown in State-Of-the-Art Large Language Models.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Alice in Wonderland: Simple Tasks Showing Complete Reasoning Breakdown in State-Of-the-Art Large Language Models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:15.310030Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6dcf7afb-754a-447c-a4f1-9fb35becbb44 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:15.419830Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3f38847b-c976-446b-b1ea-fa6f662c26fc · outbound

This paper cites Fixedencoderself-attentionpatternsintransformer- based machine translation.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Fixedencoderself-attentionpatternsintransformer- based machine translation

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:18.566667Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation cb795f77-cfc4-436b-8d93-9af6e3b3d8d9 · outbound

This paper cites Open Problems in Mechanistic Interpretability.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Open Problems in Mechanistic Interpretability

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:15.531365Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 017184d3-39eb-4eca-aa18-9bf6a83c9bcc · outbound

This paper cites MMLU-Pro+: Evaluating Higher-Order Reasoning and Shortcut Learning in LLMs.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence MMLU-Pro+: Evaluating Higher-Order Reasoning and Shortcut Learning in LLMs

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:15.598649Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1e43c969-1d4f-439d-8343-a97345183408 · outbound

This paper cites Learning Compositional Functions with Transformers from Easy-to-Hard Data.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Learning Compositional Functions with Transformers from Easy-to-Hard Data

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:15.603859Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5d750147-9751-43e9-a473-483b1242e412 · outbound

This paper cites URLhttps://www.aclweb.org/anthology/ 2020.acl-main.687.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence URLhttps://www.aclweb.org/anthology/ 2020.acl-main.687

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:18.392820Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation 1044ba08-103e-4476-94f1-961a145d9b87 · outbound

This paper cites Unveiling Transformers with LEGO: a synthetic reasoning task.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Unveiling Transformers with LEGO: a synthetic reasoning task

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:15.794002Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7908f5db-f4b7-43bc-9a15-b0f136acec93 · outbound

This paper cites unsatisfactory glitches.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence unsatisfactory glitches

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:18.181950Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation 2e593f30-4be7-40d0-b1c1-56266b7cc970 · outbound

This paper cites Equivalently, −w⋆(D0) is in the normal cone ofP (D0) at w⋆(D0).

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Equivalently, −w⋆(D0) is in the normal cone ofP (D0) at w⋆(D0)

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:17.855347Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation 8b9925bd-242e-42f8-961a-dc221a70fe79 · outbound

This paper cites We generated reasoning traces of the form in Figure 4 by running forward-chaining until the query was proven true, or until no further predicates could be proven true.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence We generated reasoning traces of the form in Figure 4 by running forward-chaining until the query was proven true, or until no further predicates could be proven true

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:17.312201Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation e66257de-6fc4-4e8f-a52d-9a770feba2d6 · outbound

This paper cites Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization

Reference 1966

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:15.139152Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 89be2f73-c00d-46e5-b9eb-4e8c9adfedfa · outbound

This paper cites Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples

Reference 1993

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.507948Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 23ffeffa-0182-4e89-9201-be53b9a30349 · outbound

This paper cites Geometric Deep Learning: Grids, Groups, Graphs, Geodesics, and Gauges.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Geometric Deep Learning: Grids, Groups, Graphs, Geodesics, and Gauges

Reference 2003

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.218052Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d3c23f82-5d98-454f-bf00-b9cda929ca48 · outbound

This paper cites Optimal teaching for online perceptrons.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Optimal teaching for online perceptrons

Reference 2004

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:18.707216Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation e48d19d3-d231-4d6e-b761-5a339e8bbb94 · outbound

This paper cites We clip gradients by global norm.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence We clip gradients by global norm

Reference 2017

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:17.631990Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation 1649d24e-d315-4a7f-b514-a668b345d7ad · outbound

This paper cites Universal Length Generalization with Turing Programs.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Universal Length Generalization with Turing Programs

Reference 2018

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.611587Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5c5e4bae-a956-4fe6-9647-f7cf0d02f738 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Reference 2020

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.394164Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 62e9ecb1-74b4-4f61-99e8-d61a795408f7 · outbound

This paper cites LLMs Can Easily Learn to Reason from Demonstrations Structure, not content, is what matters!.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence LLMs Can Easily Learn to Reason from Demonstrations Structure, not content, is what matters!

Reference 2021

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.969998Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 32412062-ee3c-43d0-b79f-6ab5a10e26f1 · outbound

This paper cites The CoT collection: Improving zero-shot and few-shot learning of language models via chain-of-thought fine-tuning.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence The CoT collection: Improving zero-shot and few-shot learning of language models via chain-of-thought fine-tuning

Reference 2022

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:18.876365Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation 3ce5ae6d-9259-4b52-b09c-8854fd82066b · outbound

This paper cites Achieving the Tightest Relaxation of Sigmoids for Formal Verification.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Achieving the Tightest Relaxation of Sigmoids for Formal Verification

Reference 2023

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:17.038553Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation e8d42f09-aeb9-4646-bece-c38d2d9beb7d · outbound

This paper cites Relational inductive biases, deep learning, and graph networks.

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Relational inductive biases, deep learning, and graph networks

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.190511Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 153b9709-f7bc-44b4-b530-a791989ca11b · outbound

This paper cites Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs).

Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)

Reference 2025

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:34:14.564420Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 83628b8e-e9c4-4abe-af2a-7c3489ca4afc · inbound

Certification from Examples is Hard for Circuits and Transformers under Minimal Overparametrization cites this paper.

Certification from Examples is Hard for Circuits and Transformers under Minimal Overparametrization Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence

Reference 14

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T06:05:26.498458Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

Observation 4f63d894-e9ab-4608-a651-67ae507e69f5 · inbound

ToxiREX: A Dataset on Toxic REasoning in ConteXt cites this paper.

ToxiREX: A Dataset on Toxic REasoning in ConteXt Beyond Statistical Learning: Exact Learning Is Essential for General Intelligence

Reference 298

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-29T04:43:06.975372Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.