Fermi level pinning can determine polarity in semiconductor nanorods

First-principles calculations of polar semiconductor nanorods reveal that their dipole moments are strongly influenced by Fermi level pinning. The Fermi level for an isolated nanorod is found to coincide with a significant density of electronic surface states at the end surfaces, which are either mid-gap states or band-edge states. These states pin the Fermi level, and therefore fix the potential difference across the rod. We provide evidence that this effect can have a determining influence on the polarity of nanorods, and has consequences for the way a rod responds to changes in its surface chemistry, the scaling of its dipole moment with its size, and the dependence of polarity on its composition.