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Privacy Issues in Large Language Models: A Survey

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arxiv 2312.06717 v4 pith:3RQM4HZQ submitted 2023-12-11 cs.AI

classification cs.AI
keywords privacysurveyworkmodelsfocusissuesresearchlanguage
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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This is the first survey of the active area of AI research that focuses on privacy issues in Large Language Models (LLMs). Specifically, we focus on work that red-teams models to highlight privacy risks, attempts to build privacy into the training or inference process, enables efficient data deletion from trained models to comply with existing privacy regulations, and tries to mitigate copyright issues. Our focus is on summarizing technical research that develops algorithms, proves theorems, and runs empirical evaluations. While there is an extensive body of legal and policy work addressing these challenges from a different angle, that is not the focus of our survey. Nevertheless, these works, along with recent legal developments do inform how these technical problems are formalized, and so we discuss them briefly in Section 1. While we have made our best effort to include all the relevant work, due to the fast moving nature of this research we may have missed some recent work. If we have missed some of your work please contact us, as we will attempt to keep this survey relatively up to date. We are maintaining a repository with the list of papers covered in this survey and any relevant code that was publicly available at https://github.com/safr-ml-lab/survey-llm.

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Forward citations

Cited by 11 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. LLM in the Middle: A Systematic Review of Threats and Mitigations to Real-World LLM-based Systems

    cs.CR 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systematic review that categorizes LLM threats, severity scores, and mitigations across development and operation life cycles and multiple deployment scenarios.

  2. LLMs for Customized Marketing Content Generation and Evaluation at Scale

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    MarketingFM generates e-commerce ad copy with RAG and an LLM; AutoEval uses LLM-as-a-Judge plus rule checks and self-refines its prompts, with online tests showing significant clicks and impressions lifts but no signi...

  3. CellTypeAgent: Trustworthy cell type annotation with Large Language Models

    q-bio.GN 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A hybrid LLM-plus-database pipeline improves automated cell type annotation accuracy in single-cell RNA-seq across nine datasets.

  4. Developer Perspectives on Licensing and Copyright Issues Arising from Generative AI for Software Development

    cs.SE 2024-11 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    A plurality of developers would place AI-generated code in the public domain, most see it as similar to reusing existing code, and few document AI usage or have copyright training.

  5. PatientDx: Merging Large Language Models for Protecting Data-Privacy in Healthcare

    cs.CL 2025-04 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    PatientDx merges a math-specialized LLM with a medical or instruct LLM via SLerp and reports mortality-prediction gains on MIMIC-IV, but the merging weight is tuned on the test set, undermining the claimed improvement.

  6. A Comprehensive Survey in LLM(-Agent) Full Stack Safety: Data, Training and Deployment

    cs.CR 2025-04 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A large collaborative survey organizes LLM and LLM-agent safety issues into a full-stack lifecycle framework from data preparation to deployment.

  7. From Reviews to Dialogues: Active Synthesis for Zero-Shot LLM-based Conversational Recommender System

    cs.IR 2025-04 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Active sample selection over review, metadata, and collaborative seed data plus LLM-generated synthetic dialogues improves fine-tuned conversational recommendation on ReDial and INSPIRED, though not uniformly across a...

  8. SoK: Semantic Privacy in Large Language Models

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A systematization of knowledge arguing that LLM privacy threats extend beyond data leakage to semantically inferred attributes, and that current defenses only partially address them.

  9. A Survey on Responsible LLMs: Inherent Risk, Malicious Use, and Mitigation Strategy

    cs.AI 2025-01 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A survey that organizes responsible-LLM research into five risk dimensions and four intervention phases, reviewing privacy, hallucination, value, toxicity, and jailbreak mitigation.

  10. SoK: The Privacy Paradox of Large Language Models: Advancements, Privacy Risks, and Mitigation

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A systematization-of-knowledge survey that categorizes LLM privacy risks into training data, prompts, outputs, and agents, and reviews limitations of current mitigations.

  11. Challenges in Guardrailing Large Language Models for Science

    cs.AI 2024-11 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A position paper proposing a guardrail framework with four dimensions (trustworthiness, ethics & bias, safety, legal) and implementation strategies for scientific LLM use.

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