Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 5 minor 300 references

Puffed-up Edges of Planet-opened Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks. II. The Role of the Planet's Orbital Eccentricity

T0 review · 2 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-07-11 · grok-4.5

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read An eccentric planet strengthens vertical gas flows that loft dust higher at gap edges, makes the gap leaky to dust, and stretches pebble rings larger and wider.

desk verdict Solid 3D multifluid extension of Paper I: eccentricity really does amplify dust puff-up, leaky gaps, and wider pebble rings, with the high-α choice as the main caveat rather than a collapse of the result. read the letter →

arxiv 2607.05497 v1 pith:4DNONLCN submitted 2026-07-06 astro-ph.EP

Jiaqing Bi , Min-Kai Lin This is my paper · ORCID
classification astro-ph.EP
keywords protoplanetarydisksplanet-diskinteractionsorbitaleccentricitydustgapsringsmeridionalcirculationloftingWISPIT2
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper asks what changes in a protoplanetary disk when the embedded gap-opening planet is not on a circular orbit but has moderate eccentricity. Using three-dimensional multifluid hydrodynamic simulations of gas and dust, the authors show that eccentricity is not a small correction: it drives stronger meridional gas circulation that puffs dust higher at the gap edges than a circular planet of the same mass, opens radial pathways that let dust refill the gap, and produces exterior dust rings that sit farther out and are radially broader as eccentricity rises. A sympathetic reader cares because many warm and cold giant exoplanets are moderately eccentric, so disk images and formation models that assume circular orbits can misread gap depth, ring size, and vertical dust structure. The results also speak directly to systems such as WISPIT 2, where a narrow millimeter dust ring is hard to reconcile with a single massive planet on a moderately eccentric orbit, and they raise the further question of whether eccentric-planet rings remain favorable sites for planetesimal formation.

What carries the argument

Three-dimensional multifluid gas-plus-dust hydrodynamics with a fixed-eccentricity gap-opening planet; the carrying mechanism is the enhanced meridional gas circulation (and radially widened horseshoe streamlines) excited by the eccentric planet, which lofts dust vertically and allows radial dust leakage across the gap.

What would settle it

High-resolution multiwavelength imaging of a disk with a confirmed moderately eccentric gap-opening planet that shows neither enhanced vertical dust extent at the gap edge nor a wider exterior pebble ring relative to circular-planet predictions of the same mass would falsify the central morphological claim.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

Relative to an otherwise identical circular-orbit case, an eccentric gap-opening planet drives stronger meridional gas circulation around the gap, which significantly enhances the vertical dust puff-up at the gap edge. The same eccentricity makes the planet-induced gap highly leaky to dust grains by widening horseshoe streamlines so that dust can be transported radially and fill the gap. Dust rings composed of pebble-sized grains become both larger in radius and radially wider, with both trends strengthening at higher planet eccentricity.

Load-bearing premise

The models use a relatively high disk viscosity chosen on purpose to suppress the vertical shear instability, so that dust lofting can be blamed on the planet rather than on that instability.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Dust puff-up at gap edges should be stronger, and therefore more observable, for eccentric planets than for circular ones of the same mass.
  • Planet-opened dust gaps can appear shallow or partially filled even for massive planets when the planet is eccentric.
  • Pebble rings exterior to eccentric planets should be larger and radially wider, which challenges single-planet explanations of extremely narrow millimeter rings such as the ALMA ring in WISPIT 2.
  • Dust rings formed by eccentric planets may be less favorable for planetesimal formation because they host stronger effective turbulence and lower dust-to-gas ratios.
  • Azimuthal averaging remains a usable diagnostic for gap depth and location when gap eccentricity stays modest.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If moderate eccentricity is common early, circular-planet templates used to invert disk images for planet mass may systematically misestimate gap-opening mass or ring location.
  • Composite puff-up and ring-width signatures in multi-planet systems may not be reproducible by single-eccentric-planet models, so multiplicity and eccentricity need joint modeling for systems like WISPIT 2 and PDS 70.
  • The same widened horseshoe dynamics that leak dust may also change long-term pebble accretion rates onto the planet itself.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 5 minor

Summary. This paper uses 3D multifluid FARGO3D simulations of gas plus pressureless dust to study how a fixed-orbit gap-opening planet with eccentricity e_p ∈ {0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2} and mass M_p/M_⋆ ∈ {3 imes10^{-4}, 10^{-3}} shapes disk structure. Relative to the circular case (Paper I), the authors report that eccentricity strengthens meridional gas circulation (Fig. 6), which amplifies vertical dust lofting at gap edges (Fig. 5 and Appendix A); widens horseshoe streamlines so that dust gaps become leaky and fill in (Fig. 7); and, in dedicated dust-ring runs with St_0 = 10^{-4}–10^{-2}, produces larger and radially wider pebble rings whose fitted e_ring tracks the gas coherent eccentricity e_coh, with an effective α_eff that rises with e_p (Fig. 8). They also check that azimuthal averages about R_0 remain adequate for gap depth/location up to e_p = 0.2 (Fig. 4) and discuss implications for WISPIT 2 and planetesimal formation.

Significance. The work fills a clear gap: 3D dust response to eccentric gap-opening planets has been largely unexplored. The multi-diagnostic approach (e_osc vs e_coh, three reference-radius gap profiles, individual azimuthal slices vs averages, mass-weighted vertical velocity, dust streamlines, and ellipse fits of dust rings) is careful and makes the morphological trends internally consistent within the chosen setup. The WISPIT 2 discussion and the caution that eccentric-planet rings may be less favorable for planetesimal formation are useful and falsifiable against ALMA/NIR data. Strengths include explicit acknowledgment of the high-viscosity choice, the limited parameter space for α_eff, and the decision not to overclaim a parametric-instability origin for the enhanced flows.

major comments (2)
  1. Section 2.1 sets ν = 10^{-5} R_0^{2} Ω_K0 (α_0 = 4 imes10^{-3}) expressly to suppress VSI so that planet-driven lofting is not contaminated. The same viscosity damps vertical motions and can smooth horseshoe regions—the very flows that Conclusions 2–4 attribute to eccentricity. The paper never demonstrates that the e_p trends in meridional circulation (Fig. 6), dust puff-up (Fig. 5), gap leakiness (Fig. 7), or ring width/α_eff (Fig. 8) survive at lower α typical of dead zones (∼10^{-4}–10^{-5}). Without at least one lower-α control (or a clear argument why the trends are viscosity-independent), the central morphological claims remain setup-dependent rather than generic.
  2. Section 3.3 and the discussion of Fig. 6 state that stronger meridional flows at higher e_p are “likely associated with the eccentric disk mode” and leave the mechanism to future work, while noting that parametric instability (Pierens et al.) is not established here. Because the Abstract and Conclusions 2 present the enhanced circulation as the causal link for amplified dust puff-up, the manuscript needs either a quantitative diagnostic that isolates the eccentric-mode contribution (e.g., comparison of vertical mass flux with and without coherent eccentricity, or a controlled circular-orbit run with an imposed eccentric disk mode) or a clearer downgrade of the causal language to a correlation within this viscosity regime.
minor comments (5)
  1. Section 4.1.2 / Eq. (15): the α_eff estimates rely on Gaussian fits to non-Gaussian outer-gap gas profiles and only St_0 = 10^{-2} grains; the text already cautions, but a short table of w_ring, w_g, and St(a_ring) would make the numbers reproducible.
  2. Figure 5 vs. Appendix A: the main text could briefly state that individual slices (Figs. 9–10) confirm the azimuthally averaged puff-up, so readers do not have to discover this only in the appendix.
  3. Section 4.2: the WISPIT 2 mass (∼5 M_J) lies outside the simulated range; the argument against a single moderately eccentric planet is still useful but should be labeled more explicitly as an extrapolation.
  4. Notation: St_0 is defined as the unperturbed midplane reference Stokes number; a one-sentence reminder that grain size is fixed (Epstein, Eq. 1) would help readers who skip Section 2.1.
  5. Typos / polish: “Draft version July 8, 2026” and a few citation year inconsistencies (e.g., Blunt et al. 2026) should be cleaned for the journal version; ensure figure-panel labels match the text (e.g., Fig. 8 St rows).

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged · score 1.0 of 10

Forward 3D multifluid hydro simulations; morphological claims are direct run outputs, not fits or self-definitional predictions. Only minor non-load-bearing self-citation to Paper I.

  1. self citation load bearing [Sec. 1 (Introduction) and Sec. 3.3 (Morphology of the Dust Component)]
    "In J. Bi et al. (2021), hereafter paper I, we investigated dust dynamics with circular gap-opening planets using 3D disk models. We found that the planet can puff up the dust layer at the gap edges by driving meridional gas circulation. ... The comparison between the upper and lower panels of Figure 5 echoes our previous finding that more massive planets generally drive a stronger puff-up of the dust layer."

    The circular-orbit puff-up baseline is taken from the authors' own Paper I rather than re-derived or independently re-validated here. This is ordinary series continuity and is not load-bearing for the new eccentricity-dependent claims (which are measured by comparing new runs at e_p = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2). It does not force the result that eccentricity amplifies the puff-up; that comparison is an independent simulation output. Minor only.

full rationale

The paper's central claims (stronger meridional circulation and enhanced dust puff-up at higher e_p; leakier gaps; larger/wider pebble rings) are obtained by comparing FARGO3D multifluid runs that vary planet mass and eccentricity while holding viscosity, St, and other parameters fixed. There is no fitted parameter that is later re-labeled as a prediction, no uniqueness theorem imported from the authors, and no ansatz smuggled in via self-citation that forces the morphological trends. The α_eff values in Sec. 4.1.2 are post-hoc diagnostics that apply Dullemond et al. (2018) Eq. 46 to measured ring widths; they are explicitly caveated and do not feed back into the main conclusions. Self-citations to Paper I (Bi et al. 2021) and related works by the same authors establish the circular-orbit baseline and the filtration effect; they are not used to prove that eccentricity must amplify the puff-up. The high viscosity chosen to suppress VSI is a modeling assumption that may affect robustness (a correctness concern), but it is not a circular step: the eccentricity trends are still measured outputs of the simulations rather than identities forced by the viscosity definition. Score 1 reflects only the ordinary, non-load-bearing self-citation chain to the series' Paper I.

Assumptions & free parameters 7 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central morphological claims rest on a standard isothermal viscous multifluid disk model with a fixed eccentric planet, plus several hand-chosen numerical parameters (viscosity high enough to kill VSI, single reference St, fixed e_p and M_p grid, low dust loading). No new physical entities are postulated; the free parameters and domain assumptions fully determine the simulated outcomes.

free parameters (7)
  • kinematic viscosity ν (α_0) = α_0 = 4×10^{-3}
    Set to 10^{-5} R_0^{2} Ω_{K0} (α_0 = 4×10^{-3}) by hand to suppress VSI; directly controls damping of meridional flows and gap depth.
  • disk aspect ratio h_g0 = 0.05
    Fixed at 0.05; sets thermal mass scale and gap-opening criterion q/h^3.
  • reference Stokes number St_0 = 10^{-3} (primary)
    Primary runs use St_0 = 10^{-3}; dust-ring suite uses 10^{-4}, 10^{-3}, 10^{-2}; grain size is fixed, not evolved.
  • planet eccentricity grid e_p = {0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2}
    Discrete hand-chosen values {0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2} that define the independent variable of the study.
  • planet-to-star mass ratios M_p/M_⋆ = 3e-4, 1e-3
    Two discrete values 3×10^{-4} and 10^{-3} (Saturn- and Jupiter-like relative to h_g0).
  • initial dust-to-gas ratio and dust scale height = ε=0.01, H_d/H_g=0.2
    ε_ini_0 = 0.01 and H_d = 0.2 H_g chosen low to avoid feedback confounding the eccentricity comparison.
  • planet potential smoothing length = 0.1 H_g0
    Fixed at 0.1 H_g0 to avoid singularity.
assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption Vertically isothermal equation of state P = ρ_g c_s^{2} with flared h_g ∝ R^{2/7}
    Section 2.1; standard Chiang & Goldreich (1997) setup that fixes the vertical thermal structure and sound-speed profile.
  • domain assumption Planet on a fixed Keplerian eccentric orbit (no migration, no accretion, no eccentricity evolution)
    Section 2; eccentricity is an imposed parameter rather than an outcome of planet–disk torques.
  • domain assumption No self-gravity, no magnetic fields, no dust diffusion, no dust collisions
    Section 2; removes several physical channels that could loft or redistribute dust independently of the planet.
  • domain assumption Dust in the Epstein regime with stopping time scaled as in Eq. (1)
    Section 2.1; standard aerodynamic coupling used to define St.
  • ad hoc to paper Azimuthal averaging with respect to R_0 remains a reliable diagnostic of gap depth and dust puff-up even for e_p up to 0.2
    Justified in Section 3.2 and Appendix A for this parameter space; if gap eccentricity were larger the diagnostic would fail.
  • ad hoc to paper High viscosity suppresses VSI without erasing the planet-driven meridional circulation of interest
    Section 2.1 motivation; load-bearing modeling choice for isolating the claimed signal.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Puffed-up Edges of Planet-opened Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks. II. The Role of the Planet's Orbital Eccentricity." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/4DNONLCN

@misc{pith2026260705497,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Puffed-up Edges of Planet-opened Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks. II. The Role of the Planet's Orbital Eccentricity},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/4DNONLCN}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.05497}
}
read the original abstract

Eccentric planets constitute a large population of known exoplanets and may drive significant substructures in protoplanetary disks through planet-disk interactions if their eccentricities are excited early in the planet formation process. In this paper, we investigate the impact of a planet's orbital eccentricity on gas and dust structures in protoplanetary disks using three-dimensional multifluid hydrodynamic simulations. We find that an eccentric planet can drive stronger meridional gas circulation around the planet-opened gap, which significantly enhances the dust puff-up feature at the gap edge relative to the circular-orbit case. The planet-induced gap can also become highly leaky to dust grains when the planet is eccentric, allowing dust grains to be transported radially and thereby fill the gap. Furthermore, dust rings composed of pebble-sized grains are expected to become both larger and radially wider when the planet is eccentric, with this trend becoming more pronounced at higher planet eccentricities. Overall, our results suggest that a planet's orbital eccentricity can play a significant role in shaping gas and dust structures in protoplanetary disks, with important implications for planet formation theory and disk observations of the WISPIT 2 system.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.05497 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Gas surface density at t = 1000 T0 in models with different planet masses Mp and orbital eccentricities ep. Panels in the same row share the same Mp, while panels in the same column share the same ep. The planet is located on the +x-axis at apoapsis and is marked by a cyan dot. The dashed cyan trajectory marks the planet’s orbit, and the dotted green trajectories near the planet’s periapsis and apoapsis mark the cor… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Local osculating eccentricity of the gas disk eosc at t = 1000 T0 in models with different planet masses Mp and orbital eccentricities ep. Panels in the same row share the same Mp, while panels in the same column share the same ep. The planet is located on the +x-axis at apoapsis and is marked by a black dot. The dashed trajectory marks the planet’s orbit, and the dotted trajectories near the planet’s periapsis and … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Coherent eccentricity ecoh and local osculating ec￾centricity averaged within semi-major axis bins ⟨eosc⟩ of the gas disk at t = 1000 T0 in models with different planet masses Mp and orbital eccentricities ep. The legend for the line styles is provided in the bottom panels. Panels in the same row share the same ep, while panels in the same column share the same Mp. The region within a distance Hg0 from the planet is… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (7 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Gas surface density at t = 1000 T0 in models with different planet masses Mp and orbital eccentricities ep. Different curves in each panel represent azimuthal averaging with respect to different radial locations. The legend for the line styles is provided in the bottom…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Azimuthally averaged dust-to-gas volumetric density ratio at t = 1000 T0 in models with different planet masses Mp and orbital eccentricities ep. Panels in the same row share the same ep, while panels in the same column share the same Mp. The planet is located at apoap…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Mass-weighted, azimuthally averaged vertical velocity of the gas at t = 1000 T0 in models with different planet masses Mp and orbital eccentricities ep. Panels in the same row share the same ep, while panels in the same column share the same Mp. The planet is located a…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Dust surface density at t = 1000 T0 in models with different planet masses Mp and orbital eccentricities ep. The white streamlines trace the mass-weighted non-vertical dust velocity field in the frame co-rotating with the planet. Panels in the same row share the same e…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Dust surface density of grains with different Stokes numbers St0 at t = 1000 T0 from the “dust ring” models with a Jupiter-like planet Mp = 10−3M⋆ and different orbital eccentricities ep. Panels in the same row share the same St0, while panels in the same column share …
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Dust-to-gas volumetric density ratio at t = 1000 T0 in models with a Saturn-like planet Mp = 3 × 10−4M⋆ and different orbital eccentricities ep, shown at different azimuthal angles ϕ measured from the planet’s apoapsis in the direction of orbital motion. Panels in the …
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Similar to [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_10.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

300 extracted references · 106 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    and Simon, Jacob B

    Abod, Charles P. and Simon, Jacob B. and Li, Rixin and Armitage, Philip J. and Youdin, Andrew N. and Kretke, Katherine A. , year = 2019, journal =. The. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab40a3 , url =

    doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab40a3 2019

  2. [2]

    Afkanpour, Zahra and Ataiee, Sareh and Ziampras, Alexandros and Penzlin, Anna B. T. and Sfair, Rafael and Sch. Overstability of the 2:1 Mean Motion Resonance:. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348826 , url =

    doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348826

  3. [3]

    and Ribas,

    Aguayo, Aurora and Caceres, Claudio and Guo, Zhen and Schreiber, Matthias R. and Ribas,. Confirmation of a Ring Structure in the Disk around. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554484 , url =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554484

  4. [4]

    ApJ , volume =

    The. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc7ab , url =

    doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc7ab

  5. [5]

    and Furuya, Kenji and Andrews, Sean M

    Aikawa, Yuri and Cataldi, Gianni and Yamato, Yoshihide and Zhang, Ke and Booth, Alice S. and Furuya, Kenji and Andrews, Sean M. and Bae, Jaehan and Bergin, Edwin A. and Bergner, Jennifer B. and Bosman, Arthur D. and Cleeves, L. Ilsedore and Czekala, Ian and Guzm. Molecules with. ApJS , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac143c , url =

    doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac143c

  6. [6]

    Search for

    Aizawa, Masataka and Suto, Yasushi and Oya, Yoko and Ikeda, Shiro and Nakazato, Takeshi , year = 2020, journal =. Search for. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba43d , url =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba43d 2020

  7. [7]

    Discovery of

    Aizawa, Masataka and Orihara, Ryuta and Momose, Munetake , year = 2025, journal =. Discovery of. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/add47e , url =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/add47e 2025

  8. [8]

    Axisymmetric

    Aizawa, Masataka and Muto, Takayuki and Momose, Munetake , year = 2026, journal =. Axisymmetric. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2fb2 , url =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2fb2 2026

Show all 300 references
  1. [9]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Modelling Shadows in Scattered Light Observations as Signals from Companions in Protoplanetary Discs , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf925 , url =

    doi

  2. [10]

    Akeson, R. L. and Jensen, E. L. N. , year = 2014, journal =. Circumstellar. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/62 , url =

    2014 doi

  3. [11]

    and Jensen, Eric L

    Akeson, Rachel L. and Jensen, Eric L. N. and Carpenter, John and Ricci, Luca and Laos, Stefan and Nogueira, Natasha F. and. Resolved. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaff6a , url =

    doi

  4. [12]

    Gravitoviscous Protoplanetary Discs with a Dust Component -

    Akimkin, Vitaly and Vorobyov, Eduard and Pavlyuchenkov, Yaroslav and Stoyanovskaya, Olga , year = 2020, journal =. Gravitoviscous Protoplanetary Discs with a Dust Component -. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3134 , url =

    2020 doi

  5. [13]

    and Liu, Hauyu Baobabu and Dong, Ruobing and

    Akiyama, Eiji and Vorobyov, Eduard I. and Liu, Hauyu Baobabu and Dong, Ruobing and. A. AJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab0ae4 , url =

    doi

  6. [14]

    Probing Dust and Grain Growth in the Optically Thick Circumbinary Ring of

    Alaguero, Antoine and M. Probing Dust and Grain Growth in the Optically Thick Circumbinary Ring of. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556077 , url =

    doi

  7. [15]

    Chemical

    Alarc. Chemical. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abc1d6 , url =

    doi

  8. [16]

    Molecules with

    Alarc. Molecules with. ApJS , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac22ae , url =

    doi

  9. [17]

    Viscous Heating as the Dominant Heat Source inside the Water Snowline of

    Alarc. Viscous Heating as the Dominant Heat Source inside the Water Snowline of. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3734 , url =

    doi

  10. [18]

    Extinction

    Alarc. Extinction. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3938 , url =

    doi

  11. [19]

    ApJ , volume =

    Alarc. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae4de0 , url =

    doi

  12. [20]

    and Dawson, Rebekah I

    Albrecht, Simon H. and Dawson, Rebekah I. and Winn, Joshua N. , year = 2022, journal =. Stellar. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac6c09 , url =

    2022 doi

  13. [21]

    , year = 2018, journal =

    Alessi, Matthew and Pudritz, Ralph E. , year = 2018, journal =. Formation of Planetary Populations -. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1170 , url =

    2018 doi

  14. [22]

    and Cridland, Alex J

    Alessi, Matthew and Pudritz, Ralph E. and Cridland, Alex J. , year = 2020, journal =. Formation of Planetary Populations -. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa308 , url =

    2020 doi

  15. [23]

    and Pascucci, I

    Alexander, R. and Pascucci, I. and Andrews, S. and Armitage, P. and Cieza, L. , year = 2014, publisher =. The. Protostars and. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch021 , url =

    2014 doi

  16. [24]

    The Past, Present and Future of Observations of Externally Irradiated Disks , author =. Open J. Astrophys. , volume =. doi:10.33232/001c.137538 , url =

    doi

  17. [25]

    ApJL , volume =

    The 2014. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/808/1/L3 , url =

    2014 doi

  18. [26]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Investigating the Eccentricity Distribution of Transiting, Long-Period Giant Planets , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf418 , url =

    doi

  19. [27]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Efficient Dust Ring Formation in Misaligned Circumbinary Discs , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3633 , url =

    doi

  20. [28]

    Dust Traffic Jams in Inclined Circumbinary Protoplanetary Discs -

    Aly, Hossam and Gonzalez, Jean-Fran. Dust Traffic Jams in Inclined Circumbinary Protoplanetary Discs -. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2794 , url =

    doi

  21. [29]

    A&A , volume =

    Non-Linear Evolution of the Unstratified Polydisperse Dust Settling Instability , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554415 , url =

    doi

  22. [30]

    Anania, Rossella and Rosotti, Giovanni P. and G. The. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb587 , url =

    doi

  23. [31]

    and Blake, Geoffrey A

    Anderson, Dana E. and Blake, Geoffrey A. and Cleeves, L. Ilsedore and Bergin, Edwin A. and Zhang, Ke and Schwarz, Kamber R. and Salyk, Colette and Bosman, Arthur D. , year = 2021, journal =. Observing. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd9c1 , url =

    2021 doi

  24. [32]

    and Wilner, D

    Andrews, Sean M. and Wilner, D. J. and Hughes, A. M. and Qi, Chunhua and Dullemond, C. P. , year = 2009, journal =. Protoplanetary. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/1502 , url =

    2009 doi

  25. [33]

    and Wilner, D

    Andrews, Sean M. and Wilner, D. J. and Hughes, A. M. and Qi, Chunhua and Dullemond, C. P. , year = 2010, journal =. Protoplanetary. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/723/2/1241 , url =

    2010 doi

  26. [34]

    and Chandler, Claire J

    Andrews, Sean M. and Chandler, Claire J. and Isella, Andrea and Birnstiel, T. and Rosenfeld, K. A. and Wilner, D. J. and P. Resolved. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/148 , url =

    doi

  27. [35]

    and Wilner, David J

    Andrews, Sean M. and Wilner, David J. and Zhu, Zhaohuan and Birnstiel, Tilman and Carpenter, John M. and P. Ringed. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/820/2/L40 , url =

    doi

  28. [36]

    and Birnstiel, Tilman , year = 2018, pages =

    Andrews, Sean M. and Birnstiel, Tilman , year = 2018, pages =. Dust. Handbook of. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_136-1 , url =

    2018 doi

  29. [37]

    and Huang, Jane and P

    Andrews, Sean M. and Huang, Jane and P. The. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf741 , url =

    doi

  30. [38]

    , year = 2020, journal =

    Andrews, Sean M. , year = 2020, journal =. Observations of. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-031220-010302 , url =

    2020 doi

  31. [39]

    and Elder, William and Zhang, Shangjia and Huang, Jane and Benisty, Myriam and Kurtovic, Nicol

    Andrews, Sean M. and Elder, William and Zhang, Shangjia and Huang, Jane and Benisty, Myriam and Kurtovic, Nicol. Limits on. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac00b9 , url =

    doi

  32. [40]

    and Teague, Richard and Wirth, Christopher P

    Andrews, Sean M. and Teague, Richard and Wirth, Christopher P. and Huang, Jane and Zhu, Zhaohuan , year = 2024, journal =. On. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5285 , url =

    2024 doi

  33. [41]

    Demographics of

    Angelo, Isabel and Duchene, Gaspard and Stapelfeldt, Karl and Telkamp, Zoie and M. Demographics of. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acbb01 , url =

    doi

  34. [42]

    Radio Jets from Young Stellar Objects , author =. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. , volume =. doi:10.1007/s00159-018-0107-z , url =

    doi

  35. [43]

    and Williams, J

    Ansdell, M. and Williams, J. P. and. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/828/1/46 , url =

    doi

  36. [44]

    and Williams, J

    Ansdell, M. and Williams, J. P. and Trapman, L. and. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab890 , url =

    doi

  37. [45]

    and Gaidos, E

    Ansdell, M. and Gaidos, E. and Hedges, C. and Tazzari, M. and Kraus, A. L. and Wyatt, M. C. and Kennedy, G. M. and Williams, J. P. and Mann, A. W. and Angelo, I. and D. Are Inner Disc Misalignments Common?. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3361 , url =

    doi

  38. [46]

    and Williams, Jonathan P

    Ansdell, Megan and Haworth, Thomas J. and Williams, Jonathan P. and Facchini, Stefano and Winter, Andrew and Manara, Carlo F. and Hacar, Alvaro and Chiang, Eugene and. An. AJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abb9af , url =

    doi

  39. [47]

    Antilen, Juanita and Casassus, Simon and Cieza, Lucas A. and. Gas Distribution in. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad975 , url =

    doi

  40. [48]

    doi:10.48550/arXiv.2605.06904 , url =

    Diverse Dust Vertical Height and Settling Strength Conditions in Protoplanetary Discs , author =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2605.06904 , url =. 2605.06904 , primaryclass =

    doi arXiv

  41. [49]

    and Banzatti, A

    Antonellini, S. and Banzatti, A. and Kamp, I. and Thi, W. -F. and Woitke, P. , year = 2020, journal =. Model Exploration of Near-. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834077 , url =

    2020 doi

  42. [50]

    A&A , volume =

    A Semi-Analytical Model of the Outer Structure of Protoplanetary Discs Formed by the Collapse of a Rotating Molecular Cloud , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450847 , url =

    doi

  43. [51]

    Three-Dimensional

    Aoyama, Yuhiko and Bai, Xue-Ning , year = 2023, journal =. Three-Dimensional. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb81f , url =

    2023 doi

  44. [52]

    Analyzing

    Aoyama, Yuhiko and Marleau, Gabriel-Dominique and Hashimoto, Jun , year = 2024, journal =. Analyzing. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad67df , url =

    2024 doi

  45. [53]

    A&A , volume =

    The Evolution of the Flux-Size Relationship in Protoplanetary Discs by Viscous Evolution and Radial Pebble Drift , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450923 , url =

    doi

  46. [54]

    Arakawa, Sota and Krijt, Sebastiaan , year = 2021, journal =. On the. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe61d , url =

    2021 doi

  47. [55]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Radio-Continuum Decrements Associated to Shadowing from the Central Warp in Transition Disc. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2885 , url =

    doi

  48. [56]

    Fragmentation of

    Arcoragi, Jean-Pierre and Bonnell, Ian and Martel, Hugo and Benz, Willy and Bastien, Pierre , year = 1991, journal =. Fragmentation of. doi:10.1086/170605 , url =

    1991 doi

  49. [57]

    doi:10.48550/arXiv.2201.07262 , url =

    Lecture Notes on Accretion Disk Physics , author =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2201.07262 , url =. 2201.07262 , publisher =

    doi arXiv

  50. [58]

    , year = 2025, pages =

    Armitage, Philip J. , year = 2025, pages =. Planet. Handbook of. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_135-2 , url =

    2025 doi

  51. [59]

    and Teague, Richard and Law, Charles J

    Armitage, Tayt and Williams, Joe and Zhang, Ke and Krijt, Sebastiaan and Trapman, Leon and Booth, Richard A. and Teague, Richard and Law, Charles J. and Qi, Chunhua and Wilner, David J. and. Tracing. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae353d , url =

    doi

  52. [60]

    and Weinberger, Alycia J

    Arnold, Jessica A. and Weinberger, Alycia J. and Videen, Gorden and Zubko, Evgenij S. , year = 2019, journal =. The. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab095e , url =

    2019 doi

  53. [61]

    Variability of

    Artigau,. Variability of. Handbook of. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_94-1 , url =

    doi

  54. [62]

    and Clarke, C

    Artymowicz, P. and Clarke, C. J. and Lubow, S. H. and Pringle, J. E. , year = 1991, journal =. The. doi:10.1086/185971 , url =

    1991 doi

  55. [63]

    Artymowicz, Pawel , year = 1993, journal =. On the. doi:10.1086/173469 , url =

    1993 doi

  56. [64]

    , year = 1994, journal =

    Artymowicz, Pawel and Lubow, Stephen H. , year = 1994, journal =. Dynamics of. doi:10.1086/173679 , url =

    1994 doi

  57. [65]

    Aru, M. -L. and Mauc. Kaleidoscope of Irradiated Disks:. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202349004 , url =

    doi

  58. [66]

    and Mauc

    Aru, M.-L. and Mauc. A Tell-Tale Tracer for Externally Irradiated Protoplanetary Disks:. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451737 , url =

    doi

  59. [67]

    Arulanantham, Nicole and McClure, M. K. and Pontoppidan, Klaus and Beck, Tracy L. and Sturm, J. A. and Harsono, D. and Boogert, A. C. A. and Cordiner, M. and Dartois, E. and Drozdovskaya, M. N. and Espaillat, C. and Melnick, G. J. and Noble, J. A. and Palumbo, M. E. and Pendle...

    doi

  60. [68]

    Arulanantham, Nicole and Salyk, Colette and Pontoppidan, Klaus and Banzatti, Andrea and Zhang, Ke and. The. AJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/addd01 , url =

    doi

  61. [69]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Three-Dimensional Disc-Satellite Interaction: Torques, Migration, and Observational Signatures , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty001 , url =

    doi

  62. [70]

    A&A , volume =

    Perturbers:. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140325 , url =

    doi

  63. [71]

    Aso, Yusuke and Ohashi, Satoshi and Liu, Hauyu Baobab and Xu, Wenrui , year = 2025, journal =. Grain. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad938e , url =

    2025 doi

  64. [72]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Simulating the Interplay between the Snowline Pebble Flux and Ongoing Planet Formation and Migration , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stag721 , url =

    doi

  65. [73]

    and Pinilla, P

    Ataiee, S. and Pinilla, P. and Zsom, A. and Dullemond, C. P. and Dominik, C. and Ghanbari, J. , year = 2013, journal =. Asymmetric Transition Disks:. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321125 , url =

    2013 doi

  66. [74]

    A&A , volume =

    Pushing Planets into an Inner Cavity by a Resonant Chain , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038772 , url =

    doi

  67. [75]

    Audard, M. and. Episodic. Protostars and. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch017 , url =

    doi

  68. [76]

    Auddy, Sayantan and Lin, Min-Kai , year = 2020, journal =. A. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba95d , url =

    2020 doi

  69. [77]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Linear Growth of Streaming Instability in Pressure Bumps , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2395 , url =

    doi

  70. [78]

    Augereau, J. -C. and Beust, H. , year = 2006, journal =. On the. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054250 , url =

    2006 doi

  71. [79]

    and Garufi, Antonio and Perez, Sebastian and Casassus, Simon and Pinte, Christophe and Bertrang, Gesa H

    Avenhaus, Henning and Quanz, Sascha P. and Garufi, Antonio and Perez, Sebastian and Casassus, Simon and Pinte, Christophe and Bertrang, Gesa H. -M. and Caceres, Claudio and Benisty, Myriam and Dominik, Carsten , year = 2018, journal =. Disks around. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab84...

    2018 doi

  72. [80]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Orbital Eccentricity-Multiplicity Correlation for Planetary Systems and Comparison to the. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3321 , url =

    doi

  73. [81]

    and Hartmann, Lee and Richard, Samuel , year = 2016, journal =

    Bae, Jaehan and Nelson, Richard P. and Hartmann, Lee and Richard, Samuel , year = 2016, journal =. Self-Destructing. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/829/1/13 , url =

    2016 doi

  74. [82]

    and Hartmann, Lee , year = 2016, journal =

    Bae, Jaehan and Nelson, Richard P. and Hartmann, Lee , year = 2016, journal =. The. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/126 , url =

    2016 doi

  75. [83]

    Bae, Jaehan and Zhu, Zhaohuan and Hartmann, Lee , year = 2017, journal =. On the. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9705 , url =

    2017 doi

  76. [84]

    Planet-Driven

    Bae, Jaehan and Zhu, Zhaohuan , year = 2018, journal =. Planet-Driven. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabf8c , url =

    2018 doi

  77. [85]

    Planet-Driven

    Bae, Jaehan and Zhu, Zhaohuan , year = 2018, journal =. Planet-Driven. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabf93 , url =

    2018 doi

  78. [86]

    Bae, Jaehan and Zhu, Zhaohuan and Baruteau, Cl. An. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab46b0 , url =

    doi

  79. [87]

    Observational

    Bae, Jaehan and Teague, Richard and Zhu, Zhaohuan , year = 2021, journal =. Observational. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe45e , url =

    2021 doi

  80. [88]

    and Benisty, Myriam and Facchini, Stefano and

    Bae, Jaehan and Teague, Richard and Andrews, Sean M. and Benisty, Myriam and Facchini, Stefano and. Molecules with. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac7fa3 , url =

    doi

  81. [89]

    and Isella, A

    Bae, J. and Isella, A. and Zhu, Z. and Martin, R. and Okuzumi, S. and Suriano, S. , year = 2023, volume =. Structured

    2023

  82. [90]

    ApJL , volume =

    Bae, Jaehan and Flock, Mario and Izquierdo, Andr. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adc436 , url =

    doi

  83. [91]

    Particle

    Baehr, Hans and Zhu, Zhaohuan , year = 2021, journal =. Particle. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abddb3 , url =

    2021 doi

  84. [92]

    Particle

    Baehr, Hans and Zhu, Zhaohuan , year = 2021, journal =. Particle. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abddb4 , url =

    2021 doi

  85. [93]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Filling in the Gaps: Can Gravitationally Unstable Discs Form the Seeds of Gas Giant Planets? , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1564 , url =

    doi

  86. [94]

    Baehr, Hans and Rice, Ken and Yang, Chao-Chin and Hall, Cassandra , year = 2025, journal =. On the. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae1a73 , url =

    2025 doi

  87. [95]

    , year = 2010, journal =

    Bai, Xue-Ning and Stone, James M. , year = 2010, journal =. Dynamics of. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/722/2/1437 , url =

    2010 doi

  88. [96]

    , year = 2013, journal =

    Bai, Xue-Ning and Stone, James M. , year = 2013, journal =. Local. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/30 , url =

    2013 doi

  89. [97]

    , year = 2013, journal =

    Bai, Xue-Ning and Stone, James M. , year = 2013, journal =. Wind-Driven. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/769/1/76 , url =

    2013 doi

  90. [98]

    Wind-Driven

    Bai, Xue-Ning , year = 2013, journal =. Wind-Driven. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/772/2/96 , url =

    2013 doi

  91. [99]

    Bai, Xue-Ning , year = 2014, journal =. Hall. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/137 , url =

    2014 doi

  92. [100]

    , year = 2014, journal =

    Bai, Xue-Ning and Stone, James M. , year = 2014, journal =. Magnetic. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/796/1/31 , url =

    2014 doi

  93. [101]

    Bai, Xue-Ning , year = 2015, journal =. Hall. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/798/2/84 , url =

    2015 doi

  94. [102]

    Magneto-

    Bai, Xue-Ning and Ye, Jiani and Goodman, Jeremy and Yuan, Feng , year = 2016, journal =. Magneto-. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/152 , url =

    2016 doi

  95. [103]

    Bai, Xue-Ning , year = 2026, publisher =. Angular. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-043024-115835 , url =

    2026 doi

  96. [104]

    and Fung, Jeffrey , year = 2024, journal =

    Bailey, Avery and Stone, James M. and Fung, Jeffrey , year = 2024, journal =. A Systematic Study of Planetary Envelope Growth with. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2126 , url =

    2024 doi

  97. [105]

    Radiating

    Bailey, Avery and Youdin, Andrew and Kratter, Kaitlin , year = 2026, eprint =. Radiating. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.20373 , url =

    2026 doi

  98. [106]

    Radiating

    Bailey, Avery and Kratter, Kaitlin and Youdin, Andrew , year = 2026, eprint =. Radiating. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.20377 , url =

    2026 doi

  99. [107]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Growing Planet Envelopes in Spite of Recycling Flows , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2250 , url =

    doi

  100. [108]

    Bailey, Vanessa and Meshkat, Tiffany and Reiter, Megan and Morzinski, Katie and Males, Jared and Su, Kate Y. L. and Hinz, Philip M. and Kenworthy, Matthew and Stark, Daniel and Mamajek, Eric and Briguglio, Runa and Close, Laird M. and Follette, Katherine B. and Puglisi, Alfio ...

    2014 doi

  101. [109]

    Bajaj, Naman S. and Pascucci, Ilaria and Gorti, Uma and Alexander, Richard and Sellek, Andrew and Morrison, Jane and Gaspar, Andras and Clarke, Cathie and Xie, Chengyan and Ballabio, Giulia and Deng, Dingshan , year = 2024, journal =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad22e1 , url =

    2024 doi

  102. [110]

    , year = 2003, journal =

    Balbus, Steven A. , year = 2003, journal =. Enhanced. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.081401.155207 , url =

    2003 doi

  103. [111]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Forbidden Line Diagnostics of Photoevaporative Disc Winds , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1767 , url =

    doi

  104. [112]

    and Nealon, R

    Ballabio, G. and Nealon, R. and Alexander, R. D. and Cuello, N. and Pinte, C. and Price, D. J. , year = 2021, journal =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab922 , url =

    2021 doi

  105. [113]

    Ballabio, Giulia and Owen, James E , year = 2026, journal =. Using. doi:10.1093/mnras/stag327 , url =

    2026 doi

  106. [114]

    and Eisner, Josh A

    Ballering, Nicholas P. and Eisner, Josh A. , year = 2019, journal =. Protoplanetary. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab0a56 , url =

    2019 doi

  107. [115]

    and Pinilla, P

    Banzatti, A. and Pinilla, P. and Ricci, L. and Pontoppidan, K. M. and Birnstiel, T. and Ciesla, F. , year = 2015, journal =. Direct. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/815/1/L15 , url =

    2015 doi

  108. [116]

    and Chabrier, G

    Baraffe, I. and Chabrier, G. and Fortney, J. and Sotin, C. , year = 2014, publisher =. Planetary. Protostars and. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch033 , url =

    2014 doi

  109. [117]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Hydrodynamic Instability in Eccentric Astrophysical Discs , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1939 , url =

    doi

  110. [118]

    MNRAS , volume =

    On the Vertical-Shear Instability in Astrophysical Discs , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv640 , url =

    doi

  111. [119]

    A Hierarchical

    Barnes, Josh and Hut, Piet , year = 1986, journal =. A Hierarchical. doi:10.1038/324446a0 , url =

    1986 doi

  112. [120]

    and Lyra, Wladimir and Aly, Hossam and Brouillette, Olivia and Carrera, Daniel and Cun, Victoria I

    Baronett, Stanley A. and Lyra, Wladimir and Aly, Hossam and Brouillette, Olivia and Carrera, Daniel and Cun, Victoria I. De and Eriksson, Linn E. J. and Flock, Mario and Huang, Pinghui and Krapp, Leonardo and Lesur, Geoffroy and Li, Rixin and Li, Shengtai and Lim, Jeonghoon an...

    2026 doi arXiv

  113. [121]

    , year = 2009, journal =

    Barranco, Joseph A. , year = 2009, journal =. Three-. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/907 , url =

    2009 doi

  114. [122]

    A&A , volume =

    Observability of the Vertical Shear Instability in Protoplanetary Disk. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140535 , url =

    doi

  115. [123]

    A&A , volume =

    Kinematic Signatures of Planet-Disk Interactions in Vertical Shear Instability-Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347726 , url =

    doi

  116. [124]

    doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adc42d , url =

    ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adc42d , url =

    doi

  117. [125]

    doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2016/05/001 , url =

    Barreira, Alexandre and Llinares, Claudio and Bose, Sownak and Li, Baojiu , year = 2016, journal =. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2016/05/001 , url =

    2016 doi

  118. [126]

    Inertial Waves in a Differentially Rotating Spherical Shell , author =. J. Fluid Mech. , volume =. doi:10.1017/jfm.2012.605 , url =

    2012 doi

  119. [127]

    and Crida, A

    Baruteau, C. and Crida, A. and Paardekooper, S.-J. and Masset, F. and Guilet, J. and Bitsch, B. and Nelson, R. and Kley, W. and Papaloizou, J. , year = 2014, publisher =. Planet-. Protostars and. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch029 , url =

    2014 doi

  120. [128]

    Gas and Dust Hydrodynamical Simulations of Massive Lopsided Transition Discs -

    Baruteau, Cl. Gas and Dust Hydrodynamical Simulations of Massive Lopsided Transition Discs -. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2527 , url =

    doi

  121. [129]

    Dust Traps in the Protoplanetary Disc

    Baruteau, Cl. Dust Traps in the Protoplanetary Disc. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz802 , url =

    doi

  122. [130]

    Observational Signatures of Eccentric

    Baruteau, Cl. Observational Signatures of Eccentric. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1045 , url =

    doi

  123. [131]

    Fragmentation of

    Bastien, Pierre and Arcoragi, Jean-Pierre and Benz, Willy and Bonnell, Ian and Martel, Hugo , year = 1991, journal =. Fragmentation of. doi:10.1086/170424 , url =

    1991 doi

  124. [132]

    Hourglass

    Basu, Shantanu and Li, Xiyuan and Bino, Gianfranco , year = 2024, journal =. Hourglass. doi:10.3390/universe10050218 , url =

    2024 doi

  125. [133]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Observational Implications of Precessing Protostellar Discs and Jets , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03648.x , url =

    doi

  126. [134]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Chaotic Star Formation and the Alignment of Stellar Rotation with Disc and Planetary Orbital Axes , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15773.x , url =

    2009 doi

  127. [135]

    MNRAS , volume =

    The Statistical Properties of Stars and Their Dependence on Metallicity: The Effects of Opacity , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu795 , url =

    doi

  128. [136]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Modelling Dust Coagulation, Dynamical Drag, and Turbulent Mixing during Star and Disc Formation , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stag078 , url =

    doi

  129. [137]

    A&A , volume =

    Self-Consistent Model for Dust-Gas Coupling in Protoplanetary Disks , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243196 , url =

    doi

  130. [138]

    and Morbidelli, Alessandro , year = 2026, journal =

    Batygin, Konstantin and Brunton, Ian R. and Morbidelli, Alessandro , year = 2026, journal =. Suppression of. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae644f , url =

    2026 doi

  131. [139]

    SciA , volume =

    Evidence for a Polar Circumbinary Exoplanet Orbiting a Pair of Eclipsing Brown Dwarfs , author =. SciA , volume =. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu0627 , url =

    doi

  132. [140]

    and Olofsson, J

    Bayo, A. and Olofsson, J. and Matr. Sub-Millimetre Non-Contaminated Detection of the Disc around. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1133 , url =

    doi

  133. [141]

    NatAs , pages =

    The Spectrum of Magnetized Turbulence in the Interstellar Medium , author =. NatAs , pages =. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02551-5 , url =

    doi

  134. [142]

    and Sargent, A

    Beckwith, S. and Sargent, A. I. and Scoville, N. Z. and Masson, C. R. and Zuckerman, B. and Phillips, T. G. , year = 1986, journal =. Small-. doi:10.1086/164645 , url =

    1986 doi

  135. [143]

    Beckwith, Steven V. W. and Sargent, Anneila I. and Chini, Rolf S. and Guesten, Rolf , year = 1990, journal =. A. doi:10.1086/115385 , url =

    1990 doi

  136. [144]

    Bell, K. R. and Lin, D. N. C. , year = 1994, journal =. Using. doi:10.1086/174206 , url =

    1994 doi

  137. [145]

    and Mousis, O

    Benest Couzinou, T. and Mousis, O. and Danger, G. and Schneeberger, A. and Aguichine, A. and Bouquet, A. , year = 2024, journal =. Journey of Complex Organic Molecules:. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449499 , url =

    2024 doi

  138. [146]

    and Stolker, T

    Benisty, M. and Stolker, T. and Pohl, A. and. Shadows and Spirals in the Protoplanetary Disk. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629798 , url =

    doi

  139. [147]

    Benisty, M. and Juh. Shadows and Asymmetries in the. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833913 , url =

    doi

  140. [148]

    Benisty, Myriam and Bae, Jaehan and Facchini, Stefano and Keppler, Miriam and Teague, Richard and Isella, Andrea and Kurtovic, Nicolas T. and P. A. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac0f83 , url =

    doi

  141. [149]

    and Dominik, C

    Benisty, M. and Dominik, C. and Follette, K. and Garufi, A. and Ginski, C. and Hashimoto, J. and Keppler, M. and Kley, W. and Monnier, J. , year = 2023, volume =. Optical and. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2203.09991 , url =

    2023 doi arXiv

  142. [150]

    ApJ , volume =

    Benisty, Myriam and Izquierdo, Andr. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae360e , url =

    doi

  143. [151]

    doi:10.3847/0067-0049/223/1/11 , url =

    ApJS , volume =. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/223/1/11 , url =

    doi

  144. [152]

    ApJ , volume =

    Long-Term and. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/1/13 , url =

    doi

  145. [153]

    ApJS , volume =

    Asymptotically. ApJS , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab0a0e , url =

    doi

  146. [154]

    doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd698 , url =

    ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd698 , url =

    doi

  147. [155]

    Benneke, Bj. Water. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab59dc , url =

    doi

  148. [156]

    and Ida, S

    Benz, W. and Ida, S. and Alibert, Y. and Lin, D. and Mordasini, C. , year = 2014, publisher =. Planet. Protostars and. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch030 , url =

    2014 doi

  149. [157]

    Hubble's

    Berardo, David and. Hubble's. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae3f2b , url =

    doi

  150. [158]

    Berger, J. -P. and Monnier, J. D. and. First Astronomical Unit Scale Image of the. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201016219 , url =

    doi

  151. [159]

    and Cleeves, L

    Bergin, Edwin A. and Cleeves, L. Ilsedore , year = 2025, pages =. Chemistry. Handbook of. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_137-2 , url =

    2025 doi

  152. [160]

    and Hirschmann, Marc M

    Bergin, Edwin A. and Hirschmann, Marc M. and Izidoro, Andr. Carbon from. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-043024-121518 , url =

    doi

  153. [161]

    Bergner, Jennifer B. and. An. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9e71 , url =

    doi

  154. [162]

    Bergner, Jennifer B. and. Molecules with. ApJS , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac143a , url =

    doi

  155. [163]

    and Arulanantham, Nicole and Dartois, Emmanuel and Drozdovskaya, Maria N

    Bergner, Jennifer B. and Arulanantham, Nicole and Dartois, Emmanuel and Drozdovskaya, Maria N. and Harsono, Daniel and McClure, Melissa and Noble, Jennifer A. and. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.18163 , url =. 2603.18163 , primaryclass =

    doi

  156. [164]

    Bertrang, G. H. -M. and Avenhaus, H. and Casassus, S. and Montesinos, M. and Kirchschlager, F. and Perez, S. and Cieza, L. and Wolf, S. , year = 2018, journal =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3052 , url =

    2018 doi

  157. [165]

    and Charalambous, Carolina and Silsbee, Kedron and Petrovich, Cristobal , year = 2025, eprint =

    Best, Marcela and Sefilian, Antranik A. and Charalambous, Carolina and Silsbee, Kedron and Petrovich, Cristobal , year = 2025, eprint =. The. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2509.02745 , url =

    2025 doi arXiv

  158. [166]

    Self-Organisation in Protoplanetary Discs

    B. Self-Organisation in Protoplanetary Discs. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527874 , url =

    doi

  159. [167]

    Global Simulations of Protoplanetary Disks with Net Magnetic Flux

    B. Global Simulations of Protoplanetary Disks with Net Magnetic Flux. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630056 , url =

    doi

  160. [168]

    A&A , volume =

    Spiral Structures in Gravito-Turbulent Gaseous Disks , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040094 , url =

    doi

  161. [169]

    and Dullemond, C

    Beutel, M. and Dullemond, C. P. , year = 2023, journal =. An Improved. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244955 , url =

    2023 doi

  162. [170]

    and Dullemond, C

    Beutel, M. and Dullemond, C. P. and Strzodka, R. , year = 2024, journal =. Efficient Simulation of Stochastic Interactions among Representative. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347304 , url =

    2024 doi

  163. [171]

    and Kuiper, R

    Beuther, H. and Kuiper, R. and Tafalla, M. , year = 2025, journal =. Star. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-013125-122023 , url =

    2025 doi

  164. [172]

    Bhowmik, Trisha and Cieza, Lucas and Miley, J. M. and Nogueira, P. H. and. The. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2604.19246 , url =. 2604.19246 , primaryclass =

    doi arXiv

  165. [173]

    ApJL , volume =

    Bi, Jiaqing and. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab8eb4 , url =

    doi

  166. [174]

    Puffed-up

    Bi, Jiaqing and Lin, Min-Kai and Dong, Ruobing , year = 2021, journal =. Puffed-up. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abef6b , url =

    2021 doi

  167. [175]

    Bi, Jiaqing and Fung, Jeffrey , year = 2022, journal =. Dust. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac53ac , url =

    2022 doi

  168. [176]

    Gap-Opening

    Bi, Jiaqing and Lin, Min-Kai and Dong, Ruobing , year = 2023, journal =. Gap-Opening. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca1b1 , url =

    2023 doi

  169. [177]

    Shoulder of

    Bi, Jiaqing and Lin, Min-Kai , year = 2024, journal =. Shoulder of. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5be2 , url =

    2024 doi

  170. [178]

    A&A , volume =

    Substructures Induced by Dust Drag in Protoplanetary Disks , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659809 , url =

    doi

  171. [179]

    and Bowler, Brendan P

    Biddle, Lauren I. and Bowler, Brendan P. and Zhou, Yifan and Franson, Kyle and Zhang, Zhoujian , year = 2024, journal =. Deep. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad2a52 , url =

    2024 doi

  172. [180]

    and Bowler, Brendan P

    Biddle, Lauren I. and Bowler, Brendan P. and Morgan, Marvin and Tran, Quang H. and Wu, Ya-Lin , year = 2025, journal =. One-Third of. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09324-0 , url =

    2025 doi

  173. [181]

    Binkert, Fabian and Szul. First. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2075 , url =

    doi

  174. [182]

    Carbon Depletion in the Early

    Binkert, Fabian and Birnstiel, Til , year = 2023, journal =. Carbon Depletion in the Early. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad182 , url =

    2023 doi

  175. [183]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Three-Dimensional Dust Stirring by a Giant Planet Embedded in a Protoplanetary Disc , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1405 , url =

    doi

  176. [184]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Beyond Diffusion: A Generalized Mean-Field Theory of Turbulent Dust Transport in Protoplanetary Discs , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2471 , url =

    doi

  177. [185]

    A&A , volume =

    Gas- and Dust Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913731 , url =

    doi

  178. [186]

    A&A , volume =

    A Simple Model for the Evolution of the Dust Population in Protoplanetary Disks , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118136 , url =

    doi

  179. [187]

    A&A , volume =

    Lopsided Dust Rings in Transition Disks , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220847 , url =

    doi

  180. [188]

    and Fang, M

    Birnstiel, T. and Fang, M. and Johansen, A. , year = 2016, journal =. Dust. doi:10.1007/s11214-016-0256-1 , url =

    2016 doi

  181. [189]

    and Zhu, Zhaohuan and Andrews, Sean M

    Birnstiel, Tilman and Dullemond, Cornelis P. and Zhu, Zhaohuan and Andrews, Sean M. and Bai, Xue-Ning and Wilner, David J. and Carpenter, John M. and Huang, Jane and Isella, Andrea and Benisty, Myriam and P. The. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf743 , url =

    doi

  182. [190]

    Birnstiel, Tilman , year = 2024, journal =. Dust. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-071221-052705 , url =

    2024 doi

  183. [191]

    A&A , volume =

    Orbital Evolution of Eccentric Planets in Radiative Discs , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014414 , url =

    doi

  184. [192]

    and Crida, A

    Bitsch, B. and Crida, A. and Morbidelli, A. and Kley, W. and. Stellar Irradiated Discs and Implications on Migration of Embedded Planets. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220159 , url =

    doi

  185. [193]

    and Crida, A

    Bitsch, B. and Crida, A. and Libert, A. -S. and Lega, E. , year = 2013, journal =. Highly Inclined and Eccentric Massive Planets. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220310 , url =

    2013 doi

  186. [194]

    Stellar Irradiated Discs and Implications on Migration of Embedded Planets

    Bitsch, Bertram and Morbidelli, Alessandro and Lega, Elena and Crida, Aur. Stellar Irradiated Discs and Implications on Migration of Embedded Planets. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323007 , url =

    doi

  187. [195]

    Stellar Irradiated Discs and Implications on Migration of Embedded Planets

    Bitsch, Bertram and Morbidelli, Alessandro and Lega, Elena and Kretke, Katherine and Crida, Aur. Stellar Irradiated Discs and Implications on Migration of Embedded Planets. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424015 , url =

    doi

  188. [196]

    A&A , volume =

    Influence of the Water Content in Protoplanetary Discs on Planet Migration and Formation , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527676 , url =

    doi

  189. [197]

    The Eccentricity Distribution of Giant Planets and Their Relation to Super-

    Bitsch, Bertram and Trifonov, Trifon and Izidoro, Andre , year = 2020, journal =. The Eccentricity Distribution of Giant Planets and Their Relation to Super-. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038856 , url =

    2020 doi

  190. [198]

    A&A , volume =

    Enriching Inner Discs and Giant Planets with Heavy Elements , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347419 , url =

    doi

  191. [199]

    Blakely, Dori and Francis, Logan and Johnstone, Doug and Soulain, Anthony and Tuthill, Peter and Cheetham, Anthony and. Two. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6586 , url =

    doi

  192. [200]

    and Thompson, William and Berger, Jean-Philippe , year = 2025, journal =

    Blakely, Dori and Johnstone, Doug and Stolker, Tomas and Benisty, Myriam and Kammerer, Jens and Norfolk, Brodie J. and Thompson, William and Berger, Jean-Philippe , year = 2025, journal =. A. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ada944 , url =

    2025 doi

  193. [201]

    Blakely, Dori and Johnstone, Doug and Cugno, Gabriele and Sivaramakrishnan, Anand and Tuthill, Peter and Dong, Ruobing and Pope, Benjamin J. S. and Albert, Lo. The. AJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad9b94 , url =

    doi

  194. [202]

    and Blouin, Simon and Zhang, Jingwen and Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste and Nielsen, Eric and Bowler, Brendan P

    Blakely, Dori and Thompson, William and Johnstone, Doug and Speedie, Jessica and Xuan, Jerry W. and Blouin, Simon and Zhang, Jingwen and Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste and Nielsen, Eric and Bowler, Brendan P. and Franson, Kyle and Roberson, William and Cloutier, Ryan and Fogal, Andre a...

    2026 doi

  195. [203]

    Blanco, Diana and Ricci, Luca and Flock, Mario and Turner, Neal , year = 2021, journal =. The. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac15fa , url =

    2021 doi

  196. [204]

    , author =

    The Growth Mechanisms of Macroscopic Bodies in Protoplanetary Disks. , author =. ARA&A , volume =. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145152 , url =

    doi

  197. [205]

    Evidence for a

    Blunt, Sarah and Wang, Jason and. Evidence for a. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae41c3 , url =

    doi

  198. [206]

    and Hines, Dean and Kasper, Markus and Mawet, Dimitri and M

    Boccaletti, Anthony and Thalmann, Christian and Lagrange, Anne-Marie and Janson, Markus and Augereau, Jean-Charles and Schneider, Glenn and Milli, Julien and Grady, Carol and Debes, John and Langlois, Maud and Mouillet, David and Henning, Thomas and Dominik, Carsten and Maire,...

    doi

  199. [207]

    and Sezestre, E

    Boccaletti, A. and Sezestre, E. and Lagrange, A. -M. and Th. Observations of Fast-Moving Features in the Debris Disk of. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732462 , url =

    doi

  200. [208]

    and Di Folco, E

    Boccaletti, A. and Di Folco, E. and Pantin, E. and Dutrey, A. and Guilloteau, S. and Tang, Y. W. and Pi. Possible Evidence of Ongoing Planet Formation in. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038008 , url =

    doi

  201. [209]

    Destructuring the Disk of

    Boccaletti, Anthony and Folco, Emmanuel Di and Dutrey, Anne and. Destructuring the Disk of. A&A , eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659736 , url =

    doi

  202. [210]

    and Weaver, E

    Boehler, Y. and Weaver, E. and Isella, A. and Ricci, L. and Grady, C. and Carpenter, J. and Perez, L. , year = 2017, journal =. A. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa696c , url =

    2017 doi

  203. [211]

    and Ricci, L

    Boehler, Y. and Ricci, L. and Weaver, E. and Isella, A. and Benisty, M. and Carpenter, J. and Grady, C. and Shen, Bo-Ting and Tang, Ya-Wen and Perez, L. , year = 2018, journal =. The. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa19c , url =

    2018 doi

  204. [212]

    Boehler, Y. and M. Vortex-like Kinematic Signal, Spirals, and Beam Smearing Effect in the. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040089 , url =

    doi

  205. [213]

    and Pillich, C

    Bogdan, T. and Pillich, C. and Landers, J. and Wende, H. and Wurm, G. , year = 2020, journal =. Drifting Inwards in Protoplanetary Discs. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038120 , url =

    2020 doi

  206. [214]

    Bohn, A. J. and Benisty, M. and Perraut, K. and. Probing Inner and Outer Disk Misalignments in Transition Disks. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142070 , url =

    doi

  207. [215]

    and Pinte, Christophe , year = 2021, journal =

    Bollati, Francesco and Lodato, Giuseppe and Price, Daniel J. and Pinte, Christophe , year = 2021, journal =. The Theory of Kinks -. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1145 , url =

    2021 doi

  208. [216]

    Fragmentation of

    Bonnell, Ian and Martel, Hugo and Bastien, Pierre and Arcoragi, Jean-Pierre and Benz, Willy , year = 1991, journal =. Fragmentation of. doi:10.1086/170384 , url =

    1991 doi

  209. [217]

    Fragmentation of

    Bonnell, Ian and Arcoragi, Jean-Pierre and Martel, Hugo and Bastien, Pierre , year = 1992, journal =. Fragmentation of. doi:10.1086/172020 , url =

    1992 doi

  210. [218]

    Fragmentation of

    Bonnell, Ian and Bastien, Pierre , year = 1992, journal =. Fragmentation of. doi:10.1086/172093 , url =

    1992 doi

  211. [219]

    Fragmentation of

    Bonnell, Ian and Bastien, Pierre , year = 1993, journal =. Fragmentation of. doi:10.1086/172473 , url =

    1993 doi

  212. [220]

    and Ilee, John D

    Booth, Alice S. and Ilee, John D. , year = 2020, journal =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slaa014 , url =

    2020 doi

  213. [221]

    and Tabone, Beno

    Booth, Alice S. and Tabone, Beno. Molecules with. ApJS , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac1ad4 , url =

    doi

  214. [222]

    and Leemker, Margot and

    Booth, Alice S. and Leemker, Margot and. An. AJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad2700 , url =

    doi

  215. [223]

    and Temmink, Milou and

    Booth, Alice S. and Temmink, Milou and. An. AJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad26ff , url =

    doi

  216. [224]

    Booth, Alice S. and W. Ice. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adc7b2 , url =

    doi

  217. [225]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Breakthrough Revisited: Investigating the Requirements for Growth of Dust beyond the Bouncing Barrier , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3084 , url =

    doi

  218. [226]

    Bosman, A. D. and Cridland, A. J. and Miguel, Y. , year = 2019, journal =. Jupiter Formed as a Pebble Pile around the. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936827 , url =

    2019 doi

  219. [227]

    and Banzatti, Andrea , year = 2019, journal =

    Bosman, Arthur D. and Banzatti, Andrea , year = 2019, journal =. The Dry and Carbon-Poor Inner Disk of. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936638 , url =

    2019 doi

  220. [228]

    and Alarc

    Bosman, Arthur D. and Alarc. Molecules with. ApJS , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac1435 , url =

    doi

  221. [229]

    and Bergin, Edwin A

    Bosman, Arthur D. and Bergin, Edwin A. and Loomis, Ryan A. and Andrews, Sean M. and. Molecules with. ApJS , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac1433 , url =

    doi

  222. [230]

    A&A , volume =

    Gaps and Rings: A near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556059 , url =

    doi

  223. [231]

    and Olofsson, J

    Bosschaart, Q. and Olofsson, J. , year = 2026, journal =. What You See Is Not Necessarily What You Get:. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659442 , url =

    2026 doi

  224. [232]

    doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.23317 , url =

    Formation of Spirals in Early Stage Protoplanetary Discs , author =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.23317 , url =. 2603.23317 , primaryclass =

    doi

  225. [233]

    Orbital Misalignment of the

    Bourrier, Vincent and Lovis, Christophe and Beust, Herv. Orbital Misalignment of the. Nature , volume =. doi:10.1038/nature24677 , url =

    doi

  226. [234]

    and Matt, S

    Bouvier, J. and Matt, S. P. and Mohanty, S. and Scholz, A. and Stassun, K. G. and Zanni, C. , year = 2014, publisher =. Angular. Protostars and. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch019 , url =

    2014 doi

  227. [235]

    , year = 2016, journal =

    Bowler, Brendan P. , year = 2016, journal =. Imaging. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/128/968/102001 , url =

    2016 doi

  228. [236]

    and Blunt, Sarah C

    Bowler, Brendan P. and Blunt, Sarah C. and Nielsen, Eric L. , year = 2020, journal =. Population-Level. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab5b11 , url =

    2020 doi

  229. [237]

    and Zhou, Yifan and Biddle, Lauren I

    Bowler, Brendan P. and Zhou, Yifan and Biddle, Lauren I. and Jiang, Lillian Yushu and Bae, Jaehan and Close, Laird M. and Follette, Katherine B. and Franson, Kyle and Kraus, Adam L. and Sanghi, Aniket and Tran, Quang and. H. AJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adb6a1 , url =

    doi

  230. [238]

    and Eisner, Josh A

    Boyden, Ryan D. and Eisner, Josh A. , year = 2020, journal =. Protoplanetary. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab86b7 , url =

    2020 doi

  231. [239]

    and Emig, Kimberly L

    Boyden, Ryan D. and Emig, Kimberly L. and Ballering, Nicholas P. and Law, Charles J. and Haworth, Thomas J. and Tan, Jonathan C. and Cleeves, L. Ilsedore and Li, Zhi-Yun , year = 2025, journal =. Discovery of. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adbbcc , url =

    2025 doi

  232. [240]

    Brandenberger, S. N. and Sanchez, M. and. The Role of Inner Disk Edges in Shaping Ultra-Short-Period Planet Systems around Late. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202558380 , url =

    doi

  233. [241]

    A&A , volume =

    Coagulation, Fragmentation and Radial Motion of Solid Particles in Protoplanetary Disks , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077759 , url =

    doi

  234. [242]

    and Pantin, E

    Brauer, R. and Pantin, E. and Di Folco, E. and Habart, E. and Dutrey, A. and Guilloteau, S. , year = 2019, journal =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935966 , url =

    2019 doi

  235. [243]

    and Matr

    Brennan, A. and Matr. The. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556566 , url =

    doi

  236. [244]

    Magrathea-

    Breton, Michel-Andr. Magrathea-. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142661 , url =

    doi

  237. [245]

    Misaligned

    Brinch, Christian and J. Misaligned. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/830/1/L16 , url =

    doi

  238. [246]

    and Najita, Joan R

    Brittain, Sean D. and Najita, Joan R. and Dong, Ruobing and Zhu, Zhaohuan , year = 2020, journal =. The. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8388 , url =

    2020 doi

  239. [247]

    and Kamp, Inga and Meeus, Gwendolyn and Oudmaijer, Ren

    Brittain, Sean D. and Kamp, Inga and Meeus, Gwendolyn and Oudmaijer, Ren. Herbig. Space Sci. Rev. , volume =. doi:10.1007/s11214-023-00949-z , url =

    doi

  240. [248]

    A&A , volume =

    A Multiwavelength Analysis of the Spiral Arms in the Protoplanetary Disk around. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140783 , url =

    doi

  241. [249]

    MNRAS , volume =

    A Two-Step Gravitational Cascade for the Fragmentation of Self-Gravitating Discs , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab738 , url =

    doi

  242. [250]

    Bruderer, S. and. The Warm Gas Atmosphere of the. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118218 , url =

    doi

  243. [251]

    Survival of Molecular Gas in Cavities of Transition Disks

    Bruderer, Simon , year = 2013, journal =. Survival of Molecular Gas in Cavities of Transition Disks. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321171 , url =

    2013 doi

  244. [252]

    Gas Structure inside Dust Cavities of Transition Disks:

    Bruderer, Simon and. Gas Structure inside Dust Cavities of Transition Disks:. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322857 , url =

    doi

  245. [253]

    SciA , volume =

    Terrestrial Planet Formation from Lost Inner Solar System Material , author =. SciA , volume =. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj7601 , url =

    doi

  246. [254]

    Planetary

    Burn, Remo and Mordasini, Christoph , year = 2025, pages =. Planetary. Handbook of. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_143-2 , url =

    2025 doi

  247. [255]

    Icarus , volume =

    Radiation Forces on Small Particles in the Solar System , author =. Icarus , volume =. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(79)90050-2 , url =

    doi

  248. [256]

    and Lamy, Philippe L

    Burns, Joseph A. and Lamy, Philippe L. and Soter, Steven , year = 2014, journal =. Radiation Forces on Small Particles in the. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.12.028 , url =

    2014 doi

  249. [257]

    A&A , volume =

    Stability of Planets in Triple Star Systems , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833097 , url =

    doi

  250. [258]

    and Ginski, C

    Byrne, J. and Ginski, C. and. Vertical Structure of Protoplanetary Disks in Scattered Light:. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557880 , url =

    doi

  251. [259]

    and Testi, L

    Cacciapuoti, L. and Testi, L. and Maury, A. J. and Chandler, C. J. and Sakai, N. and Ceccarelli, C. and Codella, C. and De Simone, M. and Podio, L. and Sabatini, G. and Bianchi, E. and Macias, E. and Miotello, A. and Toci, C. and Loinard, L. and Johnstone, D. and Liu, H. B. an...

    doi

  252. [260]

    MNRAS , volume =

    The Observational Impact of Dust Trapping in Self-Gravitating Discs , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2596 , url =

    doi

  253. [261]

    doi:10.1093/mnras/stab905 , url =

    Cadman, James and Rice, Ken and Hall, Cassandra , year = 2021, journal =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab905 , url =

    2021 doi

  254. [262]

    and Bergin, Edwin and Zhang, Ke and Teague, Richard and Cleeves, Ilsedore and Bergner, Jennifer and Blake, Geoffrey A

    Calahan, Jenny K. and Bergin, Edwin and Zhang, Ke and Teague, Richard and Cleeves, Ilsedore and Bergner, Jennifer and Blake, Geoffrey A. and Cazzoletti, Paolo and Guzm. The. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd255 , url =

    doi

  255. [263]

    and Bergin, Edwin A

    Calahan, Jenny K. and Bergin, Edwin A. and Zhang, Ke and Schwarz, Kamber R. and. Molecules with. ApJS , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac143f , url =

    doi

  256. [264]

    and Pinte, Christophe and

    Calcino, Josh and Price, Daniel J. and Pinte, Christophe and. Signatures of an Eccentric Disc Cavity:. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2770 , url =

    doi

  257. [265]

    and Pinte, Christophe and Davis, Tamara M

    Calcino, Josh and Christiaens, Valentin and Price, Daniel J. and Pinte, Christophe and Davis, Tamara M. and. Are the Spiral Arms in the. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2468 , url =

    doi

  258. [266]

    and Pinte, Christophe and Bollati, Francesco and Lodato, Giuseppe and Norfolk, Brodie J

    Calcino, Josh and Hilder, Thomas and Price, Daniel J. and Pinte, Christophe and Bollati, Francesco and Lodato, Giuseppe and Norfolk, Brodie J. , year = 2022, journal =. Mapping the. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac64a7 , url =

    2022 doi

  259. [267]

    and Price, Daniel J

    Calcino, Josh and Norfolk, Brodie J. and Price, Daniel J. and Hilder, Thomas and Speedie, Jessica and Pinte, Christophe and Garg, Himanshi and Teague, Richard and Hall, Cassandra and Stadler, Jochen , year = 2024, journal =. Observational Signatures of Circumbinary Discs -. do...

    2024 doi

  260. [268]

    and Ormel, Chris W

    Calcino, Josh and Price, Daniel J. and Ormel, Chris W. , year = 2025, eprint =. Infall. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2510.05601 , url =

    2025 doi arXiv

  261. [269]

    Calvet, Nuria and Muzerolle, James and Brice. The. AJ , volume =. doi:10.1086/422733 , url =

    doi

  262. [270]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Turbulent Diffusion of Large Solids in a Protoplanetary Disc , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18661.x , url =

    2011 doi

  263. [271]

    ApJL , volume =

    The. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/821/1/L16 , url =

    doi

  264. [272]

    A&A , volume =

    How to Form Planetesimals from Mm-Sized Chondrules and Chondrule Aggregates , author =. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425120 , url =

    doi

  265. [273]

    and Li, Rixin and Kretke, Katherine A

    Carrera, Daniel and Simon, Jacob B. and Li, Rixin and Kretke, Katherine A. and Klahr, Hubert , year = 2021, journal =. Protoplanetary. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd4d9 , url =

    2021 doi

  266. [274]

    , year = 2022, journal =

    Carrera, Daniel and Simon, Jacob B. , year = 2022, journal =. The. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6b3e , url =

    2022 doi

  267. [275]

    Carrera, Daniel and Lim, Jeonghoon and Eriksson, Linn E. J. and Lyra, Wladimir and Simon, Jacob B. , year = 2025, journal =. Positive Feedback:. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554100 , url =

    2025 doi

  268. [276]

    Carrera, Daniel and Eriksson, Linn E. J. and Lim, Jeonghoon and Lyra, Wladimir and Simon, Jacob B. , year = 2025, journal =. Positive Feedback:. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555045 , url =

    2025 doi

  269. [277]

    and Baehr, Hans and Birnstiel, Til and Hall, Cassandra and Rea, David and Stammler, Sebastian Markus , year = 2025, journal =

    Carrera, Daniel and Davenport, Abigail and Simon, Jacob B. and Baehr, Hans and Birnstiel, Til and Hall, Cassandra and Rea, David and Stammler, Sebastian Markus , year = 2025, journal =. Turbulence. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adef46 , url =

    2025 doi

  270. [278]

    Carvalho, Adolfo S. and P. A. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5a07 , url =

    doi

  271. [279]

    and Marino, S

    Casassus, S. and Marino, S. and P. Accretion. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/811/2/92 , url =

    doi

  272. [280]

    Cm-Wavelength Observations of

    Casassus, Simon and Marino, Sebasti. Cm-Wavelength Observations of. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3269 , url =

    doi

  273. [281]

    Casassus, Simon and C. The. ApJL , volume =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac75e8 , url =

    doi

  274. [282]

    Variable Structure in the

    Casassus, Simon and C. Variable Structure in the. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1285 , url =

    doi

  275. [283]

    Hourly Radio Variability of

    Casassus, Simon and Carcamo, Miguel and. Hourly Radio Variability of. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2604.24991 , url =. 2604.24991 , primaryclass =

    doi arXiv

  276. [284]

    doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac9642 , url =

    PASP , volume =. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac9642 , url =

    doi

  277. [285]

    and Masset, F

    Casoli, J. and Masset, F. S. , year = 2009, journal =. On the. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/845 , url =

    2009 doi

  278. [286]

    and Furuya, Kenji and Guzm

    Cataldi, Gianni and Yamato, Yoshihide and Aikawa, Yuri and Bergner, Jennifer B. and Furuya, Kenji and Guzm. Molecules with. ApJS , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac143d , url =

    doi

  279. [287]

    and Hughes, A

    Cataldi, Gianni and Aikawa, Yuri and Iwasaki, Kazunari and Marino, Sebastian and Brandeker, Alexis and Hales, Antonio and Henning, Thomas and Higuchi, Aya E. and Hughes, A. Meredith and Janson, Markus and Kral, Quentin and Matr. Primordial or. ApJ , volume =. doi:10.3847/1538-...

    doi

  280. [288]

    and Ricci, L

    Cazzoletti, P. and Ricci, L. and Birnstiel, T. and Lodato, G. , year = 2017, journal =. Testing Dust Trapping in the Circumbinary Disk around. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629721 , url =

    2017 doi

  281. [289]

    Cazzoletti, P. and. Evidence for a Massive Dust-Trapping Vortex Connected to Spirals. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834006 , url =

    doi

  282. [290]

    and Codella, C

    Ceccarelli, C. and Codella, C. and Balucani, N. and. Organic

  283. [291]

    Variability of the Inner Dead Zone Edge in

    Cecil, Michael and Flock, Mario , year = 2024, journal =. Variability of the Inner Dead Zone Edge in. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451175 , url =

    2024 doi

  284. [292]

    doi:10.48550/arXiv.2606.09481 , url =

    Cecil, Michael and Flock, Mario and Steiner, Daniel , year = 2026, eprint =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2606.09481 , url =

    2026 doi arXiv

  285. [293]

    and Johansen, A

    Chabrier, G. and Johansen, A. and Janson, M. and Rafikov, R. , year = 2014, publisher =. Giant. Protostars and. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch027 , url =

    2014 doi

  286. [294]

    and Knutson, Heather A

    Chachan, Yayaati and Lee, Eve J. and Knutson, Heather A. , year = 2021, journal =. Radial. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0bb6 , url =

    2021 doi

  287. [295]

    Chambers, John , year = 2019, journal =. An. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2537 , url =

    2019 doi

  288. [296]

    Chambers, John , year = 2024, journal =. Large. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3731 , url =

    2024 doi

  289. [297]

    MNRAS , volume =

    How the Planetary Eccentricity Influences the Pebble Isolation Mass , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3753 , url =

    doi

  290. [298]

    Chametla, R. O. and Chrenko, O. and Masset, F. S. and D'Angelo, G. and Nesvorn. Dust-Void Evolution Driven by Turbulent Dust Flux Can Induce Runaway Migration of. A&A , volume =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451869 , url =

    doi

  291. [299]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Single Fluid versus Multifluid: Comparison between Single-Fluid and Multifluid Dust Models for Disc-Planet Interactions , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2625 , url =

    doi

  292. [300]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Stability of Dusty Rings in Protoplanetary Discs , author =. MNRAS , volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae089 , url =

    doi

Pith tools

Reviewed July 11, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.