Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:36.111775Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation
As of 23 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 17 of 17 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2505.23445.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Coverage vector
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-09T04:27:01.998959Z
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: pith, observed 2026-08-09T04:27:02.234811Z
Reference resolution
17 of 17 outbound references displayed
- verified exact0
- verified fuzzy12
- unresolved5
- parse uncertain0
- malformed identifier0
- metadata mismatch0
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Outbound references
Observation b6e9892b-5843-4f14-bad3-a29e8836dee2 · outbound
This paper cites Concrete Problems in AI Safety.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Concrete Problems in AI Safety
Reference 1
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:34.960298Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 81e003c6-e2b7-4cc4-8725-3a501b16411e · outbound
This paper cites Cohen, Nikolay Malkin, Matt MacDermott, Damiano Fornasiere, Pietro Greiner, and Younesse Kaddar.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Cohen, Nikolay Malkin, Matt MacDermott, Damiano Fornasiere, Pietro Greiner, and Younesse Kaddar
Reference 2
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:39.051763Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation f26e9064-a417-47fb-8f72-b9ea98e05ae6 · outbound
This paper cites Faulty reward functions in the wild.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Faulty reward functions in the wild
Reference 3
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:38.895846Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 79d64e87-5aa2-4de2-b9a9-560642920551 · outbound
This paper cites On goodhart's law, with an application to value alignment, 2024.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation On goodhart's law, with an application to value alignment, 2024
Reference 4
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:38.645310Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 586586b6-f1e8-461a-8917-9dcc0165f36a · outbound
This paper cites Monetary relationships : a view from threadneedle street.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Monetary relationships : a view from threadneedle street
Reference 5
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:38.405559Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 32d24f47-24b7-4759-a382-68b5bc7ff61a · outbound
This paper cites Scaling laws for reward model overoptimization, 2022.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Scaling laws for reward model overoptimization, 2022
Reference 6
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:35.309142Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ab7d0422-3ef3-4266-8124-95296d32231c · outbound
This paper cites Under manipulations, are some AI models harder to audit? In 2nd IEEE Conference on Secure and Trustworthy Machine Learning , 2024.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Under manipulations, are some AI models harder to audit? In 2nd IEEE Conference on Secure and Trustworthy Machine Learning , 2024
Reference 7
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:38.101614Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation ade56ffc-da7c-4c69-9ab1-a7460727cef1 · outbound
This paper cites Goodhart.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Goodhart
Reference 8
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:37.900614Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 40bd9a5c-deb0-4b2f-b15c-c8a7f23e2005 · outbound
This paper cites awful idea of accountability.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation awful idea of accountability
Reference 9
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:37.721405Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 0a9d45b2-23a1-4a86-a918-852e6639c1f9 · outbound
This paper cites Catastrophic goodhart: regularizing rlhf with kl divergence does not mitigate heavy-tailed reward misspecification.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Catastrophic goodhart: regularizing rlhf with kl divergence does not mitigate heavy-tailed reward misspecification
Reference 10
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:37.498242Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 0001652a-4503-4c55-b7b6-53f7e8669179 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Unresolved cited work
Reference 11
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:37.314885Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 6cb1986d-6c00-47df-9243-0ee103c71701 · outbound
This paper cites Building less-flawed metrics: Understanding and creating better measurement and incentive systems.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Building less-flawed metrics: Understanding and creating better measurement and incentive systems
Reference 12
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:37.103868Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation c7302bb4-d5d1-47b9-91fd-9e9fdee2840d · outbound
This paper cites Categorizing Variants of Goodhart's Law.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Categorizing Variants of Goodhart's Law
Reference 13
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:35.822559Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 14837f54-fb1c-4540-9e04-ef8ac1e7ea19 · outbound
This paper cites Adversarial machine learning: A taxonomy and terminology of attacks and mitigations.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Adversarial machine learning: A taxonomy and terminology of attacks and mitigations
Reference 14
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:36.922646Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation e3fb4df3-de71-431b-bc73-12e65aff5d9f · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Unresolved cited work
Reference 15
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:36.739615Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 2b20dc7e-0ac1-4b9d-ba5f-a6326024bec9 · outbound
This paper cites ‘improving ratings’: audit in the british university system.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation ‘improving ratings’: audit in the british university system
Reference 16
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:36.610988Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 2489c78b-cdba-4d7a-a20c-0c184f9a870f · outbound
This paper cites Consequences of misaligned ai.
The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation Consequences of misaligned ai
Reference 17
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:55:36.429385Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Pith citing papers
Observation a6551c85-3977-47df-853d-68328643724a · inbound
A Case for Specialisation in Non-Human Entities cites this paper.
A Case for Specialisation in Non-Human Entities The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation
Reference 91
- Resolution
- verified exact
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-09T04:27:02.238784Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.