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Analytic Properties of Infrared-Finite Amplitudes in Theories with Long-Range Forces

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arxiv 2505.04702 v1 pith:7P4WH6KZ submitted 2025-05-07 hep-th

classification hep-th
keywords analyticcoulombpropertiesamplitudesdivergencedivergenceslong-rangecausality
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Infrared divergences obscure important analytic properties of scattering amplitudes, indicating gaps in our understanding of unitarity, causality, and crossing symmetry in theories with long-range forces. Using the exactly solvable model of a charged scalar particle in a fixed Coulomb background, we demonstrate that novel analytic properties arise and can be systematically studied when long-range interactions are properly incorporated. We first canonically quantize a scalar particle in a Coulomb potential, confirming that basic conditions for unitarity and causality hold. We then examine the necessary modifications to the LSZ reduction formula, the general optical theorem, and the treatment of the disconnected components of scattering amplitudes. Next, we show that the Coulomb phase divergence is analytically related to real radiative divergences via crossing symmetry, implying that a well-defined treatment of the Coulomb phase divergence provides constraints on the real radiative divergence. In contrast to the Faddeev-Kulish approach, we propose that an effective way to eliminate infrared divergences and study these analytic properties is to fully solve the quantum theory associated with the asymptotic Hamiltonian.

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