Pith. sign in

REVIEW 4 major objections 4 minor 74 references

Photokinetics of Photothermal Reactions

T0 review · 4 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-10 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read The paper claims Eq.6 is the first general integrated rate-law that maps any photothermal reaction's kinetic traces under mono- or polychromatic light.

desk verdict A plausible empirical fitting tool for photothermal traces, but the universal-integrated-rate-law claim outruns the evidence — worth refereeing, not worth citing as established. read the letter →

arxiv 2501.06057 v1 pith:AE32ZC7S submitted 2025-01-10 physics.chem-ph

Mounir Maafi This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.chem-ph
keywords photothermalreactionsphotokineticsintegratedratelawPhi-orderkineticspolychromaticirradiationactinometryRunge-Kuttasimulationquantumyield
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper claims that one explicit equation, labelled Eq.6, is a general integrated rate-law that fits the kinetic traces of any photothermal reaction, regardless of mechanism, under monochromatic or polychromatic light, and even in the dark. Its absorbance counterpart, Eq.9, lets the total absorbance trace recorded on a routine spectrophotometer do the same work. If the claim holds, photothermal kinetics gains what thermal kinetics has long had: a standard way to identify kinetic order, quantify rate parameters, measure incident light intensity by actinometry, and compare behaviour across conditions. The paper validates the equation by fitting more than 200 fourth-order Runge-Kutta simulated traces and by matching the initial-velocity metric computed three independent ways.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is Eq.6, a finite linear combination of a constant, “mono-$\Phi$-order” terms of the form $\omega\,\mathrm{Log}(1+cc\,e^{-kt})$ using the base-10 logarithm, and first-order exponential terms $\omega\,e^{-kt}$. The mono-$\Phi$-order terms encode the photochemical contribution inherited from $\Phi$-order photokinetics; the exponentials encode the thermal steps; differentiation of the fitted trace yields the rate at any time, and evaluation at $t=0$ gives the initial-rate metric that is insensitive to the identifiability problem. Eq.9 is the total-absorbance counterpart, enabling kinetic quantification from a single spectrophotometric trace. The validity of this ansatz is established numerically by fitting Runge-Kutta-generated traces and comparing initial velocities.

What would settle it

Generate a photothermal trace from a mechanism containing a second-order thermal step or a consecutive mechanism with comparable rate constants, fit it with Eq.6, and check whether the number of fitted terms stays within the stated bounds ($i_\Phi \le$ photochemical steps, $i_\Delta \le$ thermal steps) while residuals remain at the noise level.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central discovery is that the concentration of any species in an $XY_v(q\Phi,uk)$ photothermal reaction can be mapped as $C_{Y_j}(t) = \omega_j^0 + \sum_i \omega_{ij}^{\Phi} \mathrm{Log}(1 + cc_j^{\Phi} e^{-k_{ij}^{\Phi} t}) + \sum_i \omega_{ij}^{\Delta} e^{-k_{ij}^{\Delta} t}$, where the log-exponential “mono-$\Phi$-order” terms carry the photochemical steps and the exponentials carry the thermal steps. The same functional form, applied to total absorbance, is Eq.9. The paper argues this merges the $\Phi$-order kinetics previously established for pure photoreactions with first-order thermal kinetics, and that it is the first equation in photochemistry able to map photo-, thermal, and photothermal reactions under mono- or polychromatic irradiation. The claim is supported by fits to Runge-Kutta simulated traces with $r^2 > 0.99$, by the coincidence of initial rates computed from the theoretical rate-law, the fitted equation, and the numerics, and by worked applications to initial-concentration effects, spectator molecules, actinometry, and photonic yields. The paper also states that the formulation could not be proven analytically and warns that a good fit does not establish the mechanism because of distinguishability and identifiability problems.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that every photothermal concentration trace can be represented by a short sum of a constant, a few terms shaped like a logarithm of a decaying exponential, and a few ordinary decaying exponentials; this ansatz is introduced by inspection and not derived from the rate laws.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Reaction order for photothermal systems can be assigned by counting the mono-$\Phi$-order and first-order terms needed to fit a trace, giving an analogue of 0th, 1st, and 2nd order classification in thermal kinetics.
  • Experimentalists can quantify photothermal kinetics from total-absorbance data alone, without knowing the full mechanism or measuring individual species concentrations.
  • Photothermal reactions, including photochromic materials, become viable actinometers: the initial velocity is linear in incident light intensity, with the intercept distinguishing thermally inert from thermally active reactants.
  • Photonic yield can be defined for any species and any time interval, not just for the reactant at initial time, and its variability with external conditions is quantitatively captured.
  • When monochromatic light and a known mechanism are available, the method solves for absolute absorptivities and quantum yields by linear algebra on absorbance and rate equations.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the same log-exponential ansatz transfers to bimolecular photothermal reactions, the paper's stated strategy under development would extend the classification to the most common real-world quenching and dimerization systems.
  • Because Eq.6 is validated only against Runge-Kutta data and the paper concedes no analytical proof, the safest use of the model is for initial-rate, actinometric, and photonic-yield metrics, not for interpreting the individual fitted $\omega$ and $k$ values as physical rate constants.
  • The conjecture that Eq.6 applies to uncollimated light and arbitrary geometries, if tested, would put industrial flow and LED irradiation kinetics on the same footing as collimated laboratory beams.
  • Since Eq.9's coefficients depend on observation wavelength and path length, “mechanism-universal” should not be read as “condition-universal”: comparisons across laboratories require matched irradiation, observation, and temperature conditions.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper proposes an explicit integrated-rate-law model (Eq.6) for photothermal reactions, combining a constant, a sum of logarithmic terms of the form ω log(1 + cc e^{-kt}), and a sum of first-order exponential terms. The author claims that this model maps the kinetic traces of any photothermal reaction under monochromatic or polychromatic irradiation, and that it provides a general quantification tool including initial-velocity metrics, actinometric calibration, and photonic yields. The model is validated by fitting more than 200 concentration and absorbance traces generated by fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK-4) simulations of the discretized rate law (Eq.4), and then used to illustrate effects of initial concentration, spectator molecules, and light intensity. A procedure for extracting intrinsic parameters (quantum yields, absorptivities, thermal rate constants) is described for cases where the mechanism is known and irradiation is monochromatic.

Significance. If the claimed universality were established, the paper would offer a widely applicable practical tool for analyzing photothermal kinetics, where integrated rate laws are largely absent. The extensive numerical fits (r² > 0.99 for over 200 simulated traces) and the clear workflow for extracting initial rates from fitted curves are useful contributions. The author also candidly acknowledges the identifiability problem of the fitting parameters, which is an important caveat. However, the central claim that Eq.6 is a proven general integrated rate law is not supported: the model is an ad hoc ansatz, validated only against self-generated simulations, and the author explicitly concedes in the conclusion that it could not be proven analytically. As a result, the paper currently reads as a heuristic fitting tool with overreaching generality claims rather than a validated general law.

major comments (4)
  1. [§2.2, Eq.6] The central claim is that Eq.6 is a general integrated rate law for any photothermal reaction. This is not derived from Eq.1 or Eq.4, and the author states in Section 4 that 'the formulation of the general model equation could not be proven analytically.' Since the ansatz (a finite sum of a constant, log(1+ce^{-kt}) terms, and exponential terms) is introduced without a completeness argument, the statement in Section 2.3 that Eq.6 is 'the first equation to map out photo-, thermal, and photothermal reactions' is an overclaim that does not follow from the evidence presented.
  2. [§2.3, validation against RK-4] The validation is performed exclusively by fitting RK-4 simulations of the discretized rate law Eq.4. This is a self-consistency check: the simulated traces are generated from the same photophysical model that Eq.6 is intended to approximate, so the good fits do not demonstrate that the basis functions span the solution space of the full integro-differential equation Eq.1, which contains a continuous wavelength integral and a time-dependent photokinetic factor (1-10^{-A_tot(t)}). No experimental data are fitted. Independent validation on experimental traces or on exact solutions of Eq.1 would be needed to support the claimed universality.
  3. [§3, scope restriction] Section 3 restricts the method to 'monomolecularly initiated processes' of the type XY_v(qΦ,uk), whereas the abstract and Section 2.2 claim applicability to any photothermal reaction irrespective of mechanism. This is an internal inconsistency: the ansatz of Eq.6 may not hold for bimolecular steps or other network topologies, and the paper does not discuss this limitation. The scope should be aligned with the claims, or the universality claim should be explicitly withdrawn.
  4. [§2.3, identifiability and parameter interpretation] The author acknowledges in Section 2.3 that a good fit does not determine physical parameters and that multiple parameter sets can fit the same trace. Despite this, the paper uses fitted curves to compute photonic yields (Eqs.19-20) and to support kinactinometric calibrations (Section 2.8). While initial velocities may be insensitive to parameter-set variation, the paper does not rigorously show that r0,A or the time-dependent photonic yields are also free of this ambiguity. The quantitative conclusions in Sections 2.8 and 2.9 would be stronger if this insensitivity were demonstrated or at least clearly stated as an assumption.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Eq.10] The expression for Fit: r0,A contains an extra factor of 1/ln(10) in the first sum compared with the derivative derived from Eq.7 (compare Eq.8). This appears to be a typographical error and should be corrected, as it would affect numerical implementations.
  2. [§2.4] The text states 'n_t (n_sp ≤ n_t ≤ 1)', which is logically impossible; the intended inequality is likely n_t ≥ n_sp or a similar condition on the number of time intervals. Please clarify.
  3. [§2.6] The explanation of the initial-concentration effect appears contradictory: an increase in C_X(0) increases the factor (1-10^{-A}) in Eq.5, which would increase the magnitude of the photochemical rate, yet the text says the initial rate 'will also decrease.' The competing effects (photokinetic factor vs. total absorbance) should be stated more carefully.
  4. [Fig.3 caption] The regression equation 'Theo:r0 = 1.005 x (-RK,Fit:r0) - 2 10-10' is missing proper scientific notation and superscript formatting; please correct it.

Circularity Check

2 steps flagged · score 6.0 of 10

The universal model Eq.6 is an unproven log-exp ansatz imported from the author's prior fitting literature, and the central initial-rate 'validation' compares the derivative of a curve fitted to RK data with the same RK data; those quantities agree by construction, not as an independent test.

  1. fitted input called prediction [Section 2.3, Eqs.5-11 and Fig.3]
    "In this context, it is necessary to confirm that 𝐹𝑖𝑡: 𝑟0𝑌𝑗 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜: 𝑟0𝑌𝑗 = 𝑅𝐾: 𝑟0𝑌𝑗, as well as 𝐹𝑖𝑡: 𝑟0𝐴 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜: 𝑟0𝐴, in all situations. ... The linear correlation between the theoretical initial velocity plotted against the other two (Fig.3), attests of both the good correspondence of these quantities and the reliability of the general model equations."

    Eq.8 is the t=0 derivative of Eq.6, and Eq.6 was fitted to RK traces generated by Eq.4; Eq.5 is Eq.4 evaluated at t=0, while RK:r0 is the same numerical derivative. The three agree because the fitted curve interpolates the very data used to define the other two quantities. The Fig.3 correlation is therefore a consistency check on the training set, not a prediction from held-out data; presenting it as 'proof of reliability' uses the fitted curve as its own validation.

  2. ansatz smuggled in via citation [Section 2.2, Eq.6 and preceding paragraph]
    "Because of the dual photo- and thermal nature of the reaction, it is conjectured that its kinetics will be mapped out by a mix of both Φ-order [45] and exponential type functions ... The general model equation merges the Φ-order character of the photochemical reaction-steps (the 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝜔 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑐𝑐 𝑒− 𝑘 𝑡)) functions, labelled by Φ [43-45]), and exponential-type first-order kinetics of the thermal reaction-steps (labelled by ∆)."

    The 'Φ-order character' is defined by those log-exp functions, so asserting that photochemical traces have Φ-order character is the same as assuming Eq.6's functional form; it is not derived from Eq.1/Eq.4. The paper imports this basis from the author's earlier fitting-oriented papers [43-45] and then states Eq.6 is the first integrated rate-law for any photothermal reaction, while the Conclusion concedes 'the formulation of the general model equation could not be proven analytically.' The universality claim is thus the ansatz restated rather than a derived result.

full rationale

The paper does contain genuine independent elements: it integrates a concrete rate law (Eq.4) by RK-4, performs many simulations, and solves linear systems for intrinsic parameters; those procedures are not circular by themselves. However, the load-bearing claim that Eq.6/Eq.9 is a universal integrated rate law rests on an unproven log-exp-plus-exponential ansatz adopted from the author's prior work and justified by fitting to the same simulations. The section 2.3 initial-rate agreement (Fit vs Theo vs RK) is the clearest reduction: the fitted curve's derivative is compared with the data that generated the fit, so the agreement is statistically forced. The paper's own admission that no analytic proof exists reinforces that the 'prediction' of universal trace shapes is an input assumption. This is partial circularity rather than a fully forced tautology, so a score of 6 is appropriate.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The ledger is dominated by the undemonstrated representational ansatz of Eq.6 and by simulation and linearity assumptions. No new physical entities are postulated. The many per-trace fitting parameters are the main price paid for the model's flexibility.

free parameters (3)
  • Eq.6 fitting parameters per trace (omega0, omega_i^Phi, omega_i^Delta, cc^Phi, k_i^Phi, k_i^Delta) = fitted by LMA to each RK trace
    Every quantitative result in the paper, including traces, initial velocities, and photonic yields, is obtained by fitting these parameters; no closed-form relation to the physical rate constants is provided.
  • Number of log and exponential terms (i_Phi,j and i_Delta,j) = chosen per trace, e.g., two log terms plus one exponential in Fig.2
    The number of basis functions is selected to match trace shape, adding flexibility and weakening the predictive content of the model.
  • Simulation input parameters (quantum yields, absorptivities, rate constants, lamp profile) = arbitrary but literature-inspired values for each XY_v(qPhi,uk) mechanism
    Validation traces are generated from chosen parameters; the model is never tested against an independent experimental dataset.
assumptions (5)
  • ad hoc to paper Every photothermal concentration trace is representable by Eq.6 with finite i_Phi,j and i_Delta,j.
    Introduced in Section 2.2 without derivation; the Conclusion admits that the formulation could not be proven analytically.
  • domain assumption Excited-state concentrations, reflection, emission, and scattering are negligible, and the medium is homogeneous and vigorously stirred.
    Stated immediately before Eq.1 in Section 2.1.
  • domain assumption Beer-Lambert linearity holds and total absorbance at irradiation wavelengths does not exceed 0.5.
    Stated after Eq.3 and repeated in Section 3 (Experimentals).
  • domain assumption The integral over wavelength in Eq.1 can be approximated by a 1-nm sum, giving Eq.4.
    Adopted from refs [44,48] and used to generate the RK-simulated validation data.
  • domain assumption RK4 numerical solutions of Eq.4 faithfully represent real photothermal reaction kinetics.
    Validation uses only RK-simulated traces; no experimental traces are quantitatively fitted.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Photokinetics of Photothermal Reactions." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/AE32ZC7S

@misc{pith2026250106057,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Photokinetics of Photothermal Reactions},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/AE32ZC7S}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2501.06057}
}
read the original abstract

Photothermal reactions, involving both photochemical and thermal reaction-steps, are the most abundant sequences in photochemistry. The derivation of their rate-laws is standardized, but the integration of these rate-laws has not yet been achieved. Indeed, the field still lacks integrated rate-laws for the description of these reactions behavior, and/or identification of their reaction-order. This made a comprehensive account of the photo-kinetics of photothermal reactions to be a gap in the knowledge. This gap is addressed in the present paper by introducing an unprecedented general model equation capable to mapping out the kinetic traces of such reactions when exposed to light or in the dark. The integrated rate-law model equation also applies when the reactive medium is exposed to either monochromatic or polychromatic light irradiation. The validity of the model equation was established against simulated data obtained by a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. It was then used to describe and quantify several situations of photothermal reactions, such as the effects of initial concentration, spectator molecules, and incident radiation intensity, and the impact of the latter on the photonic yield. The model equation facilitated a general elucidation method to determine the intrinsic reaction parameters (quantum yields and absorptivities of the reactive species) for any photothermal mechanism whose number of species are known. This paper contributes to rationalizing photo-kinetics along the same general guidelines adopted in chemical kinetics.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2501.06057 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Electronic spectra (𝜀𝑌𝑗 𝜆𝑖𝑟𝑟), lamp profile (𝑃0 𝜆𝑖𝑟𝑟), Fig.1a, and quantum yield wavelength-de￾pendent patterns (Φ), Fig.1b, of a tetramolecular reaction 𝑋𝑌3 (6Φ, 5𝑘), Scheme 1, proposed for 3H￾naphthopyrans [51]. 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 310 330 350 370 390 410 e / M-1 cm-1 , P0 / einst dm-3 s -1 Wavelength / nm X Y1 Y Y2 3 P0 (a) 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 310 320 330 340 350 360 3… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Excellent fittings of RK-calculated trace (circles) by the adequate (lines) Eq.6, for each spe￾cies of the 𝑋𝑌3 (6Φ, 5𝑘) reaction (Scheme 1, Fig.1). The diversity of the photomechanisms as well as that of the reaction conditions con￾sidered in the present work clearly indicates that the kinetic behavior of photothermal reactions can be regarded as a subtle combination of Φ- and 1st- kinetic orders (but cannot be desc… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. An excellent linear relationship is found between the values of 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜: 𝑟0 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 (𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜: 𝑟0,𝑋 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 and 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜: 𝑟0,𝐴 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 ) against the respective 𝑅𝐾: 𝑟0 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 and 𝐹𝑖𝑡: 𝑟0 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 (𝑟0,𝑋 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 , 𝑟0,𝑌1 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 and 𝑟0,𝐴 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 ). (𝑟0,𝐴 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 , which have generally much larger values than 𝑟0,𝑋 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 , where scaled down by an adequate multiplicative factor). The data reported here belong to different reactive … view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (5 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Evolution towards more negative values of the initial rate (𝑟0,𝑋 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 ) when the initial con￾centration (𝐶𝑋 𝐿𝑝,∆𝜆,𝑇 (0)) increases for an 𝑋𝑌2(4Φ, 2𝑘) photothermal reaction. resulting from an increase of the initial reactant concentration, is illustrated in Fig.4 for…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Electronic absorption of reactant (plain blue line), photoproduct (plain orange line), pat￾terns of the quantum yields of Φ𝑋 → 𝑌1 𝜆𝑖𝑟𝑟 (x 3 105 , long-dashed purple line), and Φ𝑌1 → 𝑋 𝜆𝑖𝑟𝑟 (x 3 105 , long￾dashed red line), the absorption spectrum of 𝑆𝑃𝑀 (x 4 103 , dott…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Reduction of the initial reactant velocity with increasing 𝑆𝑃𝑀 concentration represented here by the values of absorbance at 283 nm on the 𝑆𝑃𝑀 spectrum. 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 250 300 350 400 450 e / M-1 cm-1 , ASPM x 4 10 3 , F x 3 10 5 , P0 x 1011/ einst dm-3 s -1…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Examples of linear relationships of the initial velocity vs. incident radiation intensity for various photothermal reactions proposed in the literature. Developing kinactinometric methods on the basis of the initial velocity and Eqs.6 or 9, relieves the experimentalist…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Examples of linear relationships of PY vs. time of intensity for 𝑋𝑌2(4Φ, 2𝑘) reaction. The photonic yield is determined for a variation of either the incident light intensity (a) or the tempera￾ture of the medium (a). The variability of 𝑷𝒀 imposes caution before reachi…

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

74 extracted references · 69 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Excitation-wavelength dependent photochemistry

    Maafi, M. Excitation-wavelength dependent photochemistry. Photochem. 2024, 4, 233-270. doi. 10.3390/photochem4020015

    work page doi:10.3390/photochem4020015 2024

  2. [2]

    Mauser, H., Gauglitz, G., Compton, R.G., and Hancock, G. (Eds.). Comprehensive chemical kinetics, photokinetics: theoretical fundamentals and applications. Vol. 36. Elsevier, Amesterdam. 1998. ISBN-13. 978-0444825360

    work page 1998

  3. [3]

    Tonnesen, H.H. (Ed.). Photostability of Drugs and Drug Formulations. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 2004. ISBN. 0-415-30323--0

    work page 2004

  4. [4]

    Griesbeck, A., Oelgemoller, M.; and Ghetti, F. (ed.). Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology (3rd Ed.). CRC Press. Boca Raton, New York, London. 2012. ISBN 9781439899335

    work page 2012

  5. [5]

    Deterministic Kinetics in Chemistry and Systems Biology: The Dynamics of Complex Reaction Networks

    Lente, G. Deterministic Kinetics in Chemistry and Systems Biology: The Dynamics of Complex Reaction Networks. Springer, Cham, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, 2015. doi. 10.1007/978-3-319-15482-4

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15482-4 2015

  6. [6]

    Yamada, H., and Yagai, S. (ed.). Light -Active Functional Organic Materials. Jenny Stanford Publishing. 2019. ISBN. 9789814800150

    work page 2019

  7. [7]

    Recent advances toward sustainable flow photochemistry

    Williams, J.D., and Kappe, C.O. Recent advances toward sustainable flow photochemistry. Current Opinion in Green and Sustain- able Chemistry. 2020, 25, 100351. doi. 10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.05.001

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.05.001 2020

  8. [8]

    Photochemistry and Photophysics: Concepts, Research, Applications (2nd Ed.)

    Balzani, V., Ceroni, P., Juris, A. Photochemistry and Photophysics: Concepts, Research, Applications (2nd Ed.). Wiley -VCH,

    work page

Show all 74 references
  1. [9]

    Naphthopyran molec ular switches and their emergent mechano- chemical reactivity

    McFadden, M.E, Barber, R.W., Overholts, A.C., Robb, M.J. Naphthopyran molec ular switches and their emergent mechano- chemical reactivity. Chem. Sci. 2023, 14, 10041-10067. doi. 10.1039/D3SC03729K

    2023 doi

  2. [10]

    Anomalous photochromism and mechanochromism of a linear naphthopyran enabled by a polarizing dialkylamine substituent

    Sun, Y., McFadden, M.E., Osler, S.K., Barber, R.W., Robb, M.J. Anomalous photochromism and mechanochromism of a linear naphthopyran enabled by a polarizing dialkylamine substituent. Chem. Sci. 2023, 14, 10494-10499. doi. 10.1039/D3SC03790H

    2023 doi

  3. [11]

    Photo-, thermo-, solvato-, and electrochromic spiroheterocyclic compounds

    Minkin, V.I. Photo-, thermo-, solvato-, and electrochromic spiroheterocyclic compounds. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 2751–2776. doi. 10.1021/cr020088u

    2004 doi

  4. [12]

    Reversible three -state switching of multicolor fluorescence emission by multiple stimuli modulated FRET processes within thermoresponsive polymeric micelles

    Li, C., Zhang, Y., Hu, J., Cheng, J.J., Liu, S.Y. Reversible three -state switching of multicolor fluorescence emission by multiple stimuli modulated FRET processes within thermoresponsive polymeric micelles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2010, 122, 5246–5250. doi. 10.1002/ange.201002203

    2010 doi

  5. [13]

    Temperature -Dependent Photoisomerization Quantum Yields for Azobenzene - Modified DNA

    Samai, S., Bradley, D.J., Choi, T.L.Y., Yan, Y. Temperature -Dependent Photoisomerization Quantum Yields for Azobenzene - Modified DNA. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2017, 121, 6997-7004. doi. 10.1021/acs. jpcc.6b12241

    2017 doi

  6. [14]

    Polymeric assemblies and nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive fluorescence emission characteristics

    Li, C., and Liu, S. Polymeric assemblies and nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive fluorescence emission characteristics. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 3262–3278. doi. 10.1039/C2CC17695E

    2012 doi

  7. [15]

    , Reglinski, K., Galiani, S., Parker, A.W., Eggeling, C., Anderson, H.L

    Xiong, Y., Jentzsch, A.V., Osterrieth, J.W.M., Sezgin, E., Sazanovich, I.V. , Reglinski, K., Galiani, S., Parker, A.W., Eggeling, C., Anderson, H.L. Spironaphthoxazine switchable dyes for biological imaging. Chem. Sci . 2018, 9, 3029 -3040. doi. 10.1039/C8SC00130H

    2018 doi

  8. [16]

    Spiropyran -Based Drug Delivery Systems

    Fagan, A., Bartkowski, M, Giordani, S. Spiropyran -Based Drug Delivery Systems. Front. Chem . 2021, 9, 720087. doi. 10.3389/fchem.2021.720087

    2021

  9. [17]

    Accurate measurement of the photon flux received inside two continuous flow microphotoreactors by actinometry

    Aillet, T., Loubiere, K., Dechy-Cabaret, O., and Prat, L. Accurate measurement of the photon flux received inside two continuous flow microphotoreactors by actinometry. Int. J. Chem. React. Eng. 2014, 12, 1–13. doi. 10.1515/ijcre-2013-0121

    2014 doi

  10. [18]

    Synthesis and properties of photochromic polymer contain spiro-oxazine induced by ultraviolet light

    Su, C.D., Shi, Y.Y., and Gao, J. Synthesis and properties of photochromic polymer contain spiro-oxazine induced by ultraviolet light. Soft Materials. 2023, 21, 1-13. doi. 10.1080/1539445X.2022.2108842

    2023

  11. [19]

    Optical nanoimaging for block copolymer self-assembly

    Yan, J., Zhao, L.X., Li, C., Hu, Z., Zhang, G., Chen, Z., Chen, T., Huang, Z., Zhu, J., Zhu, M. Optical nanoimaging for block copolymer self-assembly. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 2436–2439. doi. 10.1021/ja512189a

    2015 doi

  12. [20]

    Recent development of photochromic polymer cap- sules for smart materials

    Bukreeva, T., Barachevsky, V., Venidiktova, O., Krikunova, P., Pallaeva, T. Recent development of photochromic polymer cap- sules for smart materials. Materials Today Communications. 2024, 38, 107769, doi. 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107769

    2024

  13. [21]

    Gain of Function Recyclable Photoswitches: Reversible Simultaneous Substitution and Photochromism Generation

    Zitzmann, M., Fröhling, M., Dube, H. Gain of Function Recyclable Photoswitches: Reversible Simultaneous Substitution and Photochromism Generation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2024, 63, e202318767. doi. 10.1002/anie.202318767

    2024 doi

  14. [22]

    Polychromatic Light Exposure as a Therapeutic in the Treatment and Management of Parkinson’s Disease: A Controlled Exploratory Trial

    Willis, G.L., Boda, J., Freelance, C .B. Polychromatic Light Exposure as a Therapeutic in the Treatment and Management of Parkinson’s Disease: A Controlled Exploratory Trial. Front. Neurol. 2018, 9, 741. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00741

    2018

  15. [23]

    Photochemistry of nanomaterials: environmental impacts

    Tarr, M., Zito, P. Photochemistry of nanomaterials: environmental impacts. American Chemical Society Publications, 2022. doi. 10.1021/acsinfocus.7e5012

    2022 doi

  16. [24]

    New insights into the environmental photochemistry of common- use antibiotics in ice and in water: A comparison of kinetics and influencing factors

    Ge, L., Wang, S., Halsall, C., Li, X., Bai, D., Cao, S., Zhang, P. New insights into the environmental photochemistry of common- use antibiotics in ice and in water: A comparison of kinetics and influencing factors. Emerging Contaminants. 2024, 10, 100382. doi. 10.1016/j.emcon...

    2024

  17. [25]

    Spiropyran-based photochromic polymer nanoparticles with optically switchable luminescence

    Zhu, M.Q.; Zhu, L.; Han, J.J.; Wu, W.; Hurst, J.K.; Li, A.D. Spiropyran-based photochromic polymer nanoparticles with optically switchable luminescence. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 4303–4309. doi. 10.1021/ja0567642

    2006 doi

  18. [26]

    Light-triggered self-assembly of a spiropyran-functionalized dendron into nano-/micrometer-sized particles and photoresponsive organogel with switchable fluorescence

    Chen, Q., Feng, Y., Zhang, D., Zhang, G., Fan, Q., Sun, S., Zhu, D. Light-triggered self-assembly of a spiropyran-functionalized dendron into nano-/micrometer-sized particles and photoresponsive organogel with switchable fluorescence. Adv. Funct. Ma- ter. 2010, 20, 36–42. doi....

    2010 doi

  19. [27]

    Directed self-assembly of nanoparticles

    Grzelczak, M.; Vermant, J.; Furst, E.M.; Liz-Marzán, L.M. Directed self-assembly of nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2010, 4, 3591–3605. doi. 10.1021/nn100869j

    2010 doi

  20. [28]

    Principles of Photocatalysts and Their Different Applications: A Review

    Hassaan, M.A., El-Nemr, M.A., Elkatory, M.R., Ragab, S., Nicu lescu, V.C., El Nemr, A. Principles of Photocatalysts and Their Different Applications: A Review. Top. Curr. Chem. (Z). 2023, 381, 31. doi. 10.1007/s41061-023-00444-7

    2023 doi

  21. [29]

    Reversible Photoisomerization of Spiropyran on the Surfaces of Au25 Nanoclusters

    Udayabhaskararao, T., Kundu, P.K., Ahrens, J., Klajn, R. Reversible Photoisomerization of Spiropyran on the Surfaces of Au25 Nanoclusters. ChemPhysChem. 2016, 17, 1805-1809. doi. 10.1002/cphc.201500897 Molecules 2024, 29, x FOR PEER REVIEW 25 of 26

    2016 doi

  22. [30]

    4,4′-Dimethylazobenzene as a chemical actinometer

    Casimiro, L., Andreoni, L., Groppi, J., Credi, A., Métivier, R., Silvi, S. 4,4′-Dimethylazobenzene as a chemical actinometer. Pho- tochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2022, 21, 825-833. doi. 10.1007/s43630-021-00162-3

    2022 doi

  23. [31]

    Opening the way to greener photochromic and fluorescence studies by using the 6 -NO2- BIPS photoswitch

    Zeytoun, H.S., Turcas, I., Lordez, M. Opening the way to greener photochromic and fluorescence studies by using the 6 -NO2- BIPS photoswitch. Emergent Scientist. 2024, 8, 3. doi. 10.1051/emsci/2024001

    2024

  24. [32]

    Modelling the Impact of Mass Transport in a Miniplant photoreactor

    Gaulhofer, F., Becker, H., Peschl, A., Ziegenbalg, D. Modelling the Impact of Mass Transport in a Miniplant photoreactor. React. Chem. Eng. 2024, 9, 3231-3247. doi. 10.1039/D4RE00192C

    2024 doi

  25. [33]

    Advances in spiropyrans/spirooxazines and applications based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with fluorescent materials

    Xia H, Xie K, Zou G. Advances in spiropyrans/spirooxazines and applications based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with fluorescent materials. Molecules. 2017, 22, 2236. doi. 10.3390/molecules22122236

    2017 doi

  26. [34]

    A., Werker, M., Tobeck, C., Christoffels, R., Schaniel, D., Olthof, S., Meerholz, K

    Schwartz, H. A., Werker, M., Tobeck, C., Christoffels, R., Schaniel, D., Olthof, S., Meerholz, K. , Kopacka, H., Huppertz, H., Ruschewitz, U. Novel Photoactive spirooxazine based switch@MOF composite materials. ChemPhotoChem. 2020, 4, 195-206. doi. 10.1002/cptc.201900193

    2020 doi

  27. [35]

    Mattay, J., and Griesbeck , A.G. (Eds.). Photochemical Key Steps in Organic Synthesis: An Experimental Course Book. VCH, Weinheim - New York - Cambridge - Tokyo. 1994

    1994

  28. [36]

    Nakatani, k., Piard, J., Yu, P., Métivier, R., in Tian, H., Zhang, J. (Eds). Photochromic materials: preparation, properties and applications. (1st ed.), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2016. ISBN: 978-3-527-68372-7

    2016

  29. [37]

    Pianowski, Z. L. (Ed). Molecular photoswitches: chemistry, properties, and applications. Wiley ‐VCH GmbH; 2022. Doi. 10.1002/9783527827626

    2022 doi

  30. [38]

    Photodegradation of novel oral anticoagulants under sunlight irradiation in aqueous matrices

    Yassine, M., Fuster, L., Dévier, M.H., Geneste, E., Pardon, P., Grélard, A., Dufourc, E., Al Iskandarani, M., Aït-Aïssa, S., Garric, J., Budzinski, H., Mazellier, P., and Trivella , A.S. Photodegradation of novel oral anticoagulants under sunlight irradiation in aqueous matric...

    2018 doi

  31. [39]

    Photodegradation study of Sertindole by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF and influence of some metal oxide excipients on the degradation process

    Trawinski, J., and Skibinski, R. Photodegradation study of Sertindole by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF and influence of some metal oxide excipients on the degradation process. Pharmaceutics. 2019, 11, 299. doi. 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070299

    2019 doi

  32. [40]

    Development of Novel Silica-Based Formulation of α-Lipoic Acid: Evalu- ation of Photo and Thermal Stability of the Encapsulated Drug

    Dolinina, E.S., Akimsheva, E.Y., and Parfenyuk, E.V. Development of Novel Silica-Based Formulation of α-Lipoic Acid: Evalu- ation of Photo and Thermal Stability of the Encapsulated Drug. Pharmaceutics. 2020, 12, 228. doi. 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030228

    2020 doi

  33. [41]

    A., Mazzotta, E., De Luca, M., Garofalo, A., Ioele, G

    Grande, F., Ragno, G., Muzzalupo, R., Occhiuzzi, M. A., Mazzotta, E., De Luca, M., Garofalo, A., Ioele, G. Gel formulation of nabumetone and a newly synthesized analog: microemulsion as a photoprotective topical delivery system. Pharmaceutics. 2020, 12, 423. doi. 10.3390/pharm...

    2020 doi

  34. [42]

    Potential Energy Surfaces and Quantum Yields for Photochromic Diarylethene Re- actions

    Nakamura, S., Uchida, K., Hatakeyama, M. Potential Energy Surfaces and Quantum Yields for Photochromic Diarylethene Re- actions. Molecules. 2013, 18, 5091 – 5103. doi. 10.3390/molecules18055091

    2013 doi

  35. [43]

    On photokinetics under monochromatic light

    Maafi, M. On photokinetics under monochromatic light. Front. Chem. 2023, 11, 1233151. doi. 10.3389/fchem.2023.1233151

    2023

  36. [44]

    On photokinetics under polychromatic light

    Maafi, M. On photokinetics under polychromatic light. Front. Chem. 2024, 12, 1367276. doi. 10.3389/fchem.2024.1367276

    2024

  37. [45]

    The kinetic model for AB( 1Φ) systems: A closed-form integration of the differential equation with a variable photokinetic factor

    Maafi, M., and Brown, R.G. The kinetic model for AB( 1Φ) systems: A closed-form integration of the differential equation with a variable photokinetic factor. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. Chem. 2007, 187, 319-324. doi. 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.10.030

    2007 doi

  38. [46]

    Volterra integral equations

    Brunner, H. Volterra integral equations. Cambridge University Press, 2017. doi. 10.1017/9781316162491

    2017 doi

  39. [47]

    Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students

    Lewis, B.J., Onder, E.N., Prudil, A.A. Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students. Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier, 2022. doi. 10.1016/B978-0-12-823681-9.00002-2

    2022 doi

  40. [48]

    Light -induced multistep redox reactions: The diode -array spectrophotometer as a photoreactor

    Fabian, I., and Lente, G. Light -induced multistep redox reactions: The diode -array spectrophotometer as a photoreactor. Pure Appl. Chem. 2010, 82, 1957-1973, 2010. doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-09-11-16

    2010 doi

  41. [49]

    Photophysics and kinetics of naphthopyran derivatives, Part 6: A fundamental system of equations to describe ABC(3k,6Φ) dynamics

    Maafi, M., and Brown, R.G. Photophysics and kinetics of naphthopyran derivatives, Part 6: A fundamental system of equations to describe ABC(3k,6Φ) dynamics. A contribution to the elucidation of [2H]-naphthopyran kinetics. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 2008, 40, 268–281. doi. 10.1002/kin.20306

    2008 doi

  42. [50]

    NMR and kinetic investigations of the multistep photochromism of 3-thienyl-naphthopyrans

    Venec, D., Delbaere, S., Micheau, J.C., Frigoli, M., Moustrou, C., Samat, A., Vermeersch, G. NMR and kinetic investigations of the multistep photochromism of 3-thienyl-naphthopyrans. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2006, 183, 70-78. doi.10.1016/j.jpho- tochem.2006.02.023

    2006 doi

  43. [51]

    Control of the photo -isomerization mechanism in 3H - naphthopyrans to prevent formation of unwanted long -lived photoproducts

    Brazevic, S., Nizinski, S., Sliwa, M., Abe, J., Rode, M.F., Burdzinski, G. Control of the photo -isomerization mechanism in 3H - naphthopyrans to prevent formation of unwanted long -lived photoproducts. Int. J. Mol. Sci . 2020, 21, 7825. doi. 10.3390/ijms21217825

    2020 doi

  44. [52]

    Solid-state photochemistry

    Cole, J.M., Irie, M. Solid-state photochemistry. CrystEngComm. 2016, 18, 7175-7179. doi. 10.1039/C6CE90146H

    2016 doi

  45. [53]

    Chapter 10 - Photochemical solid-state reactions

    Arpavate: W., Roongraung, K., Chuangchote, S. Chapter 10 - Photochemical solid-state reactions. In Boddula, I.R., Asiri, A.M., Rahman, M.M. (Eds.), Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science, Elsevier, 2021. ISBN. 9780128197202

    2021

  46. [54]

    Wireless μLED packed beds for scalable continuous multiphasic photochemistry

    Lopez, E.D., Musacchio, P.Z., Teixeira, A.R. Wireless μLED packed beds for scalable continuous multiphasic photochemistry. React. Chem. Eng. 2024, 9, 2963-2974. doi. 10.1039/D4RE00241E

    2024 doi

  47. [55]

    Quantitative analysis of the dynamic behaviour of photochromic systems

    Delbaere, S., Vermeersch, Micheau, J.C. Quantitative analysis of the dynamic behaviour of photochromic systems. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 2011, 12, 74-105. doi. 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.05.004

    2011 doi

  48. [56]

    p -Type photochromism of new helical naphthopyrans: synthesis and photochemical , photophysical and theoretical study

    Frigoli, M., Marrot, J., Gentili, P.L., Jacquemin, D., Vagnini, M., Pannacci, D., Ortica, F. p -Type photochromism of new helical naphthopyrans: synthesis and photochemical , photophysical and theoretical study. ChemPhysChem. 2015, 16, 2447-2458. doi. 10.1002/cphc.201500251

    2015 doi

  49. [57]

    Mechanistic insights into photochromic 3H-naphthopyran showing strong photocolor- ation

    Gierczyk, B., Rode, M.F., Burdzinski, G. Mechanistic insights into photochromic 3H-naphthopyran showing strong photocolor- ation. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 10781. doi. 10.1038/s41598-022-14679-9 Molecules 2024, 29, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 26

    2022 doi

  50. [58]

    Determination of itraconazole and its photodegradation products with kinetic evaluation by ultra -performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

    Kryczyk, A.; Zmudzki, P.; Hubicka, U. Determination of itraconazole and its photodegradation products with kinetic evaluation by ultra -performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed. Chromatogr . 2016, 11, 1733 -1743. doi. 10.1002/bmc.3747

    2016 doi

  51. [59]

    Bidirectional Neuronal Actuation by Uncaging with Violet and Green Light

    Sansalone, L., Zhao, J., Nguyen, L.T.B., Gupta, S., Benson, D.L., Abe, M., Ellis-Davies, G.C.R. Bidirectional Neuronal Actuation by Uncaging with Violet and Green Light. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202315726. doi. 10.1002/anie.202315726

    2024 doi

  52. [60]

    Modelling nifedipine photodegradation, photostability and actinometry properties

    Maafi, W., Maafi, M. Modelling nifedipine photodegradation, photostability and actinometry properties. Int. J. Pharm. 2013, 456, 153-164. doi. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.075

    2013 doi

  53. [61]

    Quantitative assessment of photostability and photostabilisation of Fluvoxamine and its design for acti- nometry

    Maafi, M., Maafi, W. Quantitative assessment of photostability and photostabilisation of Fluvoxamine and its design for acti- nometry. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2015, 14, 982-994. doi. 10.1039/c5pp00022j

    2015 doi

  54. [62]

    X., Penhoat, M., Chausset-Boissarie, L

    Roseau, M., De Waele, V., Trivelli, X., Cantrelle, F. X., Penhoat, M., Chausset-Boissarie, L. Azobenzene: a visible-light chemical actinometer for the characterization of fluidic photosystems. Helv. Chim. Acta 2021, 104, e2100071. doi. 10.1002/hlca.202100071

    2021 doi

  55. [63]

    A New Sensitive Ch emical Actinometer

    Hatchard, C.G., and Parker, C.A. A New Sensitive Ch emical Actinometer. II. Potassium Ferrioxalate as a Standard Chemical Actinometer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Math. Phys. Sci . 1956, 235(1203), 518 -536. doi.10.1098/rspa.1956.0102

    1956

  56. [64]

    Handbook of Photochemistry (3rd Ed.)

    Montalti, M., Credi , A., Prodi, L., and Gandolfi, M.T. Handbook of Photochemistry (3rd Ed.). CRC Press, 2020. ISBN -10. 0367577909. ISBN-13. 978-0367577902

    2020

  57. [65]

    Glossary of terms used in photochemistry

    Braslavsky, S.E. Glossary of terms used in photochemistry. IUPA. Pure Appl . Chem. 2007, 79, 293 -465. doi. 10.1351/pac200779030293

    2007 doi

  58. [66]

    Glossary of terms used in photocatalysis and radiation catalysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)

    Braslavsky, S.E., Braun, A.M., Cassano, A.E., Emeline, A.V., Litter, M.I., Palmisano, L., Parmon, V.N., and Serpone, N. Glossary of terms used in photocatalysis and radiation catalysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2011). Pure Appl. Chem. 2011, 83, 931-1014. doi. 10.1351/PAC-REC-09-09-36

    2011 doi

  59. [67]

    Photokinetic methods: A mathematical analysis of the rate equations in photochromic systems

    Ottavi, G., Ortica, F., Favaro, G. Photokinetic methods: A mathematical analysis of the rate equations in photochromic systems. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1999, 31, 303–313. doi. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4601(1999)31:4<303::AID-KIN8>3.0.CO;2-H

    1999 doi

  60. [68]

    Fulgides for Memories and Switches

    Yokoyama, Y. Fulgides for Memories and Switches. ChemInform. 2000. doi. 10.1002/CHIN.200029271

    2000 doi

  61. [69]

    Chromatic and dynamic characteristics of some photochromes in the components of bifunctional photochromic and electro -optical devices

    Favaro, G.; Chidichimo, G.; Formoso, P.; Manfredi, S.; Mazzucato, U.; Romani, A. Chromatic and dynamic characteristics of some photochromes in the components of bifunctional photochromic and electro -optical devices. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 140, 229–236. doi. 1...

    2001 doi

  62. [70]

    An analytical solution for the kinetics of AB(1k,1ϕ) systems and its application to a spirobenzopy- ran

    Maafi, M., and Brown, R.G. An analytical solution for the kinetics of AB(1k,1ϕ) systems and its application to a spirobenzopy- ran. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 2007, 39, 539-545. doi. 10.1002/kin.20267

    2007 doi

  63. [71]

    The photochemical isomerization of azobenzene

    Zimmerman, G., Chow, L.-Y., and Paik, U.-J. The photochemical isomerization of azobenzene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 3528–

    1958

  64. [72]

    Roseau, M., Chausset-Boissarie, L., Gremetz, S., Roth, P.M.C., Penhoat, M. Multiple wavelength (365–475 nm) complete actino- metric characterization of Corning® Lab Photo Reactor using azobenzene as a highly soluble, cheap and robust chemical acti- nometer. Photochem. Photobio...

    2022 doi

  65. [2024]

    978-3-527-84408-1

    ISBN. 978-3-527-84408-1

  66. [3531]

    10.1021/ja01547a010

    doi. 10.1021/ja01547a010

    doi

Pith tools

Reviewed August 10, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.